systems approach to training
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Solution development and implementation
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO TRAINING
WHY DO WE DO THE THINGS WE DO… …THE WAY WE DO
Lifelock Bank Commercial
The selected examples are used to illustrate the point in a way a simple cowboy soul can understand. Cowboy logic is a perfectly good mental model
applicable to most life situations.
2012 Extreme Mustang Makeover Winning Performance - Elisa Wallace & FledgeTrainers have 100 days to gentle, halter break and saddle train the Mustang before the competition.
PEOPLE ARE JUST LIKE HORSES… …ONLY LESS SMART
EVER THOUGHT HOW IS IT POSSIBLE….
That some big, multi-echelon organizations with new people coming all the time are able to learn fast and function as a team…
…whilst others are permanently paralyzed by inertia and stupor?
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE MATTERS
Orwell: The Animal Farm
CONQUERING NEW MARKETSCultural traditions and traditional ways of doing business
MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS FORCE INTERNAL REORGANIZATIONS
Organizational culture, leadership, and human factors
Pharmaceutical mergers and acquisitionsOver the last 2 decades, 60 pharmaceutical corporations consolidated in just 10.
dadada
A list of the 10 most popular LinkedIn passwords which were revealed during a 2012 hack when the details of 117
million users were stolen.
CONSEQUENTIAL PRACTICES PUT ENTERPRISES AT RISK
Human factors: incompetence, corruption, inadequate training and resources
• Change to mission of organization or its parts
• Acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations
• Changes in external and internal relationships
• Change of leadership
• Changes in environment: legislation, policies and enforcement practices
• New markets and cultures
• New systems
• Evaluation results and performance issues
Change triggers
REPLACEMENT OF LEGACY SYSTEMS Human factors & Organizational culture
Complex operations
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO TRAINING
• Analysis
• Design
• Development
• Implementation
• Evaluation
OBJECTIVE: SUCCESSFUL COLLECTIVE & INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE
Budweiser Clydesdales: Super Bowl
Identify critical performance requirements of the organization and analyze the organization’s needs
ANALYSIS
The Damn Few: The Wizard of VA
MISSION ANALYSIS: …WHY ORGANIZATIONS FUNCTION THE WAY THEY DO
Mission analysis is the process of examining organizational components and equipment to identify all their missions and the resulting collective tasks
performed by personnel.
UNDERSTAND THE MISSION
INFORMATION, AWARENESS & INCENTIVES • Information relevant for decisions within organization
• Limitations of information input (validity, reliability, truthfulness, completeness)
• Area of responsibility, interest and awareness
• Information flow within organization
• Understanding incentives that drive individual decisions within organizations
MISCALCULATION: FAILURE TO ACCURATELY PREDICT HOW THE SUBPRIME BOND MARKET WOULD BEHAVE UNDER EXTREME CIRCUMSTANCES
Dissecting The Bear Stearns Hedge Fund Collapse (Investopedia)
CNBC
MISCALCULATION: SURELY A UNICORN?
Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes Did Not Just Lose $4.5 Billion
MISPLACED INCENTIVES: INTERNAL FAILURE
Explaining VolksWagen’s emissions scandal (NY Times)
Controls within a system shall reliably detect that a measured value is within the desired range, and allow this safe range to be enforced. Lack of visibility
and relevance, opportunity to misinterpret the readings, absence of incentive to enforce the controls can render them ineffective.
UNDERSTAND THE CONTROLS
Model of processModel of
automation
Human supervisor (Controller)
SensorSensorActuatorActuatorModel of process Model of
automation
Automated Controller
Controlled Controlled ProcessProcessProcess input Process output
Disturbances
DisplaysControls
Measurable variable
Controlled variable
CURVEBALL: COUNTERFEIT BRAKE PARTS
Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes Did Not Just Lose $4.5 Billion
CURVEBALL: THE MELAMINE SCANDAL
NTDTV: Possible Cover-up in China Milk Scandal
CURVEBALL: NO ECO-TERRORISTS BUT A ROGUE BUSINESSMAN
Threat to poison infant formula with 1080
Many environmental activists were extensively investigated. Jeremy Kerr is the manufacturer of alternative rat poison Ferratox and author of the threatening letters to New Zealand milk producers.
