the european conquest and colonization of the americas

Five Nations started colonies in the New World

Five Nations started colonies in the New World

§ Spain – in South, Central and North America

§ Portugal – in Brazil§ France – In Canada § Great Britain – along the East

Coast of North America§ The Dutch – On Long Island

§ Spain – in South, Central and North America

§ Portugal – in Brazil§ France – In Canada § Great Britain – along the East

Coast of North America§ The Dutch – On Long Island

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

European ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean Explorations

“ “ ””

“ “ ””

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Fernando CortesFernando CortesFernando CortesFernando Cortes

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

vsvs..

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

New Laws --> 1542New Laws --> 1542

The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes

v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine

v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO

v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE

v Syphilis

v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice

v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley

v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats

v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE

v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpox

v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria

v Diptheria v Whooping Cough

v Trinkets

v Liquor

v GUNS

Docs. 1- 4Docs. 1- 4

The Spanish The Spanish Gain land and riches

§Gain converts (Catholic)

§Conquered and destroyed native cultures (Encomeinda system)

Gain land and riches

§Gain converts (Catholic)

§Conquered and destroyed native cultures (Encomeinda system)

Spain in the New World

Spain in the New World

§ Motivated by the 3 G’s§God, Glory and Gold

§ Destroyed native culture§Encomienda system

§ Motivated by the 3 G’s§God, Glory and Gold

§ Destroyed native culture§Encomienda system

MercantilismMercantilism

§Economic activity should enhance power of the state (more gold and silver).

§Economic activity should enhance power of the state (more gold and silver).

Mercantilism An economic policy of the major trading nations from the 16th to the 18th cent……based on the premise that national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return.

State action, an essential feature of the mercantile system……used to accomplish its purposes-to sell more than it bought to accumulate bullion and raw materials.

Under a mercantilist policy, a government exercised much control over economic life by…

regulating production,

encouraging foreign trade,

levying duties on imports to gain revenue,

making treaties to obtain exclusive trading privileges, and

exploiting the commerce of the colonies.

MercantilismMercantilism

§Favorable balance of trade – Spanish try to control access to wealth

§Mining (gold and silver)

§Control commerce.

§Favorable balance of trade – Spanish try to control access to wealth

§Mining (gold and silver)

§Control commerce.

Fight for controlFight for control

§Spanish crown, colonists, and church fight for Indian cheap labor.

§Spanish crown, colonists, and church fight for Indian cheap labor.

Foundation of economy – Indian labor.

Foundation of economy – Indian labor.

§Indian slavery and coercion – Indians paid tribute of gold and silver and worked for almost nothing or nothing.

§Indian slavery and coercion – Indians paid tribute of gold and silver and worked for almost nothing or nothing.

EncomiendaEncomienda

§An assignment of Indians who were to serve the Spanish grantee (colonist) with tribute and labor…Indian slavery!

§An assignment of Indians who were to serve the Spanish grantee (colonist) with tribute and labor…Indian slavery!

Encomienda System = Feudal System

Encomienda System = Feudal System

§ Headed by the Viceroy – a noble§ Social hierarchy based on race

§ Peninsulares§ Creoles§ Mestizos§ Mulattoes

§ Presidio – fort used to defend the mission – castle

§ Headed by the Viceroy – a noble§ Social hierarchy based on race

§ Peninsulares§ Creoles§ Mestizos§ Mulattoes

§ Presidio – fort used to defend the mission – castle

HaciendasHaciendas

§As the encomienda system began to fail colonists created plantations called Haciendas – moved towards capitalism

§Tribute was no longer given

§Slavery still existed

§As the encomienda system began to fail colonists created plantations called Haciendas – moved towards capitalism

§Tribute was no longer given

§Slavery still existed

The CongregacionThe Congregacion

§Churches attempt to control Indians

§Placed Indians on reservations

§Churches attempt to control Indians

§Placed Indians on reservations

The MissionsThe Missions§Once Indians were

concentrated, Missions were established to convert and westernize the natives

§Church schools

§Once Indians were concentrated, Missions were established to convert and westernize the natives

§Church schools

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish MissionSpanish Mission Spanish MissionSpanish Mission

Spanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class System

PeninsularesPeninsularesPeninsularesPeninsulares

CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizosMestizosMestizosMestizos MulattosMulattosMulattosMulattos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

The English Transplantations:

Motives for Settlement

The English Transplantations:

