udem 2007 accessibility standards

Creative Commons License – some rights reserved. 1UDEM – Accessibility for www, mobile, emerging tech

International Seminar on Usability and Accessibility for the Web

UDEM, Monterrey, MXJuly 26 & 27, 2007

Sharron RushKnowbility.org

International Accessibility Standards

for the web, mobile browsing devices, and emerging technologies

2UDEM 2007 – Accessibility and the WebCreative Commons License – some rights reserved

Let’s talk about…

► Concepts, understanding IT accessibility

► How people with disabilities use the web

► User profiles

► Evolving standards and how to use and suport them

► How standards support emerging technologies

► Your questions, practical applications

What is accessibility?

Creative Commons License – some rights reserved. 4UDEM – Accessibility for www, mobile, emerging tech

Accessibility = full participation

Many reasons to advocate and implement

► Legal

► Humanitarian

► Market driven

“Accessible”

► People with disabilities can perform the same functions

► .. can receive the same information

► .. can participate as consumers and producers

Based on concepts of Universal Design

► Architectural design movement

► Accommodations became integral part of original building design.

► Functional, aesthetic, and economic benefits beyond disabilities

► Movement spread to commercial products, landscape design, transportation, other areas

► Focus is access to public space for all - accessibility

IT Accessibility Movement – similar development

► Standards bodies recognized need to address accessibility

► Begins with concepts of universal access to the built environment

► Extends concepts into learning and communications environments.

Who needs accessible information technology (IT) ?

Disability market is growing

► 750 million people worldwide have disabilities

► Numbers are increasing as population ages

► In US, Fortune magazine estimates annual income of $1 trillion

Creative Commons License – some rights reserved. UDEM – Accessibility for www, mobile & emerging tech

Common Categories of Disability► Visual (including blind, low vision, and color

blind)► Hearing► Motor/Physical► Cognitive/Learning

People with disabilities may use software via alternate input & output methods – assistive technology

Assistive Technology

► Customized tools to help people perform daily tasks

► May range from low to high tech

Computer Assistive Technology

► specialized tools► help perform interactive functions► accomodate various temporary or

permanent conditions

Rafael► intellectual disability, accommodated through

technology, social reinforcement► Down syndrome one of many ► Supported by online curriculum, multi-media

presentation, ability to adjust vocabulary level

Issues:► use of unnecessarily complex language► text heavy presentation, lack of graphics► lack of clear organization of Web sites► inconsistent navigation

Paul► British Soldier, served in Iraq ► injury resulted in partial use of limbs► 42 year old student - retraining► access to government services critical at this

time of life

Issues:► time-limited response options ► browsers/pages that do not support

keyboard alternatives for mouse commands

► forms that cannot be tabbed in a logical order

Amalia► 24 year old, aspiring web developer who is Deaf► Sign is native language► watched with interest controversy at Gallaudet

University

Issues:► VRS - Video Relay Service► alternatives needed for sound cues ► Captions on videos ► transcripts for audio content

Toni► learning disabilities, including ADD, dyslexia► Often called visual and auditory perceptual

disabilities► continues to improve in school with the help

of assistive technologies (AT)

Issues:► relies on getting information through

several modalities at the same time. ► easily distracted, may need to turn

off animations; requires clear layout► can be frustrated by lack of

alternative ways to access information

Diallo► University professor, expert user of tech► Became blind from retinal disease► Does academic research online► Blogs and creates content online

Issues:► needs alternatives to image content► text must be converted to sound► search forms, interactive elements► requires accessible content

management

► Slow Internet Connection ► Old Browser ► Missing Plugins ► No Speakers ► Small Screens

Curb-cut effect: accommodations for people with disabilities have broad

benefits

Accessibility Law and Standards

Global adoption of legal mandates for accessibility Established standards – and

those in developmentValidating to standards

Legal environment► 1998 – 2002 Lawsuits in throughout the world –

including Olympics in Australia, government services in Canada, commercial services in US.

