understanding light and waves
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UnderstandingLightResourceGuideforTeachers
AshleighGuest
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Contents:
P3Introduction
P4:StudentLearningOutcomes
P5-22:Experiment1,BridgeLight,IncludingGlossary.
P23-32:Experiment2,LaserJello,IncludingGlossary.
P33-38:Experiment3,MakingaRainbow
P39:References
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UnderstandingLightandWaves
Introduction
Thisresourceguideisgoingtogiveyouinformationtoteacha
grade6classaboutlightandhowlightmovesinwaves.Inregardsto
waves,youllbeableto(withthehelpofthisresourceguide)beable
toteachthekidsthatlightwavesdifferinfrequency,wavelengthand
amplitude.Theywillalsobeabletounderstandthatdifferentcolors
arentjustpretty,theyhavemeaning,andthatcertaincolorshave
differentfrequenciesthatmakethemmoredangeroustohumans
thenothers.Itwillalsoincludeinformationaboutatomsand
electronsandtheirroleinlightabsorption,andalsotheconceptsof
lightbeingabletomoveindifferentwaves.(convex,converging,
concaveetc)
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StudentLearningOutcomes
Exp1+3:Understandingthatlighttravelsaswaves Exp1+3:Understandingthatthesewavestravelin
differentfrequencies,wavelengths,andamplitudes.
Exp2:Understandthatlightbouncesoffdifferentsurfacesindifferentways.
Exp2:Thesesurfacesbeingsmooth(specualar)andrough(diffuse)surfaces.Aswellasunderstanding
differenttypesofreflection,concave,convexetc.
Exp2:Basicunderstandingoftheabilityoflighttobend. Exp2:Understanddivergenceandconvergencewhen
travellingthroughconcaveandconvexlenses.
Exp2:Understandthebasicsofrefraction Exp1+3:Understandingthespectrumofcolorsand
understandwhichcolorsandwhytheyaredangerousto
humans.
Exp2:Understandthereareconstructiveanddestructivewavesoflightandthesewillenableyouto
seedifferentcolorswhendifferenttypesofwavesarein
use.
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Experiment1:BridgeLight
Aim:
Studentsbytheendofthisexperimentwillbeabletounderstandthebasicsof
lightreflectingandthebasicsofconstructiveanddestructiveinterferenceof
lightwaves.
Theyshouldalsobeabletounderstandwhitelightisamake-upofalldifferent
colorsoflightandwhenlightwavesofdifferentcolorsmeettheycancanceleachotherandthecomplementarycolorofthecolorthathasbeencancelledoutisthe
onethatislefttosee.Eg;(ifblueiscancelledout,youllseeyellow)
Althoughthisisatoughask,theycouldalsobegintounderstandthecolor
spectrumandatdifferentthicknessesofthegapyouwillbeabletoseedifferent
colors.
Backgroundfortheteacher:Tostartoffwith,asateacheryouneedtounderstandthatlighttravelsinawave
ofelectromagneticenergy.Thereisadisturbance(electriccurrent)inthe
magneticfield,whichcreatedanelectric/magneticfield.Lightistherefore
electromagneticradiation.Studentsdontneedtoknowallthesetermsin
primaryschool.
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Thehighertheamplitudeofthewavesinthetwofieldsthemoreintenseor
brightthelightis.Waveshavetheabilitytosplit,overlap,andinterferewith
otherwaves.
Frequencyinlightwavesdeterminesthecolor,thehigherthefrequencythemoredangerousthecoloris.
Imagefrom:http://www.ambulancevisibility.com/index.php?p=1_16
Thereisacertainamountofcolorthatisvisibletothehumaneye,andthehigher
orlowerthewavelengthistherelessvisibleandmoredangerousthecolour
becomes.Asyoucanseeultra-violetlight(UV)isthemostwellknown
dangerouslight.
Image:http://students.ed.uiuc.edu/ljgriffi/project/grifunit7/About%20the%20wavelengths.htm
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Theabovediagramshowsthedifferentwavelengthsthatdeterminewhichtype
oflightweareabletosee.WhenusingGammalightsforgood,itallowsustokill
offcancerouscells.Wavesareabletointerferewitheachother,thereareconstructiveinterferences
anddestructiveinterferences.Iftwowavesoflightmeetandaretheirhighsand
lowsofthewavematchthentheycancombinetocreateahigheramplitude,this
iscalledconstructivewave.Iftwowavesmeetandtheydontmatchthenthey
canceleachotheroutandtherewillbenowaveleftatall.
Image:http://www.kirksville.k12.mo.us/khs/Teacher_Web/alternative/waves.
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BackgroundforStudents:
Lighttravelsinelectricalwaves,thesewavescandifferin;
Length:whichisthedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave. Amplitude:theheightofeachwave. Frequency:howclosetogetherandhowoftenthewavesare.
