thinking about advanced nanotechnologies€¦ · self-assembly using dna biosensors from...

Thinking About

Advanced Nanotechnologies 

Dr K. Eric Drexler

26 February 2008

What is ‘nanotechnology’?

Nanotechnology today:Products that have a significant dimension less than 1/10micron (= 100 nanometers).

Future, revolutionary nanotechnology: nano-scale machines building products with atomic precision and digital control

Productive Nanosystems

Porphyrins

Metal complexesMetal-oxide clusters

Nanotube segments

electronic, chemical,biological, structural,

electronic, optical,optoelectronic,

electromechanical, electrochemical...

Quantum dots

Specialized functional structures:(atomically precise parts)

Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems:

Kuhlman et al., Science 302:1364–68 (2003)

“Design of a Novel Globular Protein Foldwith Atomic-Level Accuracy”

Liu and Kuhlman, Nucleic Acids Res34:W235–W238 (2006)

“RosettaDesign server for protein design”

www.rosettadesign.med.unc.edu

Structural DNA nanotechnology:

Mark Sims, design using Nanoengineer-1 (2007)

Structural DNA nanotechnology: AFM image

Paul Rothemund, Nature 440:297 (2006)Million-atom, 100 nm diameter, atomically precise, 3D structures

DNA/protein interface technology

Zinc finger protein (blue) binding DNA (orange)

Zinc-finger design software online

Zinc Finger Consortium, www.zincfingers.org

Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems:

Integrate components to build systems:

‒ 3D atomically precise scaffold, easily re-configured ‒ 100s to 1000s of parts in addressable locations

100 nm structure

25 nm productive nanosystem

Physics limits performance

Technology pushes toward limits

Existing products show part of what is achievable

Some systems can be modeled

Molecular machinery

— These examples can be simulated, but not yet built —Molecular dynamics by NanoEngineer-1

Advanced-generation systems

Machine-phase chemistry

John

Bur

ch

Allis D.G., Drexler KE, “Design and Analysis of a Molecular Tool for CarbonTransfer in Mechanosynthesis.” J Comp Theo Nanosci, 2:45–55 (2005).

Advanced-generation systems

Doubling sizesby convergent assembly

Design and rendering by John Burch

Advanced-generation systems

Some systems can be modeled

Productive systems can link to form pathways

High-payoff pathways can be found

MAXIMALUTILITY

SIMPLESTINSTANCEScientific inquiry

Engineering design

Information flows, ideal objectives

SIMPLESTTHEORY

A

E

≤ ≤

= =

MAXIMALOPTIONS

physicalsystem

concretedescription

abstractmodel

abstractmodel

concretedescription

physicalsystem

constraint  measurement 

fabricationdesign 

Parallel issues, contrasting implications

Typical facts and views

Issues

Invites study

Informative

Defective

Initial conditions

Grows with time

Less tractable

Topic premature

Broad exploration

Discourages use

Problematic

Often adequate

Control inputs

Limited by control

More capable

Need more teams

Poor coordination

Unknown property

Unexpected outcome

Inaccurate models

Dynamical trajectory

Dynamical uncertainty

More complex

Multiple problems

Independent teams

In science: In engineering:

Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems:

Integrate components to build systems:

‒ 3D atomically precise scaffold, easily re-configured ‒ 100s to 1000s of parts in addressable locations

100 nm structure

25 nm productive nanosystem

30

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubesfor Nanoelectronics & Biosensors SWNT devices SWNT circuits Interactions with proteins and DNA Self-assembly using DNA Biosensors from protein/CNT

(10,10) SWNT

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DNA on CNT (covalent)

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DNA on CNT (adsorb)

1545-1548

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DNA-CNT2

1545-1548

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DNA-CNT 3338-342

NA: poly-T, in vitro evolved ssDNA, dsDNA orRNA from bacteria or yeast.

NA+surfactant+sonication. Near-IR fluorescence indicates well dispersed

SWNT. Anion-exchange chromatography separates

DNA-CNT by size and electronic tube-type.

M

S

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Protein-CNT 1 Non-specific binding of protein to CNT. Inhibition by PEG coating. Specific protein binding enabled.

Avidin on bare CNT

No avidin on PEG/Triton CNT

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Protein-CNT 2

Anything curious about this data?

Avidin on biotin/ CNT

Blocked avidin with biotin/CNT

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Protein CNTbiosensor 1

Non-specific binding of proteins to CNT. Inhibition by PEO coating. Construction of specific biosensors by coating with PEO-

conjugates. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and direct electrical

measurements.

(Non-ionic surfactants)

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Protein CNT biosensor 2

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Protein CNT biosensor 3

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Protein CNT biosensor 4

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Protein CNT biosensor 5

42

Metallic nanowires templated on DNA

775-778

43

Metal nanowire 2

775-778

44

Molecular lithography 1

72-75

45

Molecular lithography 2

72-75

46

Molecular lithography 3

72-75

47

DNA CNT FET 1

1380-1382

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DNA CNT FET 2

1380-1382

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DNA CNT FET 3

1380-1382

Self-assembled FET. Assembly errors... Contact resistance... Hysteresis...

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Bacteriophage-λ DNA has been used as a templatefor the deposition of various metals including:

Silver: E. Braun, Y. Eichen, U. Sivan, G. Ben-Yoseph, Nature 391,775 (1998).

Gold: K. Keren, et al., Science, 297, 72 (2002). Gold: F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, O. Lioubashevski, I. Willner,

Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. 41, 2323 (2002). Copper: C.F. Monson, A.T. Woolley, Nano Lett. 3, 359 (2003). Platinum: W.E. Ford, O. Harnack, A. Yasuda, J.M. Wessels, Adv.

Mater. 13, 1793 (2001). Palladium: J. Richter, et al., Adv. Mater. 12, 507 (2000).

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Grainy wires

Pd

Cu

APL, 78, 536-538 (2001)

Pd

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SA 4x4 DNA templates1882-1885

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SA TAO DNA templates

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Crossed wire arrays 1

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Crossed wire arrays 2