CURVEBALL: THE ORDER (CHERNOBYL 1986)
Zero Hour: Disaster at Chernobyl Discovery Channel (2004)
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS Examine organizational components and equipment, identify all their missions and critical collective tasks
Task performance specifications such as conditions, standards, references, hazards, steps & measures
Identify individual critical tasks from routine to emergencies, and produce critical task list
All actions and decisions required to perform a task, how, under what conditions and to what standard
When is job analysis required?Major changes to structure
Major logistical changes
Revision required by needs analysis
Internal and external evaluation
Changes in the industry
Technology changes
New personnel
MISSION ANALYSIS: …IDENTIFY NON-ESSENTIAL ACTIVITIES WITHIN ORGANIZATION
Monty Python: Ministry of silly walks
CRITICAL COLLECTIVE TASKS: …INDIVIDUAL TASKS SHALL DIRECTLY SUPPORT MISSION ACCOMPLISHMENT
Mr. Bean removing bullet in operation theater
TRAIN FOR EMERGENCIES: …LIMIT IMPROVISATION AND HUMAN ERROR
First Aid Fail – The Office
TRAIN FOR EMERGENCIES: …LIMIT IMPROVISATION AND HUMAN ERROR
Complex and interlinked series of mechanical failures, human judgments, engineering design, operational implementation and team interfaces came together to allow the initiation and escalation of the accident
Based on results of analysis, design translates analysis data into a structure or blueprint for training.
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN: CONDITIONS & STANDARD
Holsteiner Mare (Corofino II. - Lord) in training
DESIGN: SEQUENCE MATTERS!
Hometown Colonel from Monty Roberts Willing Partners Program
DESIGN: JOB AIDS & SITE SELECTION
Gloria, a young Belgian draft horse is in training for logging.
DESIGN: TARGET POPULATION
• Profile of the potential students/participants
• Entry-level skills, knowledge, history and experience
• Primary source: requirements for recruitment by position or function
DESIGN: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• WHAT the participant will be able to do as a result of training.
• Under what CONDITIONS
• To what STANDARD
• Must be OBSERVABLE and MEASURABLE
DESIGN: LEARNING ANALYSIS
• What are the essential skills?
• What is the essential knowledge?
• What has to come first?
• The most learning in the shortest time
• Transition from one skill to another
• Logical presentation order
• Individual training plan
• Logical professional development that matches current and predicted needs of the organization
DESIGN: SEQUENCE
Proper sequence of objectives Incentives matter!
• Training ≠ vacation time
• Training ≠ loyalty reward
• Training plan ≠ punishment
• Training ≠ pre-dismissal performance improvement plan
• Documented meaningful training determines future career opportunities
TASKS & OBJECTIVES TASK LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Routine handling of Rx products Handling of suspected counterfeit Rx productsHandling of Rx products during natural disaster
Performance of specific action mastered in training environment
CONDITION Standard function of all relevant systems Function when specific systems are down
Conditions adapted to objectives & environment
STANDARD Success in accomplishing missions Standards adapted to learning objectives
DESIGN: SITE SELECTION
DESIGN: LEARNING STRATEGY
• Programmed learning
• Instructor-led classroom instruction
• Exercise and experiment
• Facilitator-led small group
• Peer group instruction
• Apprenticeship and mentorship
Means of presentation
•Training literature
•Correspondence course
•Training devices
•Tele/video and computer training
•Simulator
Techniques and procedures used to deliver instruction, feedback and evaluation
•Lectures
•Discussions
•Exercises
•Examinations
•Demonstrations
DESIGN: MEDIA & METHOD
Methods Media
DESIGN: TESTS • Critical element of the learning process
• Measures mastery of specific objectives
• Measures ability to perform specific actions
• Testing establishes accountability for training
TESTS: ACCOUNT FOR STUDENT CREATIVITY
Exam cheating technology in Japan
Turning design outputs into products, programs, and materials required to implement collective and individual training for staff and contractors.
DEVELOPMENT
KEY ACTIVITIES
DEVELOPMENT
Review design
Review material Plan
Establish a team
Key personnel
training
IPRAudit trail
Staffing
Validation Revisions Approval Reproduction
Client’s cooperation is crucial for successful development and implementation of training solutions
SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Review design
Review material
Plan
In-Process Review
Instructor Training
Establish a team
Validate products
Staff preliminary products
Review developed products
Reproduce products
Make revisions
• Project components• Project timeline • In-project reviews • Development complete• Ongoing assessment
Obtain approval
Preparing and conducting training as developed to solve identified requirements and deficiencies
IMPLEMENTATION
TRAINING, EDUCATION & AWARENESS IS INTEGRAL PART OF RISK MANAGEMENT
One crisis at a time? Communication in dynamic crisis? Responsibility & liability for losses?
SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Review design
Review material
Plan
In-Process Review
Instructor Training
Establish a team
Validate products
Staff preliminary products
Review developed products
Reproduce products
Obtain approval
Make revisions
Evaluation is conducted to determine if the training products, processes, and programs meet the needs of the organization.
EVALUATION
EVALUATION• Formulate evaluation policy
• Develop evaluation plans
• Design and validate evaluation instruments
• Conduct internal evaluation
• Conduct external evaluation
• Conduct accreditation
• Analyze data
• Assess end identify deficiencies, report and follow-up
OBJECTIVE: SUCCESSFUL COLLECTIVE & INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE
Budweiser Clydesdales: 9/11 Tribute (2011)
QUESTIONS?
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