summary of english grammar
Post on 03-Jun-2018
255 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
1/22
Pronouns (Zamirler)
Person SubjectPronoun
ObjectPronoun
PossessivePronoun
ReflexivePronoun
PossessiveAdjective
First person
singular(1 te!il "a#$s)
% (ben) &e (beni'bana) &ine(benim!i)
& self(!endimi)
& (benim)
Second personsingular( te!il "a#$s)
*ou (sen) *ou (seni'sana) *ours (senin!i) *ourself(!endini)
*our (senin)
+#ird personsingular(, te!il "a#$s)
-e's#e'it (o) -im'#er'it(onu' ona)
-is'#ers'its(onun!i)
-imself'#erself 'itself(!endisini)
-is'#er'its(onun)
First person plural(1 .o/ul "a#$s)
0e (bi ) 2s (bi i'bi e) Ours (bi im!i) Ourselves(!endimi i)
Our (bi im)
Second person plural( .o/ul "a#$s)
*ou (si ) *ou (si i'si e) *ours (si in!i) *ourselves(!endini i)
*our (si in)
+#ird person plural(, .o/ul "a#$s)
+#e (onlar) +#em(onlar$'onlara)
+#eirs(onlar$n!i)
+#emselves(!endilerini)
+#eir (onlar$n)
I am married My 3ife4s name is 5ulie S#e calls me ever da
She is a doctor Her office is at t#e cit center % send # er flo3ers ever daWe #ave a son Our son is 16 ears old His name is 5o#n He is ver naug#t 0e love him. -e#ugs us ever nig#tOur neig#bors #ave a dog Its name is 7lac! It bar!s all nig#t % can4t stand it8They live upstairs Their #ouse is ver big 0e usuall visit them at t#e 3ee!end0#at about ou9 0#o are you9 0#at is your favorite movie9 :an % join you9
& brot#er and % ; 3e *our brot#er and ou ; ou 5a!e and 5oe ; +#e
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
2/22
% sometimes tal! to m self (7a en !endimle !onu"urum ) -e sa3 #imself in t#e mirror ( )
+#e band call t#emselves ?@ire Straits? ( rup !endine ?@ire Straits? di or ) -e s#ot #imself (
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
3/22
WO$% O$%&$
' & * !+, &M * &S & * & /$T&0 * !&$ * 1M1
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
4/22
8ommon mistakes1 %n Hnglis#' ever sentence must #ave a verb Some students 3rite sentences 3it# no verb% ver #ungr ;M Im very hungry& brot#er in #is bedroom ;M My brother is in his bedroom.
Some students 3rite Luestions incorrectlS#e is our sister9 ;M %s s#e our sister9
%emonstrative a9:e4tives2seG+#isG 2se this to tal! about somet#ing 3#ic# is near ou How much is this bag?
+#eseG 2se these to tal! about t3o or more t#ings 3#ic# are near ou
Are these your keys?+#atG 2se that to tal! about one t#ing 3#ic# is far from ou Is that your house?
+#oseG 2se those to tal! about t3o or more t#ings 3#ic# are far from ou Who are those children over there? 2se This; That; These and ThoseG
7efore t#e verb be
This is my sister Those are my children.
7efore a nounG
That cake looks delicious! These bags are e"#ensive!
&a!e Luestions t#is 3a G Is this that your sister?
Are these those your children?
*ou can contract is after thatThat is my dad. ;M Thats my dad.
7ut do not contract is after this Thiss my dad. ;M This is my dad.
@o not contract are after +#ese J +#ose :ommon mista!esAl3a s use a verb in sentences 3it# this; that; these and those+#is lovel bag ;M This is a lovely bag This bag is lovely.
Sim
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
5/22
2seGAdverbs can be used to describe verbs +#e describe -O0 ou do somet#ingHxamplesG S#e 3al!s >ui4klyN -e sings ni4elyFormG1) *ou can ma!e man adverbs b adding l to an adjective
slow $% slowly& loud $% loudly%f an adjective ends in K B' c#ange it to an KiBheavy $% heavily& funny $% funnilyAdd Kall B to adjectives ending in KicB
'hysical $% #hysically& energetic $% energetically
) Some adverbs are irregular' and do not end in ly +#ese includeGgood DM7ell (he dances well.#ard DMhar9 He works hard.fast DM=ast He runs fast.late DMlate He arrives late.,a) 2suall ' t#e adverb goes after t#e verb it describes(he talks )uietly IO+ (he )uietly talks.
He runs fast. IO+ He fast runs.
,b) %f t#e verb #as a direct object 0%+-O2+ A PRHPOS%+%OI t#e adverb s#ould go after t#eobject*ou sang that song nicely. IO+ *ou sang nicely that song.