► Most settled out of court, few clear legal precedents established, but raised awareness of need for accessibility

► Many countries adopted WCAG, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, issued by W3C

► US wrote Section 508 of Rehab Act, based on WCAG, meant to be more “measurable”

World Wide Web Consortium

► Standards body for the web – includes WAI, the Web Accessibility Initiative

► Operates consensually, globally…and sometimes too slowly to keep up with pace of technology change

► Issued first standards of web accessibility – the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) – in May,1999

Global Accessibility Standards maintained by W3C

► WCAG, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

► ATAG, the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines provide vendors with standards for interoperability

► UAAG, the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines for browsers and assistive technologies

► ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Application research for emerging technologies

www.w3.org/WAI

Role of Standards

► Shared understanding of requirements among:o Consumerso Authoring Toolmakerso Developerso Maker of browsers and AT devices

► “How to” Techniques and testing criteria for content creators

User Agent(UAAG)

Authoring Tool(ATAG)

Web Content(WCAG)

Global standards are being revised

► WCAG 1.0 is transitioning to WCAG 2.0 – accessibility defined within 4 basic principles.

WCAG 1.0 series of 64 checkpoints and 3 priority levels

WCAG 2.0 based on 4 organizing principles

W3C Process :► Public Working Drafts

► Last Call Working Draft » Current Status

► Candidate Recommendation » Projected for Fall 07► Implementations

► Proposed Recommendation

► W3C Recommendation = Web Standard

WCAG in transition…► New Guidelines provide common definition,

benchmarks

► Anticipate changing technologies

► Provide extensive supporting informationo Glossaryo Techniqueso Can drill down to “Understanding Guideline X.X.X” documentation

► Techniques are adaptable, flexible for developing technologies…and testable.

WCAG 2.0

► Technology neutral - flexible to anticipate change

► Adaptable – Quick Reference tool generates checklist specific to individual project

► Measurable – Guidelines written to be testable

More testable..example

► WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint2.2 Ensure that foreground and background color combinations

provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having color deficits…

► WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria1.4.3 Text (and images of text) have a contrast ratio of at least

What about the development community…?

► What is the developer’s role in the creation of standards?

► What does the development community want from standards bodies?

► What are the barriers to wide acceptance and implementation of standards?

► What obligations do the vendors/toolmakers have?

Video comments from web design experts, vendor representative

WCAG 2.0 addresses these concerns…

Important disclaimer:

► The following slides are ONLY MY OWN personal summation and interpretation of the direction of WCAG 2.0

► Refer to the W3C pages for OFFICIAL techniques and recommendations documents

WCAG 2.0 & the Manifesto ► Excellent time to use WCAG 2.0 as standard to

implement the Manifesto► Manifesto commits to W3C standards► WCAG 2.0 incorporate thinking about most current

technologies and practices► Changes in document are a possibility and

consideration, but are likely to be minor► Mexican example will be profound

WCAG 2.0,Guideline 1

Content must be perceivable

Provide alternatives to non-text content

and…

know what NOT to do

Alternative Text Examples

Alternate Text Guidelines

► Active (linked) images MUST valid alt attribute.

► Each INPUT of TYPE=“IMAGE” must have alt-text specifying the purpose of the button

► Each AREA of an image MAP must have a valid alt attribute

► Non-active images that do not convey information must have alt=“”

Alternate Text: What NOT to do

► Too Long“Image of the United Nations Flag (Blue

background with white olive branches surrounding map of world) about one and a quarter inches by one inch.”

► Makes reference to link“link to aeronautics home page”

Meaningless out of context“button”

► File information“spacer.gif 236 bytes”

Alternate Text: Decisions► A challenge is deciding what is

meaningful and what is purely visual► alt=“” or alt=“people using library

services”

Long Descriptions

► Sometimes short alt text is not enough► an HTML attribute “longdesc” is available…

keep in mind that may not be the best solution► longdesc points to a URL that has a “long

description” of the image

Some images Some images –– like like charts and graphs – charts and graphs – require longdescriptionrequire longdescription

traffic.htm:

<p>This graph shows traffic density on

Main and Center streets measured in …

longdesc Example

longdesc “Alternative”

Multimedia Strategy

► Include a text transcript for informational audio file.

