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THINKING beyond the canopy
Implementing REDD+ and adaptation to climate change in
the Congo Basin
Anne Marie Tiani, Charlotte Pavageau
Our Common Future under Climate Change. Paris, 7 – 10 July 2015
Review of projects, initiatives and opportunities for synergies
Context
Definitions
Methods
REDD+ and adaptation initiatives and activities
International initiatives for adaptation and mitigation
REDD+ initiatives, activities and projects in the Congo Basin
Adaptation initiatives and projects
Potential for synergies between adaptation and mitigation
Based on a working paper published by CIFOR (Pavageau and Tiani, 2014)
Plan
Two main types of strategies — mitigation and adaptation
In the CB, adaptation policies and projects are having difficulties emerging. Moreover, in debates on national adaptation policy, forests and forest communities are rarely taken into consideration (Bele et al. 2011).
Few experience on REDD+; However, subnational governments and local stakeholders (municipalities, private property owners, indigenous groups, NGOs, etc.) have high expectations regarding the potential of REDD+ to promote forest conservation and bring sustainable development activities to communities (Peach Brown et al. 2011).
In the other side, many authors argue the importance of mainstreaming adaptation–mitigation links into forest or climate change policies (e.g. Klein et al. 2005; Locatelli et al. 2011) to optimize co-benefits, create new opportunities and design more efficient projects.
Reason why many adaptation and especially REDD+ activities are going on at various levels, from national to local. Time to assess.
Context of the Congo basin
This report provides an overview of ongoing REDD+ and adaptation activities in 6 countries of the Congo Basin. It aims to address the following questions:
1. What is the current progress of REDD+ and adaptation processes
in the Congo Basin?
2. What is the structure of actual climate change responses?
3. What are the potential synergies between the two processes?
4. Particularly among REDD+ projects and initiatives, what are the potential opportunities and challenges for implementing adaptation?
Research questions and methods
Methods: Comparative analysis
REDD+ activities = those with explicit carbon goal in their objectives
REDD+ readiness activities = measures and mechanisms that are necessary to establish an enabling framework for REDD+ deals: land tenure reforms, MRV, research, awareness raising, capacity building,
governance, institutions, community rights, livelihoods, participation and financing REDD+ (Wertz-Kanounnikoff and Kongphan-apirak 2009).
REDD+/carbon forest demonstration activities. These activities aim to reduce the deforestation and forest degradation trends in a limited area. They have explicit carbon targets and should be valorized through a compensation mechanism based on results
Preparation activities for future REDD+ projects that could enter in a global carbon deal (IUCN, 2009)
Adaptation activities broadly; when references to climate are made in the project objectives.
Adaptation initiatives =initiatives that support national adaptation strategies and policies. Ex: impacts and vulnerability assessments, identification of country priorities, planning for adaptation, implementing large adaptation programs, monitoring and evaluating adaptation interventions, and capacity building.
Activities for demonstration of adaptation. These activities aim to reduce the vulnerability of local populations to climate change and variability, and to set up concrete adaptation strategies.
Methods and Definitions
Cameroon
Congo, Rep
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
CAR
DRC
Adaptation
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Cameroon
CAR
Congo, Rep
DRC
Mitigation
R-PIN R-PP REDD Strategy
Equatorial Guinea
Cameroon
CAR
Congo, Rep
DRC
Gabon
National Communications
NC1 NC2 NC3 NC4
NAPA National Adaptation
Strategy
REDD+ and adaptation initiatives and activities
UNFCCC related initiatives
National communication. Each non-Annex I Party of the Kyoto Protocol shall submit its initial communication (GEF).
NAPAs, the LDCs identify and communicate their most urgent adaptation needs, and prioritize actions to respond to them” (Pramova et al. 2012
R-PIN and R-PP. In addition to the UNFCCC framework, countries participating in the FCPF Readiness Mechanism are encouraged to submit strategy documents known as R-Pin and R-PP = synthesis of current policies, governance context, studies and preparatory activities, and modalities of implementation of activities.
46 REDD+ projects on the ground
REDD+initiatives and projects
48 Mitigation and REDD+ readiness activities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nu
mb
er
of
read
ine
ss a
ctiv
itie
s
0
5
10
15
20
25
REDD+projects
PotentialREDD+
projects
REDD+projects in
preparation
Othermitigationprojects
Nu
mb
er
of
pro
ject
s Regional
Eq. Guinea
Congo
Gabon
DRC
CAR
Cameroon
Large scale mitigation initiatives 1)FCPF, 2) REDD+ Partnership, 3) UN-REDD Program; 4) CBFF; 5) FIP
4 National initiatives * Implementation of NAPAs (GEF); only DRC and CAR
* Africa adaptation programme (AAP) .UNDP in Cameroon, Congo and Gabon ;
* CCAA Cameroon, CAR and DRC
* National adaptation initiatives target agriculture, costal zone management, energy and water management ; Few are related to forest (Congo and EG)
Adaptation initiatives and projects
Demonstration of adaptation activities and political priorities Fores
try
En
erg
y
Coa
stal
He
alth
Agric
.
FS
Wa
ter
Fish
erie
s
Wast
e
mngt
URB
AN
DRC P P P P A P P P
CAR P P P A P
Cmr A A P A P A A P P
Cong
o
A P A A P P P
Gab A P P
EG A P A P A P A P A P A P A P
A= National adaptation activities P =adaptation priority sectors identified in national official documents
Potential for synergies adaptation - mitigation
Synergies in global frameworks and policy processes
Expected benefits from REDD+ projects
Rational and links with adaptation goals
Watershed protection
The protection of the forests will secure vital watersheds
Environmental benefits
REDD+ activities will reduce soil erosion, mitigate water loss from runoff, avoide bush fires …
Local capacities and alternative incomes
Alternative employments (forest management staff, tree nurseries; introduce long-term income enhancement mechanisms Support to local communities so they can manage the forest in a sustainable way
Improved agricultural productivitiy and resilience
Integrated management system at the farm scale, improved farming techniques and agroforestry plantation
Adoption of good practices
by local administration and land management (agricultural, forestry, governance). This allow a better planification.
Infrastructure and roads
Improved access of villages and new opportunities through better access to market, improved access to water sources
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% o
f in
itia
tive
s
National or regional programs of adaptation REDD+ readiness initiatives
Set of similar interventions in adaptation and REDD+ projects :
Based on historical approaches (Integrated conservation and development projects (Sunderlin and Sills, 2012))
No definitive framework for REDD+ and adaptation activities
Benefits
+ Reduce uncertainties and risks
+ Diversify fund raising
+ Potentials for synergies between A&M
Challenges
Funds diverted into more general conservation and development activities
Fail to realize adaptation and mitigation goals
No planned integration of adaptation and mitigation
Specific to adaptation:
No long term financial mechanism for adaptation
No integrative approach for reducing societal vulnerabilities
Emergence of hybrid approaches
94 REDD+ related activities against 11 adaptation (2011 – 2013)
While Forestry sector neglected in national adaptation activities, it has been set as priority sector
Synergy A – M possible but not clear at the policy level, already implemented in the site level, demonstration activities should inform policy, but need to be well planned and documented
NBC as an additional opportunity
Conclusion
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