He did the +ob well. IO+ He did well the +ob.
,c) %f t#e verb is follo3ed b a preposition and an object' ou can put t#e adverb in different places He quickly walked to the sho#. He walked quickly to the sho#. He walked to the sho# quickly .
) Adverbs are IO+ used to describe t#e follo3ing verbs +#ese verbs use adjectives7e I am )uiet. IO+ I am )uietly.Seem It seems strange. IO+ It seems strangely.Qoo! That looks nice. IO+ That looks nicely.Smell That smells good. IO+ That smells well.Sound That sounds great. IO+ That sounds greatly.Feel That feels funny. IO+ That feels funnily.
) Some 3ords end in Kl B but t#e are not adverbs ?rien9ly is an example Friendl is an
adjective 0e can sa KS#e is friendl B but not KS#e tal!s friendl B +#ere is no adverb for friendl ' but 3e can sa KS#e tal!s in a friendl 3a B &l9erly and lonely are also adjectives' not adverbs,in9ly and early are adjectives and adverbs
8om
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
6/22
tall ;M taller nice ;M nicer t#ic! ;M t#ic!er late ;M later
) %f an adjective ends in one vo7el an9 one 4onsonant' 3rite t#e consonant again' t#en 3rite er7ut never 3rite a 7 t3ice
big ;M bigger ne3 ;M ne3er (IO+ ne33er) t#in ;M t#inner slo3 ;M slo3er (IO+slo33er) slim ;M slimmer
My brother is thinner than me.
,) %f an adjective #as t3o s llables and ends in y' c#ange t#e to i and add erfunn ;M funnier sill ;M sillierWhich of these books is funnier?
) Some adjectives #ave irregular superlative forms +#ese are listed belo3good ;M better
bad ;M worsefar ;M further
Add t#an after a comparative adjective to compare one t#ing 3it# anot#er -o3ever' t#is is not
al3a s necessar My house is smaller than yours. My house is smaller than yours.
Su
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
7/22
Its the most interesting book Ive ever read.
) Some adjectives #ave irregular superlative forms +#ese are listed belo3 good ;M the "est bad ;M the 7orst far ;M the =urthest
) a) In is often (but not al3a s) used after a superlative adjective to describe 3#ere t#isstatement is true on9on is the "i55est 4ity in &n5lan9. &verest is the hi5hest mountain in the 7orl9. My "rother is the tallest
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
8/22
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
9/22
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
10/22
@seASu4h also means ver Su4h is used before an a9:e4tive an9 noun.They are such nice children.
?ormA1 D an; if necessar ' go a=ter suc#' not before+#atBs a suc# prett dress ;M +#atBs suc# a prett dress8Qi!e So; Su4h can be used 3it# a that clause' to s#o3 a result of t#e first clause
I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the #ark.
:ommon mista!es
1) Some students use too 3it# a positive meaning 7ut use so or very #ere Its too hot! I love the summer! ;M Its so hot! I love the summer!
) Some students 3rite enoug# in t#e 3rong place 1o we have sugar enough? ;M 1o we have enough sugar?
,) Some students use so J suc#Ut#at incorrectl It was so hot that the sun was shining.+#is sentence is not correct because Kt#e sun 3as s#iningB is not a direct result of K%t 3as so #otB+#e #ot da did not cause t#e sun to s#ine
Possessive Es2seGPossessive adjectives after a name and before a noun+#e tell ou 3#o o3ns somet#ing+#is is Johns coat%s t#isTinas bag9@onBt useEs after t#ings% clean t#e gardenBs pond ever 3ee! ;M % clean t#e pond in t#e garden ever 3ee!0#atBs t#e boo!Bs name9 ;M 0#atBs t#e name of t#e boo!9
*ou can usuall use Es after organisations and groups of people%tBs t#e5overnments decision OR %tBsthe 9e4ision o= the 5overnment. +on is t#e 4om
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
11/22
%f somet#ing belongs to t7o or more
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
12/22
t#e 3orld Its the highest building in the world.
mountains and valle s They have a cottage in the mountains in a valley.
buildings (he works in a bank.
3ater 1ont swim in the sea the river the lake.
t#e middle J centre He lives in the middle of 'aris in the city centre.
boo!s J films J ne3spaper Which film was that actor in? I read about it in the news#a#er.
On is also used in t#ese situationsG
3alls' ceilings' doors' floorG (he hung the #icture on the ceiling the wall the door.
surfaces Theres a dirty mark on the #age table
t#e front J sideJ bac! Theres a label in on the bo" bottle
left J rig#t The school is on the left.
