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Super Mario Bros. is NP-Hard[Aloupis, Demaine, Guo, Viglietta 2014]

𝑥𝑥 OR ¬𝑦𝑦 OR 𝑧𝑧 & 𝑥𝑥 OR 𝑦𝑦 OR ¬𝑦𝑦 &(¬𝑥𝑥 OR ¬𝑦𝑦 OR ¬𝑧𝑧) & (¬𝑥𝑥 OR ¬𝑦𝑦 OR ¬𝑧𝑧)

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Presentation Notes
http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.1895

[Bern & Hayes 1996]

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Presentation Notes
Figure 13.7 of GFALOP

Akari / Light Up [Nikoli 2001]

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Presentation Notes
http://www.nikoli.com/en/puzzles/bijutsukan/ Play more here: http://www.puzzle-light-up.com/

Akari / Light Up is NP-complete[McPhail 2005]

wire gadget

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Presentation Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232731/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~mcphailb/papers/2005lightup.pdf

Akari / Light Up is NP-complete[McPhail 2005]

split/negationgadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232731/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~mcphailb/papers/2005lightup.pdf

Akari / Light Up is NP-complete[McPhail 2005]

split gadget NOT gate

Presenter
Presentation Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232731/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~mcphailb/papers/2005lightup.pdf

Akari / Light Up is NP-complete[McPhail 2005]

OR/XNOR gate

crossover gadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232731/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~mcphailb/papers/2005lightup.pdf

Akari / Light Up is NP-complete[McPhail 2005]

¬𝑥𝑥 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 ∧ 𝑦𝑦 ∨ 𝑧𝑧

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′

𝑥𝑥′

𝑧𝑧

𝑧𝑧

𝑥𝑥′𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′

𝑦𝑦

𝑦𝑦

Presenter
Presentation Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232731/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~mcphailb/papers/2005lightup.pdf
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Presentation Notes
http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.890/fall14/

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

Minesweeper Consistency isNP-complete [Kaye 2000]

wire

wire terminator

split,NOT,turn

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

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Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://simon.bailey.at/random/kaye.minesweeper.pdf

Minesweeper Consistency isNP-complete [Kaye 2000]

NOT

Phase changer(2 NOTs)

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://simon.bailey.at/random/kaye.minesweeper.pdf

Minesweeper Consistency isNP-complete [Kaye 2000]

AND

turn

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑧𝑧

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧

𝑧𝑧

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡

𝑡𝑡

𝑡𝑡

𝑡𝑡

𝑡𝑡

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://simon.bailey.at/random/kaye.minesweeper.pdf

Minesweeper Consistency isNP-complete [Kaye 2000]

crossover

XOR

[Goldschlager 1977]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figures 11 and 12 of http://simon.bailey.at/random/kaye.minesweeper.pdf which in turn is based on http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1008354.1008356

Minesweeper is CoNP-Complete[Scott, Stege, van Rooij 2011]

turn gadgetwire gadget terminator gadget

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-011-9256-x

Minesweeper is CoNP-Complete[Scott, Stege, van Rooij 2011]

OR gate

NOT gate shifter gadget

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-011-9256-x

Minesweeper is CoNP-Complete[Scott, Stege, van Rooij 2011]

split gadget

crossover gadget

NOT

shiftershifter

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑣𝑣

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑣𝑣

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-011-9256-x

Minesweeper is CoNP-Complete[Scott, Stege, van Rooij 2011]

NAND

alternative crossover

gadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figures 11 and 12 of http://simon.bailey.at/random/kaye.minesweeper.pdf which in turn is based on http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1008354.1008356 Plus https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAND_from_NOR.svg#mediaviewer/File:NAND_from_NOR.svg

Minesweeper is CoNP-Complete[Scott, Stege, van Rooij 2011]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure 7 of http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-011-9256-x

Functionally Complete Logic Gates

[Wernick 1942]

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Presentation Notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

variablegadget

true

false

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

connectorgadgets

positive

negative

out

out

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

wiregadget

out

out

in

in

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

out

out

in

in

modifiedwire

gadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

out

out

in

in

modifiedwire

gadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

out

out

in

in

modifiedwire

gadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Candy Crush is NP-complete[Walsh 2014]

𝑥𝑥1

clausegadget

𝑥𝑥1

𝑥𝑥2

𝑥𝑥2

𝑥𝑥3

𝑥𝑥3

rewardgadget

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Figure drawn by course staff based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1911

Bejeweled, Candy Crush, … areNP-Complete [Guala, Leucci, Natale 2014]

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Presentation Notes
http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.5830 Play the reduction: http://candycrush.isnphard.com/

Bejeweled, Candy Crush, … areNP-Complete [Guala, Leucci, Natale 2014]

Presenter
Presentation Notes
http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.5830 Play the reduction: http://candycrush.isnphard.com/

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