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271157 TCS 0.1 0
ofcomlocation/Technology summaries
29 April 2010
Technology Suppliers’ views
Views from key players
April 2010
Ofcom
Confidential
Mott MacDonald, Sea Containers House, 20 Upper Ground, London SE1 9LZ, United Kingdom
T +44(0) 20 7593 9700 F +44(0) 20 7928 2471 W www.mottmac.com
Technology Suppliers’ views Confidential
Mott MacDonald, Sea Containers House, 20 Upper Ground, London SE1 9LZ, United Kingdom
T +44(0) 20 7593 9700 F +44(0) 20 7928 2471 W www.mottmac.com
Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description
Version 1.0 22nd April P SKeffington A Whitelaw R Hewlett
Issue and revision record
This document is issued for the party which commissioned it
and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned
project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or
used for any other purpose.
We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this
document being relied upon by any other party, or being used
for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission
which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by
other parties
This document contains confidential information and proprietary
intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties
without consent from us and from the party which
commissioned it.
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Technology Suppliers’ views Confidential
Chapter Title Page
Executive Summary i
1. Introduction 1
2. Views from suppliers on technology maturity and applicability 2
Content
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The technology interviews showed that “hybrid” positioning systems have
emerged. This allows A-GPS to be used whenever there is “open sky” conditions.
Hybrid satellite and terrestrial positioning can be combined where partial views of
the sky are available, falling back to all terrestrial network methods when “no sky”
is available. The most common hybrid consists of A-GPS with fall back to UTDOA
.
Solutions exist for 2G, for CDMA and are expected for LTE. There is some
question mark over whether UTDOA works well for W-CDMA.
OTDOA and RF fingerprinting techniques look to be available for LTE in the
future. The RF fingerprinting techniques rely on a high penetration level of GPS
handsets in order to keep the RF fingerprints up to date in a cost effective
manner.
Executive Summary
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Technology Suppliers’ views Confidential
Mott MacDonald approached a number of suppliers for their views on
location technology with specific emphasis on their portfolios’ abilities to
meet the FCC requirement. Some helped us sharing future views on
technology development, some shared costs, but only at a very outline
level. Some suppliers did not talk with us. We were able to speak with a
number of suppliers to the USA market, from which we believe we have
a fairly accurate view as to the state of play.
1. Introduction
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Without doubt the technology leader in this area is the USA,
Qualcomm, Truepoint and Andrew dominate the positioning
technologies and have more advanced products in the market. To get
accurate location information for mobile callers requires interaction
between the handset, the positioning technologies and the wireless
networks. This of itself has been a complex problem to solve with
significant challenges.
Ericsson View
The table 2.1 below shows a view of the current status of positioning.
Table 2.1: Positioning solutions
2G
3G
LTE
Urban
accuracy (m)
Rural
accuracy (m)
Indoor
reliable
Total Cost
of
Ownership
Limitations
Enhanced
Cell-ID
√
√
250-400
1000-5000
YES Low
E-CGI
550-420 Ericsson proprietary
AECID
Fingerprinting
√ √ √ 150-250 700-2000
YES
Low medium Needs high level of GPS penetration in order to
reduce the maintenance costs associated with
keeping RF fingerprint up to date.
RF Fingerprinting
√
√
√
50-200
500-1500 YES Medium Requires detailed knowledge of radio
network, antenna direction, tilt, types, RF
power. A radio planning tool and/or RF drive test are needed. Cheaper if
GPS handset penetration high
UTDOA
√ ? 50-100 50-100 YES Very high Problems implementing in a W-CDMA network,
Works CDMA and in 2G (by installing LMUs) Not
part of 2G network but must integrate with it.
Rural antenna planning must be optimised.
OTDOA
(AFTL for
X
X
√
50
150
YES Medium Only LTE, did not work well in 2G or WCDMA
2. Views from suppliers on technology maturity and applicability
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Table 2.1: Positioning solutions
2G
3G
LTE
Urban
accuracy (m)
Rural
accuracy (m)
Indoor
reliable
Total Cost
of
Ownership
Limitations
CDMA) networks, although worked well on CDMA.
Needs GPS on all base stations or other means of
synchronising transmission from masts
to handsets. Rural antenna planning must be
optimised.
A-GPS √ √ √ 15-90 15-30 NO Low Not in all terminals. A GPS receiver must be installed at each base station. For
LTE roll-outs if a GPS receiver is included for
commercial reasons this reduces the cost to the
emergency services. €5-10K per base station
UTDOA worked well for 2G, but there were huge problems with W-
SDMA (due to modulation) and similar problems are expected with LTE.
The use of OTDOA is still under discussion for LTE in the
standardisation process. For both OTDOA, and RF Fingerprinting
optimum positioning accuracy can be achieved with optimum RF
planning, so that “retro-fitting” location techniques is not the best way to
achieve accurate position information from the network.
Andrew
Andrew has a portfolio of location techniques that are implemented on a
single platform for ease of mobile operator integration. Andrew believes
that to satisfy the FCC mandate in all scenarios requires a range of
solutions.
Andrew corporation offers a Mobile Location Centre (MLC) that
integrates SMLC/GMLC, SAS, SLP,E-SMLC, so that a range of
wireless network generations and technologies can be supported in a
single unit.