Floors 2ims office is on the second floor.
lists J menus Whats on the menu? 1id you buy everything on the list?
roads I live on 2ackson street. The nearest gas station is on the motorway.The #ost bo" is on the way to work.
natural lines and borders He lives on the coast. 4ondon is on the -iver Thames.
1t is also used in t#ese situationsG
t#e top J bottom (of a page) (ign your name at the to# bottom.
@irectionsG Turn left at the traffic lights roundabout end of the street.
Position (next to somet#ing) Wait at the traffic lights corner tree.
t#e front J t#e bac! I wrote my name at the front back of the book.
t#e beginning J t#e end What ha##ened at the beginning end of the film?
events I met him at a #arty conference football match
buildings Ill meet you at the air#ort the station home
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
13/22
8ommon mistakesA
1 Some students miss out part of t#e prepositional p#rases% live next a small s#op ;M I live ne"t to a small sho#.
% par!ed t#e car in front t#e building ;M I #arked the car in front the building.
Some students add a second preposition 3#ere it is not necessar*our bag is be#ind of t#e *our bag is behind the door.
Pre
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
14/22
Dont sit there!
) 0ritten instructions on signs often use %o not' not %ont Do not cross this line.
,) 0#en giving instructions to a friend' ou can soften t#e order b using K ouB -o3ever't#is is usuall onl done in spo!en Hnglis#
3irst you #ut the mi"ture into a bowl0 and then you add two eggs. Then you whisk it.) Some 3ritten signs use &ust J &ust not
All visitors must wear a badge. 'assengers must not talk to the driver.
Iotice #o3 plural nouns ( visitors #assengers ) are generall used in signs
8ommon mistakesA1) Some students use to after @onBt J &ust@onBt to go in t#at door ;M 1ont go in that door.
Present Sim
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
15/22
doesnBt li!e animals
s#e
it
3e donBt
t#e
Tuestions
@o%
li!e
animals9
ou
@oes
#e
s#e
it
@o 3e
t#e
S#ort ans3ers
*es'
% do
Io'
% donBt
ou ou
#e
does
#e
doesnBts#e s#e
it it
3e do 3e donBt
t#e t#e
Spelling Rules for ,rd person (#e J s#e J it)
%f a verb ends in 4onsonant * y' c#ange y to i and add es. I study 6nglish. He studies 6nglish.
%f a verb ends in t4h; ss; F; sh or #' add es
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
16/22
(he watches television.(usan misses her family.
He fi"es the television. My dad washes the car on (undays.
Some verbs #ave irregular spellingsG
I go < he she it goes I do < he she it does I have < he she it has
:ommon mista!es1) Some students forget to add s for #eJs#eJit& mot#er li!e c#ocolate W & mot#er li!es c#ocolate
) Some students ma!e t#e negative form incorrectl+om no 3or! #ere W +om 9oesnt 3or! #ere+om isnBt 3or! #ere+om donBt 3or! #ere
,) Some students forget to use @o and @oes to ma!e Luestions*ou li!e t#is song9 W %o ou li!e t#is song9%s our fat#er 3or! #ere9 W %oes our fat#er 3or! #ere9
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
17/22
Am%
verbVingAre ou
%s #e J s#e J it
Are 3e J t#e
Spelling RulesG
%f a verb ends in e' delete t#e e before ou add ing4ome CG Im 4omin5.have CG Hes havin5 lun4h.:ommon mista!es1) Some students forget t#e verb "e % 3atc#ing television ;M %Bm 3atc#ing television S#e not coming ;M S#eBs not coming
) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl S#e is 3or!ing9 ;M %s s#e 3or!ing9,) Some students ma!e spelling mista!es
%Bm studing la3 ;M %Bm stud ing la3
Past sim
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
18/22
@id%' ou' #e ' s#e' 3e' t#e infinitive verb
kno7; see; 5o
8ommon mistakesASome students use t#e past verb in Luestions@id ou sa3 t#e film9 ;M @id ou see t#e film9
"e
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
19/22
0ere 3e J t#e
S#ort ans3ers
*es' % J #e J s#e J it3as Io' % J #e J s#e J it 3asnBt
*es' ou J 3e J t#e 3ere Io' ou J 3e J t#e 3erenBt
:ommon mista!es1) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl*ou 3ere at t#e part 9 W 0ere ou at t#e part 9
) Some students use t#e 3rong verb0e 3as ver #app W 0e 3ere ver #app
8an D 8oul9
@seA1) 2se 4an D 4ant to tal! about our abilities no3
I can s#eak 6nglish. I cant s#eak =erman.