► Provide captions for the audio content of a multimedia presentation.

► Provide synchronized audio descriptions of significant video information in multimedia presentations.

Multimedia Solutions

► MAGPie - free software that helps you caption http://ncam.wgbh.org/webaccess/magpie

► Sample video with captions and audio descriptions:NCAM Rich Media Project

► NCAM recently released a free captioning tool for Flash

Conveying information through color

► What is the issue?

► What is the alternative?

‣ Can you read me?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?

‣ Use the color contrast analyzer:http://juicystudio.com/services/colourcontrast.php

Color Contrast

Provide alternatives

► Alt text for active images, “” for inactive images

► Onscreen summary or long description for complex images

► Captions for audio content► No color dependencies, sufficient contrast

When you have non-textProvide text equivalents.Text repurposes

User interface components must be operable

► Provide keyboard access to all functions

► Provide users time to read and use content

► Avoid content known to cause seizures

► Facilitate navigation

Put user in control

Keyboard Access

► Form fields

► Submit buttons

► Navigation elements (Javascripted menus?)

► Media controls

‣ NOT onchange in select box menus‣ NOT just onMouseOver and

onMouseOut (requires mouse) - Also include onFocus, onBlur

‣ <noscript>...</noscript> rarely needed

for more on scripting please research:‣ unobtrusive javascript‣ graceful degradation‣ progressive enhancement

Scripting and Interactivity

Exercise – Read this important information

► Perhaps a re-engineering of your current world view will re-energize your online nomenclature to enable a new holistic interactive enterprise internet communication solution.

► Upscaling the resurgent networking exchange solutions, achieving a breakaway systemic electronic data interchange system synchronization, thereby exploiting technical environments for mission critical broad based capacity constrained systems.

► Fundamentally transforming well designed actionable information whose semantic content is virtually null.

► To more fully clarify the current exchange, a few aggregate issues will require addressing to facilitate this distributed communication venue.

► In integrating non-aligned structures into existing legacy systems, a holistic gateway blueprint is a backward compatible packaging tangible of immeasurable strategic value in right-sizing conceptual frameworks when thinking outside the box.

Timed Response: Options?

► Do not set time limit on the user response.

► Notify user if a process is about to time-out

► Provide prompt to receive additional time

Flicker – Don’t Do It!

Flickering images on the screen can cause some people to have seizures

► ncam.wgbh.org/richmedia/media/flicker_demo.html

Ease of navigation

What about “Skip Navigation?”

► It’s a hack, adds code

► IE bug breaks it...useless in IE

► Recommend using h1, h2, h3 tags to provide more useful structure

Operable Interface

► Keyboard can access all functions► Allow timed response to be extended, controlled► Avoid content flashing in bandwidth causing seizures► Ease of navigation

Assist the users;Allow the user controlOf access and search

Content and user interface must be understandable

Facilitate understanding of content, function

► Plain language ► Predictable ► Quality link text► Form Labels ► Table mark-up

Plain language

► Identify the default human language of the web site.

► Identify changes in presentation language

► Use least complex language for subject and audience

‣ pop-up windows

‣ user control of changes

‣ consistent navigation

Predictability

Quality Link Text► Makes sense out of context, in a list of links

► Informs users of target

► Links to same place should have same text; links to different pages should not have same text.

► Avoid duplicate adjacent links

Accessible Forms

► Create labels for form elements using the <label> element

► Group related form elements using the <fieldset> element

► Find detail on accessible forms on WebAim http://www.webaim.org/techniques/forms/

Data Tables

► Data is meaningful in tabular form by the visual association of row and column headings at the intersection points in a data cell

► Tables can be easily marked up to provide the same type of functionality to screen reader users.

Create accessible data tables

► Use the summary attribute and/or CAPTION element.

