transport measures
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Transport Measures
0( , , ) ( , , , )
xe
z xwy z t V x y z t dxdz
( , , ) ( , , , )s xe
xwy t V x y t dxd
0( , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , )
xe
H xwHT y t V x y z t T x y z t dxdz
35 ,)/),,,(1(),,,(),(0
o
H
xe
xwo SdxdzStzyxStzyxVtyST
Meridional overturning, MOC:
MOC on density surfaces:
Heat transport (rel. 0oC):
Freshwater transport (rel. 35 psu):
K-7Ganachaud&Wunsch
heat transports are indicated by the arrows and red numbers (positive northward/eastward). The white box at the tail end of each arrow is the one-standard-deviation uncertainty. Between sections, ocean-atmosphere heat transfers are indicated by the zonal length of the coloured boxes (blue for ocean cooling; red for ocean heating), with the length of the white box inside indicating the uncertainty.
•Keith (1995)•Trenberth & Solomon (1994)•Macdonald & Wunsch (1996)•Garnier et al (2001)•De las Heras & Schlitzer(1999)•Bryden et al (1991)•Ganachaud & Wunsch•(2000)
Heat transports
Mass transports
Heat transports
K-7Global Heattransport
Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)
ENSEBLESNorth Atlantic Heattr.
Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)
K-7Indo-Pac. Heattransport
Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)
Wijffels et al (2001)/Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)
Wijffels et al (2001)
Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)
K-7Global Freshwater transp.
Wijffels et. al. (2001)
K-7Atlantic and IndoPac freshwater transports
Indo-Pacific Atlantic
K-7Heat transport 25oN
K-7Heat transport 48oN
ENSEBLESHeat/FW transport
Heat/FW transport
Global Mean 25N (PW)
Global Mean 20S (PW)
Ind.-Pac. Mean 25N (PW)
Atl. Mean 25N (PW)
Atl. STD 25N (PW)
Atl. Seasonal 25N (PW)
Atl. Drift 25N (PW/10yr)
Global Mean FW 30S (Sv)
Global Mean FW 25N (Sv)
Model DetailsMethod Details
Ganachaud& Wunsch (2000)
1.80 -0.80 0.50 1.30 Macdonald (1998) 0.72 -0.3
ECCO-JPL 1.45 -1.30 0.44 1.01 0.30 -0.37 0.50 -0.35MIT 1-1/3o, Lev KPP, GM
partition Kalman
ECCO-SIO 1.40 -0.44 0.45 0.96 0.21 0.13 -0.08 0.35 -0.31 MIT 1o, Lev, KPP, GM
adjoint
ECCO-50yr 1.26 -0.63 0.38 0.88 0.21 0.14 0.034 0.33 -0.31 MIT 1o,Lev, KPP, GM
adjoint
ECCO-GODAE 1.15 -0.78 0.33 0.82 0.21 0.13 0.033 0.55 -0.31 MIT 1o,Lev adjoint
GFDL 1.01 0.22 0.20 0.77 0.31 0.11 -0.018 MOM
INGV 2.2 -1.1 0.7 1.45 0.25 0.11 -0.27 0.82 -0.45 OPA 2-1/2o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel
multivar. OI
SODA 0.99 0.16 -0.08 MOM 1-1/3o Lev KPP,GM
OI
K-7Bryden et al (2005)
Transport per unit depth (in m2 s-1) represents the zonally averaged northward geostrophic velocity times the zonal distance across the section at each depth. a, Top-to-bottom profile showing the general similarity in vertical structure of the flow for each section with southward flow in the upper waters, a northward flow of intermediate waters, a southward flow of deep waters at 1,200-5,000 m depth, and a northward flow in the bottom waters. b, Expanded profile of the thermocline flow showing the stronger southward flow in the 1998 and 2004 sections. c, Expanded profile below 1,000 m depth showing the two cores of southward flowing upper NADW centred at about 2,000 m depth and lower NADW centred at 4,000 m depth.
u-NADWl-NADWAABW
K-7Max. MOC 25oN
Bryden et al. (2005)
ECMWF
K-7Max. MOC 48oN
Global MOCECCO-SIO
ECCO-50y
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
INGV
SODA
GFDL
Atlantic MOCECCO-SIO
ECCO-50y
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
INGV
SODA
GFDL
IndoPac MOCECCO-SIO
ECCO-50y
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
INGV
SODA
GFDL
ENSEBLESMOC
MOC Max. Atl. MOC (Sv)
Mean MOC 25N (Sv)
STD MOC 25N (Sv)
Seasonal MOC 25N
(Sv)
Drift MOC 25N, 92-02 (Sv/10yrs)
Mean MOC 48N
(Sv)
l-NADW
92 – 02
3-5km
AABW
North-Atl.
Min. Ind-Pac
MOC(Sv)Model Details
Method Details
G & W (2000) Bryden et al(2005)
16(<27.72) 19.4-14.8
………..
-4.0
14(<27.72) …………..
……….
10.4-6.5
………
1.2-2.5
ECCO-JPL 19 17 4.0 -7.0 19 No(Yes) too shallow
-16MIT 1-1/3o, Lev KPP, GM
partition Kalman
ECCO-SIO19 16 3 1.8 -0.7 19
(No) 2Sv
(Yes) 1Sv not ov.Eq.
-11MIT 1o, Lev, KPP, GM
adjoint
ECCO-50yr18 14 3 1.7 0.2 17 No
(Yes) not ov.Eq.
-8MIT 1o,Lev, KPP, GM
adjoint
ECCO-GODAE17 14 3 1.9 -0.3 17
(No) 4Sv
(Yes) not ov.Eq.
-15 MIT 1o,Lev adjoint
ECMWF (30N) 16 2 0.28 -3.1Yes
13Sv6Sv HOPE 1o,Lev OI
GFDL 30 14 3 1.2 -1.5 15(No)
7SvYes -10 MOM
INGV25 22 3 1.2 -3.3 18
Yes
6Sv(Yes) only
S Atl.-15
OPA 2-1/2o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel
multivar. OI
SODA22 17 4 1.2 0.6 13 No
(Yes) 1Sv no ov. 20S
MOM 1-1/3o Lev KPP,GM
OI
AWI----------------
Willebrand et al (2000)
Level ISOPYCNIC
SIGMASIGMA
ISOPYCNICLevel
AtlanticMOC vs. depth
AtlanticMOC vs. density
Roemmich&Wunsch (1985)
Level
SIGMA
ISOPYCNIC10th yr
1st yr
ECCO-JPLECCO-JPL
ECCO-SIOECCO-SIO
ECCO-50yECCO-50y
ECCO-GODAEECCO-GODAE
ECMWFECMWF
SODAGFDL
INGVINGV
SODASODA
ECCO-SIOECCO-SIO/50y + Ref.
Bryden et al. (2005)
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