2se 4oul9 D 4oul9ntto tal! about abilities in t#e past I could s#eak 3rench when I was a child0 but I can>t now. I couldnt s#eak 6nglish when I was a child0 but I can now.
) 2se 4an and 4oul9 to ma!e reLuests :ould is more polite ;an you cook this evening #lease?
;ould you #ass me the salt?
2se can to repl to reLuests ;an I sit here? % *es0 you can. (orry0 you cant. ;an you cook this evening #lease? % *es0 I can. (orry0 I cant.
@OIB+ use 4oul9 in replies ;ould you lend me some money? *es0 I could. % *es0 sure! (orry0 I cant.
?ormA1) 8an and 4oul9 are t#e same for all persons% 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#
ou 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis##e J s#e J it 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#3e 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#t#e 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#
) +#e negative form of can is 4annot' or 4ant +#e negative form of 4oul9 is 4oul9nt,) +#ere is al3a s a ver" after 4an and 4oul9' and t#e verb is al3a s in t#e in=initive =orm (3it#out to) (ally can hel# you. @T (ally can hel#s you. (ally can to hel# you.
) &a!e Luestions b inverting 4an and t#e subject
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
20/22
I can see you this afternoon. % ;an I see you this afternoon?*ou could hel# me. % ;ould you hel# me?
) 2se canJcanBt and couldJcouldnBt in s#ort ans3ers ;an your brother swim? % *es0 he can. o0 he cant.
;ould you do the test? % *es0 I could. o0 I couldnt.
8ommon mistakesA1) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl *ou can s#eak 6nglish? % ;an you s#eak 6nglish? I could sit here? % ;ould I sit here?
Woul9 likeD like
@seA1) Woul9 like means 7ant ' but it is more polite*ou can use it in sentences and Luestions
Id like a biscuit.Would you like some tea?
) *ou can also use it to tal! about our dreams and ambitions Id like to go to 2a#an. I wouldnt like to live here!
*ou can also use I9 love and I9 hate to tal! about dreams Id hate to live in the countryside. Id love to work with (imon.
?ormA1) 0ould li!e is t#e same for all persons
I would like some tea.*ou would like some tea.
He she 2ames would like some tea.We would like some tea.They our clients would like some tea.
) +o ma!e Luestions' invert the su":e4t and 7oul9. Would you 2ames your clients like some tea?
,) 2se 7oul9nt to ma!e t#e negative form I wouldnt like to work there.
) Woul9 like can be follo3ed b a noun or to * ver" nounG Would you like a biscuit? verbG Would you like to go to Malaysia?
) %n
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
21/22
I like chocolate cake. Its my favourite food.2se 7oul9 like to tal! about t#ings ou 3ant no3' or at some time in t#e future Id like a cu# of coffee #lease. Id like to work in a chocolate factory.
%e=inite an9 in9e=inite arti4les
@seA1) 2se a before a singular noun %4ve gota brot#er and a sister2se an if t#e noun begins 3it# a vo3el %4ve gotan aunt in +exas
) 2se plural nouns or uncountable nouns to tal! about t#ings in general @on4t use an article #ere
I like cats . Dolphins are very intelligent.Crime is increasing.
,) 2se the to tal! about one particular t#ing' or a particular group of t#ings Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting.Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy.
) 2se a to introduce a ne3 t#ing or person 2se the 3#en ou alread !no3 t#is person or t#ingThere is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food.
) 2se the 3#en t#ere is onl one of t#ese t#ings The moon is very big tonight.
My dad is the only doctor in our village. 2oe is the best student in the class.
) 2se the 3#en t#ere are man t#ings' but it is clear 3#ic# one ou mean 4et>s go to the #ub! We need to go to the su#ermarket.
X) &ost 4general4 nouns do not use an article Life is not the same as it used to be @TB The lifeC
Health is im#ortant to everyone. @TB The healthC
We>re worried about pollution . @TB+#e pollutionU
7ut some general nouns use theGt#e environment 'eo#le are increasingly worried about the environment . t#e 3eat#er What>s the weather like today? t#e countr side I love walking in the countryside .t#e sea J ocean I>d love to live near the sea . t#e radio There>s an interesting #rogramme on the radio . t#e t#eatre J cinema We went to the theatre last night. t#e econom The economy is affecting everyone.
8ommon mistakesA
1) Some students use the 3#en t#e tal! about t#ings in general% love t#e romantic films8 ;M I love romantic films!
-
8/12/2019 summary of english grammar
22/22
) Some students use singular nouns 3it#out a or the% 3ant boo! about t#e 3eat#er ;M I want a book about the weather.
,) Some students use the 3#en t#e tal! about t#ings in general% 3ant t#e boo! about t#e 3eat#er ;M I want a book about the weather.
top related