► Place column headings in the first row and place row headings in the first column.

► Use the TH element for all heading cells.► Use the scope attribute to indicate whether

heading labels a column or a row e.g., scope=“row”.

► For complex tables: Assign an id to each heading cell and string of id’s as the header attribute for each data cell to say which are heading cells for that data cell.

Simple data table<table summary=“Table with 4 columns and five rows”> <caption>Use of Microsoft Office to Create Web Materials</caption>

PowerPoint </th> <th width=“20%” scope=“col”>Word</th> <th width=“20%” scope=“col”>Excel</th>

</tr><tr> <th scope=“row”>Instructors</th> <td>

71% </td> <td>87.9%</td><td>51.4%</td> </tr>

<tr> <th scope=“row”>Web Developers</th> <td>43.7%</td><td>84.9%</td><td>43.7%</td> </tr> … …

</table>

Clarity, consistency, support

► Language programmatically identified► Simple language► Links make sense out of context► Identify acronyms, abbreviations, nonstandard usage► Consistent, predictable navigation► Alternative vocabulary (optional)

Illustrate contentMaking it simple and clearUsers will return

Content must be robust

Maximize compatibility

► Older browsers► Mobile devices► Emerging technology► Make name, role, value available to AT

Transform gracefullyPeople still use old browsersUse new, support old

Careful consideration and testing of how to use► CSS Cascading Style Sheets► Javascript► Various browsers► Mobile browsing devices► Various assistive technologies

Share what you learn… help anticipate emerging technologies

Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite (WAI-ARIA)

► Make more advanced features of dynamic content and rich Internet applications accessible

► Primary focus is providing information about user interface controls to AT (assistive technology)

► Menus, tree controls► Role and state

► Status: collaborative implementation, development of shared best practices

Standards within the Workflow

ApplicationDevelopment

Testing

Set policy – explicitly► Many examples to emulate, language can be simple:

► European Union► IBM► Canadadian and Japanese governments, others

► UT Austin – policy development was 10 year process► MD Anderson Cancer Center, adopted UT guidelines

and in process of implementing across the enterprise► In 2006, Chevron adopted,implemented accessibility

policy ► California State University’s ATI initiative ► Local leadership is critical for success

Important Steps► Key leadership and exemplary practices from

project and department heads► Stated commitment from executive management► Orientation to best practice for new staff► Advocacy to reinforce needs and benefits► Training► Integration into document development, Q A,

and work flow

Automated Tools

► Toolbars available for IE and Firefox

► One page checkers from Watchfire, Cynthia Says, others

► Jim Thatcher’s Accessibility Favelets

► Evaluation of free accessibility checkers on WebAIM www.webaim.org/techniques/articles/freetools/

Test with your browsero Turn off imageso Navigate with keyboard only – no mouseo Turn off speakerso Change font size, window sizeo Turn off CSSo Turn off Javascripto Set to Greyscale

A Practical Testing Plan – Step 1

► Run online Accessibility reports on representative pages, using more than one tool.

o Toolbars available for IE and Firefox

o One page checkers from Watchfire, Cynthia Says, others

o Jim Thatcher’s Accessibility Favelets

o Evaluation of free accessibility checkers on WebAIM www.webaim.org/techniques/articles/freetools/

A Practical Testing Plan, Step 2

Listen to your pages – especially forms, headers, tables – with JAWS or other screenreader. Some free screen readers include:

Thunder http://www.screenreader.net/ Fire Vox http://www.firevox.clcworld.net/

Include users with disabilities in all test groups

Usability exchange in UK http://www.usabilityexchange.com/

AccessWorks at Knowbility.org http://www.knowbility.org

Next Steps

What accessibility actions do you plan to take next?

How can you support the Manifesto?What resources do you need now?

What further questions do you have?

Muchas Gracias

Por su apoyo a la accesibilidadY por permitirme estar aqui.

Y por su paciencia con mis limitaciones de lenguaje.

udem 2007 accessibility standards

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