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Andrew corporation support A-GPS, RTT Cell-ID, hybrids of GPS and
network based techniques, Enhanced Cell-ID, OTDOA, UTDOA and its
own proprietary Multi-Range Estimation Location (MREL). A specialised
product for indoor location is to be added to the portfolio shortly.
Andrew believes that it is possible for operators to share the expensive
LMU equipment and PDEs between operators. In the states there is a
managed service offering emerging whereby the mobile operators
outsource the positioning solution completely (this is not yet publicly
announced).
Bluesky
Bluesky produce, in partnership with SIM manufacturers an A-GPS
antenna and receiver on a SIM. This is currently being tested by two
large mobile operators and a design is in progress for a mass produced
version.
It is believed that accuracy levels of 5m, 30m and 100m are being
achieved. The accuracy level can be dynamically set by the application
in the SIM, so that a choice between best TTFF or best accuracy can
be made. The SIM supports hybrid solutions such that if no satellites
can be “seen” the positioning method can fall back to Cell-ID, for
example. The SIM can also be pre-programmed to send an automatic
SMS to the PSAP containing essential details of the user, name,
nationality, diseases/chronic conditions, blood group etc.
TTFF with assistance can be as low as 20s with of 10-12s thereafter for
location updates.
The A-GPS SIM does need more RAM than a standard SIM, which
currently come in 64kByte and 128kByte variants:
� 256 KBytes are needed for the GPS application
� 256K Bytes by the SIM vendor.
The cost of a SIM card is approximately €1, by the time this has
reached the subscriber the cost to the mobile operator is €5-10, added
due to distribution and packing costs.
An A-GPS SIM card may have an initial price of €5 by the time this has
reached the subscriber the cost to the operator is €10-15. This is likely
to be cheaper than upgrading all handsets and would get around the
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problem that not all subscribers want a GPS handsets and the lack of
availability of GPS on some models of handset.1
The use of the GPS SIM would strengthen the operator’s ability to offer
its own location applications, also security (notably privacy) can be
better enforced using the SIM applications.
Distribution of the new SIMs would not be easy and similarly to the case
of handsets would require a fairly concerted effort on the part of the
mobile operators.
Teleatlas (GIS provider) view
In the USA all operators were given freedom to implement the FCC
location requirements in their own preferred way. How they chose this
is perceived in some quarters to have slowed down the implementation
considerably and added expense. The location information was
provided to different quality levels which meant that for commercial LBS
eg navigation it was not possible in the USA for a navigation application
on one device to work the same on different networks, this is in contrast
with the Korean achievement where LBS works across different
network operators. In Europe interoperability has stimulated wireless
access. Having more than two standards is detrimental to the
development of the eco-system.
Qualcomm (not interviewed)
The Qualcomm solution supports A-GPS and hybrid solutions. Where
A-GPS fails the best hybrid information from satellite and network
triangulation points is used.
Qualcomm showed that you could use the same receiver hardware to
access CDMA from the terrestrial network (CDMA network only) and
from GPS satellites, which significantly reduced the cost of the finished
handset. CDMA based services therefore have a cost advantage, and
are well positioned for mobile-satellite convergence.
The Qualcomm integrated product, means that handset manufacturers
only had to add an antenna and a few filters rather than one or two new
CDMA chipsets.
_________________________
1 Currently Nokia anticipates that 50% of its models will be GPS enabled by
2013.
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Qulacomm’s gpsOne service offers:
� multiple modes of GPS operation, standalone, MS-Based, MS-
Assisted, Hybrid and gpsOneXTRA™ Assistance
� enhanced standalone GPS through gpsOneXTRA Assistance
� Standalone TTFF Hot, Warm Cold (1s/29s/35s) respectively
Qualcomm's 3GPP and GERAN compliant location servers support
UMTS control plane, GSM control plane and OMA SUPL 1.0 and are
all compatible with gpsOne.
Alcatel Lucent View
Alcatel Lucent equipment supports 2G networks to meet FCC
requirements; Alcatel Lucent anticipate that LTE will also be supported
by positioning technology which meets the FCC mandate.
In 3GPP 23.891 architecture defines 5 possible solutions and after
voting it was narrowed to support one which is defined in 23.271
(control plane + user plane with SUPL with E-SMLC).
Alcatel Lucent support this and can also support circuit switch fallback
as an option defined in 23.272, this has been deployed in some US
mobile networks.
For LTE the eNodeB must be synchronised to improve location data in
downlink of OTDOA; The standards had a sync at 3 microseconds
Alcatel Lucent synchronised its CDMA base stations to 1 microsecond
improving results. Alcatel Lucent are striving to have eNodeB
synchronisation (in LTE solutions) to 100ns
To meet FCC E9-1-1 requirement Alcatel-Lucent recommends both
network based and device base solutions. Alcatel Lucent recommends
GPS as a device based solution and down link OTDOA as a network
based solution – when used in harmony (hand in hand) together the
requirements of 50m accuracy 67% time and 150m accuracy 95%
time can be met.
In the USA 100% of 2G/3G CDMA handsets are equipped with GPS
(GSM still has few handsets that support GPS). They meet location
requirements by using uplink OTDOA provided by a third party.
Height and/or altitude is not required by FCC. However, altitude is
available with handset based A-GPS solutions; it is not available in
OTDOA network solutions. NOTE: Even if A-GPS altitude is available
at handset its error potential is 100m, thus not very accurate.
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