Motives for Settlement§ Commercial

§European belief in mercantilism§Find wealth or escape poverty

(enclosure movement)§ Religious

§Puritans wanted to escape persecution

§Establish religious communities

§ Commercial§European belief in mercantilism§Find wealth or escape poverty

(enclosure movement)§ Religious

§Puritans wanted to escape persecution

§Establish religious communities

The EnglishThe English

§Commercial ventures ($)

§Joint Stock Companies

§Religious freedom (Protestants)

§Friendly at first – later fought natives for land

§Commercial ventures ($)

§Joint Stock Companies

§Religious freedom (Protestants)

§Friendly at first – later fought natives for land

Must Know

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to Guaranteed to

colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization

The English Transplantations:

Jamestown

The English Transplantations:

Jamestown§ The first permanent English

settlement

§Colonists were “gentlemen”

§Expected to find gold

§ Poor location and management

§Located for defense§Smith saved colony from disaster

§ The first permanent English settlement

§Colonists were “gentlemen”

§Expected to find gold

§ Poor location and management

§Located for defense§Smith saved colony from disaster

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

JamestownJamestown

§ Their neighbors were the Powhattan Indians§ Pocahontas

§ The English mistreated the Indians and used force to get what they wanted. This angered the Indians who refused to help the settlers

§ Their neighbors were the Powhattan Indians§ Pocahontas

§ The English mistreated the Indians and used force to get what they wanted. This angered the Indians who refused to help the settlers

JamestownJamestown

§Jamestown nearly failed due to lack of supplies, poor weather and poor location 60 miles up the James River in a swampy area (Defense).

§Jamestown nearly failed due to lack of supplies, poor weather and poor location 60 miles up the James River in a swampy area (Defense).

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

What saved Jamestown?What saved Jamestown?

§ Tobacco was grown and the colony began to make a profit. Brought more settlers and $

§ Tobacco was grown and the colony began to make a profit. Brought more settlers and $

Must Know

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.

A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

The English Transplantations:

Plymouth

The English Transplantations:

Plymouth§ Pilgrims

§Separatists looking for religious freedom

§ Created Mayflower Compact§Government gets power from

the people§ Relations with the natives

§ Pilgrims§Separatists looking for

religious freedom§ Created Mayflower Compact

§Government gets power from the people

§ Relations with the natives

New EnglandNew England§Pilgrims (1620) were religious

dissenters who wanted to separate from the Church of England. They faced fines, imprisonment or death in England for practicing their religion

§Came for Religious Freedom

§Pilgrims (1620) were religious dissenters who wanted to separate from the Church of England. They faced fines, imprisonment or death in England for practicing their religion

§Came for Religious Freedom

New EnglandNew England

§ The Pilgrims were headed for Virginia, but were blown off course in a storm, and ended up in Massachusetts

§ Created the Mayflower Compact – a document that says the government gets its power from the people

§ The Pilgrims were headed for Virginia, but were blown off course in a storm, and ended up in Massachusetts

§ Created the Mayflower Compact – a document that says the government gets its power from the people

Must Know

Must Know

The English Transplantations:

Massachusetts Bay

The English Transplantations:

Massachusetts Bay§ Puritans

§Wanted to purify church§Faced persecution

§ “City on a hill”§A religious model for the

world§Intolerant of dissent

§ Puritans§Wanted to purify church§Faced persecution

§ “City on a hill”§A religious model for the

world§Intolerant of dissent

New EnglandNew England

§ Puritans (1630) also sought religious freedom

§ Wanted to create Cities on a hill – religious cities that would serve as a model for others

§ Covenant Communities§ intolerant of dissent

§ Puritans (1630) also sought religious freedom

§ Wanted to create Cities on a hill – religious cities that would serve as a model for others

§ Covenant Communities§ intolerant of dissent

Must Know

Must Know

New EnglandNew England

§ Puritans were governed by the male members of the church

§ Town meetings – discussions about church rules that eventually became legislative assemblies

§ Puritans were governed by the male members of the church

§ Town meetings – discussions about church rules that eventually became legislative assemblies

Must Know

France in the New World

France in the New World

§Commercial Incentives§Fishing and fur trade§Northwest Passage

§Adopted native customs§Married into families§Learned language

§Commercial Incentives§Fishing and fur trade§Northwest Passage

§Adopted native customs§Married into families§Learned language

The FrenchThe French

Fishing, Fur Trapping

§ Looking for the Northwest Passage

§ Gain converts (Catholic)

§ Traded w/ natives (partners)

§ Married Native American women

Fishing, Fur Trapping

§ Looking for the Northwest Passage

§ Gain converts (Catholic)

§ Traded w/ natives (partners)

§ Married Native American women

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn

by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry

Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn

by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry