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Fabio SAULI
Palais du Pharo, Marseille May 9-12, 2006
INFN-Trieste, Italy and CERN-Geneva, Switzerland
SLIDE SLIDE 22MWPC MWPC
AVALANCHE MULTIPLICATION
CHARGE COLLECTION
CONVERSION
CATHODE
CATHODE
ANODE WIRES
-V
+V
-V
MODERN GASEOUS DETECTORS: POWERFUL TOOLS FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION IN PARTICLE PHYSICS, BASED ON THE MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBER (Georges Charpak, 1967)
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SLIDE SLIDE 33TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION
TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION FROM SIGNALS INDUCED ON CATHODE PLANES (Charpak & Fabio Sauli, ~1973)
CATHODE STRIPS
ANODE WIRES
CATHODE STRIPS
LOW-DOSE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY WITH MWPC: CHARPAK’S HAND (2002):
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SLIDE SLIDE 44TPC TPC
PATTERN DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS: TIME PROJECTION CHAMBERPOWERFUL, THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF COMPLEX EVENTS
ALEPH TPC, CERN 1990-2001
SLIDE SLIDE 55MWPC LIMITATIONSMWPC LIMITATIONS
DIFFICULT TO BUILD (THIN WIRES)POOR TWO-TRACK RESOLUTION (~ 5 mm)
THE GAIN DECREASES WITH DETECTED FLUX (POSITIVE IONS SPACE CHARGE):
MWPC LIMITATIONS
104 mm-2s-1
SLIDE SLIDE 66MSGC MSGC
MICROSTRIP GAS CHAMBERS(Anton Oed, ~ 1990) THIN METAL STRIPS ON GLASS SUBSTRATE:
FIRST MICRO-PATTERN GAS DETECTORS
COMPACT, LIGHT CONSTRUCTION
ANODE STRIP
CATHODE STRIPS
SLIDE SLIDE 77MSGC PERFORMANCES MSGC PERFORMANCES
VERY HIGH RATE CAPABILITY:
SPACE ACCURACY ≈ 50 µmTWO-TRACK RESOLUTION ≈ 100 µm
BUT… TOO FRAGILEEFFECT OF A DISCHARGE:
MSGC PERFORMANCES
106 mm-2s-1
R. Bouclier et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A367(1995)168
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SLIDE SLIDE 88MICROMEGAS MICROMEGAS
Y. Giomataris et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A376(1996)29
NEW MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS
MICROMEGAS: THIN-GAP PARALLEL PLATE COUNTER
50 µm
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SLIDE SLIDE 99MICROMEGAS PERFORMANCES MICROMEGAS PERFORMANCES
MICROMEGAS
J. Derré et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A459(2001)523
POSITION ACCURACY (100 µm PITCH STRIPS):
J. Derré et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A449(2000)314
0.77 ns rms
120 µm GAP
A. Bay et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A488(2002)
TIME RESOLUTION (ISOCHRONOUS ELECTRONS):
ELECTRON + ION SIGNALS:
SLIDE SLIDE 1010GEM GEM
GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM)THIN METAL-COATED POLYMER FOIL WITH HIGH DENSITY OF HOLES:
F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A386(1997)531
NEW MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS
50 µm Kapton, 5 µm Copper70 µm holes at 140 µm pitch:
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SLIDE SLIDE 1111GEM PERFORMANCES GEM PERFORMANCES
Ions
Electrons
GEM: WIDER AVALANCHE, FAST ELECTRON SIGNAL ONLY
30 ns 10 ns ( ~ 1 mm)
GEMs CAN BE CASCADED:MULTI-STAGE AMPLIFICATION
SENSITIVE VOLUME
HIGHER SAFE GAINS!
SLIDE SLIDE 1212MPGD DISCHARGES MPGD DISCHARGES
RADIATION-INDUCED BREAKDOWN
S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A470(2001)548
G=10000
@ GAIN 104
DISCHARGE PROBABILITY < 10-12
D. Thers et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A469(2001)133
@ GAIN 104
DISCHARGE PROBABILITY ~ 10-6
TRIPLE GEM:
MICROMEGAS: DISCHARGE PROBABILITY IN HADRON BEAMS:
SLIDE SLIDE 1313MPGD IN EXPERIMENTSMPGD IN EXPERIMENTS
12 PLANES IN 3 STATIONS X,Y, U, V
40x40 cm2 ACTIVE 350 µm STRIPS - DIGITAL READOUT
MICROMEGAS COMPASS SPECTROMETER AT CERN:
SPACE RESOLUTION:
TIME RESOLUTION:
70 µm rms
9 ns rms
C. Bernet et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A536(2005)61
SLIDE SLIDE 1414MPGD IN EXPERIMENTSMPGD IN EXPERIMENTS
22 TRIPLE-GEM CHAMBERS31x31 cm2 ACTIVE 2-D CHARGE READOUT
GEM DETECTORS FOR COMPASS SPACE RESOLUTION:
TIME RESOLUTION (FROM 3-BIN FIT):
B. Ketzer et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)314
65 µm rms
12 ns rms
SLIDE SLIDE 1515GEM DETECTORS GEM DETECTORS
GEM DETECTOR FOR TOTEMCERN-HELSINKI (IN CONSTRUCTION)
HALF-MOON SHAPED
M. Bozzo et al, IEEE NSS 2004 Conf. Records
CYLINDRICAL GEM DETECTORS:
CERN PROTOTYPE
RADIAL DRIFT CHAMBER (BONUS, JLAB):
H. Fenker, JLAB (2006)
SLIDE SLIDE 1616GEM PHOTON DETECTORSGEM PHOTON DETECTORS
EDRIFT ~ 0
PHOTON DETECTION WITH GEM
R. Bouclier et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science NS-44(1997)646
REFLECTIVE CsI PHOTOCAHODE
e
FURTHER MULTIPLICATION
MULTIPLE GEM DETECTORS:VERY HIGH GAIN ( > 105) FOR SINGLE PHOTON DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION
GEM 1
GEM 2
ED
ET1
EI
DRIFT
READOUT
DRIFT
TRANSFER 1
INDUCTION
GEM 2
ET2 TRANSFER 2
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SLIDE SLIDE 1717PAD READOUTPAD READOUT
HEXABOARD PAD READOUT
HEXAGONAL PADS PLANE, 500 µm PITCH
U
V
W
PAD ROWS INTERCONNECTED ALONG THREE DIRECTIONS:
1.1 mm
2.4 mm
1.3 mm
T. Meinschad et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)324
FAST RICH ( 2 ns resolution)
DOUBLE PHOTON EVENT:
S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)104
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SLIDE SLIDE 1818X-RAY IMAGINGX-RAY IMAGING
GEM FOR X-RAY IMAGING
ENERGY SIGNAL ON LOWER GEM ELECTRODE,POSITION INFORMATION FROM ANODE STRIPS:
A. Bressan et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A199)254
X-RAY ABSORPTION RADIOGRAPHY OF A SMALL MAMMAL:
20 mm
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SLIDE SLIDE 1919CASCADECASCADE
CASCADE: NEUTRON IMAGING10B - COATED MULTI-GEM DETECTOR
NEUTRON ABSORPTION IMAGE:
M. Klein et alThe CASCADE project http://pi1.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/physi/cascade/
DETECTION EFFICIENCY vs NEUTRON WAVELENGTH:
SLIDE SLIDE 2020PORTAL IMAGING PORTAL IMAGING
C. Iacobaeus et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-48 (2001)1496
PORTAL IMAGING: VERY HIGH RATE GAMMA RAYS DETECTION
GEM-BASED PIXEL DETECTOR
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND KAROLINSKA HOAPITAL (STOKHOLM)
SLIDE SLIDE 2121PORTAL IMAGINGPORTAL IMAGING
J. Östling et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS 50 (2003) 809
COMBINED MULTILAYER DETECTOR FOR LOW ENERGY DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY AND HIGH ENERGY PORTAL IMAGING:
GAS CONVERTER (30-50 keV)
GEM+SOLID CONVERTER(MeV)
SLIDE SLIDE 2222PORTAL IMAGINGPORTAL IMAGING
J. Östling et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A525(2004)308
FAST READOUT ELECTRONICS:CHARGE INTEGRATION ON PADS
CHARGE COLLECTION PADS100 PIXELS 1.27x1.27 mm2 PER CARD
ACTIVE ELECTRONICS(OUTSIDE RADIATION FIELD)
DETECTOR
50 CARDS
5000 PIXELS
SLIDE SLIDE 2323PENDULUMPENDULUM
PORTAL IMAGING: FAST FRAME READOUT
TIME-RESOLVED NEWTON’S PENDULUM IMAGE AT 40 keV 10 ms INTEGRATION, 70 FRAMES PER SECOND
J. Östling, PhD Dissertation (2006)
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SLIDE SLIDE 2424X-RAY POLARIMETER X-RAY POLARIMETER
X-RAY POLARIMETER: TRACKING THE PHOTOELECTRON DIRECTION MICRO-GEM DETECTOR WITH PAD READOUT
R. Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Methods A435(2004)477
DEDICATED CMOS READOUT 80 µm PITCH HEXAGONAL PADS:
5 KeV PHOTOELECTRON:
1 mm2
80 µm
SLIDE SLIDE 2525MEDIPIX MPGDMEDIPIX MPGD
THE ULTIMATE MPGD: INTEGRATED PIXEL ELECTRONICS READOUT
MEDIPIX 2: 256x256 PIXELS 55 µm x 55 µm
•Digital readout: preamp / discriminatorDigital readout: preamp / discriminator•Two DAC thresholds (low, high)Two DAC thresholds (low, high)• Noise RMS ~ 150 eNoise RMS ~ 150 e--/channel/channel
X. Llopart et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-49 (2002)2279
M. Titov, Como conference 2005
55x55 µm pixels
SLIDE SLIDE 2626MEDIPIX MICROMEGAS MEDIPIX MICROMEGAS
MEDIPIX - MICROMEGAS
COSMIC RAY TRACK: SINGLE ELECTRON DETECTION
M. Fornaini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A546(2005)270
MEDIPIX
14 mm
SLIDE SLIDE 2727MEDIPIX GEMMEDIPIX GEM
MEDIPIX - GEM
PRIMARY IONIZATION CLUSTERS:
A. Bamberger et al, IEEE NSS (Puerto Rico 2005)
MEDIPIX
3xGEM
14 mm
SLIDE SLIDE 2828END END @
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