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Thesedifferenttypesofwaves,producedifferentcolorsofthecolor
spectrum.
Asyoucanseeintheabovediagram,thereisvisiblelight,butthe
coloursbeforethese,andthecoloursafterthesecannotbeseenand
canbedangeroustothehumanbody.UVlightiswaterweprotect
ourselvesfromwithsunscreen,hatsandsunglasses.Thehigher
colourscanbeusedtokillcancercellsinradiationtherapy.
Wavescanalsoworktogethertoproducebiggerwaves,iftwowaves
meetandtheyarethesame,thentheiramplitudewillgrowbigger,
andthewaveswillbecomestronger,thereforetheyareconstructive
waves.
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Ifthetwowavesmeetandtheyarentthesamethentheywontwork
togethertobecomebigger,theywillbothstopmoving,thereforethey
aredestructivewaves.
Definitions:
Amplitude:Thehigherthewaveis.
Constructivewaves:Wavestheworktogethertomakebigger
waves.
Destructivewaves:Wavesthatdontworktogetherandtherefore
dontmakebiggerwaves.
Frequency:Themorewavesthereareandtheyreclosertogether.
Length:Thedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave.
Lightwave:electricwavethatproduceslight.
Trough:Thelowestpointofawave.
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Materials:
Youwillneed:
Twosheetsofplexiglass,whichneedtobeinch,or1/8inchthickandapproximatelya30cmx30cm,square.(sizeisnotcritical)You
canfindthesesheetsatanysortofhomeimprovementshopsuchas
bunnings.
1pieceofdarkconstructionpaper. One8x13cmpieceoftransparentredplastic Electricaltape
Alightsource,canbeanysortofdesklamp.Theteachershouldcuteverythingtosizeasitcanbedangerousforkidsto
dothis.
Also,forbestresultsthisshouldbedoneinlowlighttoobservethe
rainbowsandcolours.
Method:
Peelpaperofftheplexiglassandcleansurfaceproperlywithalcoholandasoftcloth.
Presstheplatestightlytogetherandtapethemtogether. Tapethepieceofdarkpaperontooneoftheplates. Holdingtheplates,withthedarksideonthebottomunderthe
strongwhitelightandyouwillobservetherainbowcoloured
patterns.
Youcanmovetheplatesaroundandnoticethechangesinthepatterns.
Nextplacetheredplasticbetweenthelightandtheplatesandyouwillnoticethatthepatternsarenowjustredandblackasopposed
toarainbow.
Youcanmovetheglassindifferentwaysandiftheredlightisinterferedwiththenyouwillonlyseeblack.
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Extension;youcanmovethetwopiecesofglassapartandholdthemunderlightandseewhatlightmakesitthroughatdifferent
gaps.
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Glossaryforteacher:
Amplitude:PhysicsOnehalfthefullextentofavibration,oscillation,orwave.
Theamplitudeofanoceanwaveisthemaximumheightofthewavecrestabove
thelevelofcalmwater,orthemaximumdepthofthewavetroughbelowthelevelofcalmwater.
Constructiveinterference:Whentwolightwavessuperposewitheachotherin
suchawaythatthecrestofonewavefallsonthecrestofthesecondwave,and
troughofonewavefallsonthetroughofthesecondwave,thentheresultant
wavehaslargeramplitudeanditiscalledconstructiveinterference.
Destructiveinterference:Whentwolightwavessuperposewitheachotherin
suchawaythatthecrestofonewavecoincidesthetroughofthesecondwave,thentheamplitudeofresultantwavebecomeszeroanditiscalleddestructive
interference.
Electricfield:regionofspacewhereelectricallychargedparticlesexperiencea
force.
Electromagneticradiation:atypeofenergythatisdefinedbyanoscillating
electricandmagneticfield.(light)
Frequency:Therateatwhicharepeatingeventoccurs,suchasthefullcycleofawave.
Magneticfield:regionofspacewhereamagneticparticleexperiencesaforce.
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QuestionsandAnswers:
1)Whatisawave?Lighttravelsinawaveofelectromagneticenergy.Thereisadisturbance
(electriccurrent)inthemagneticfield,whichcreatedanelectric/magneticfield.Lightisthereforeelectromagneticradiation.Studentsdontneedto
knowallthesetermsinprimaryschool.Thereforeawaveisachangeinthe
magneticfieldbyanelectricalcurrent.Studentsdonothavetohavesucha
detailedanswer,grade6studentsshouldbeabletounderstanditisan
electricalcurrentandnothingfurther.
2)Definefrequency:Therateatwhicharepeatingeventoccurs,suchasthefullcycleofawave.
3)DefineAmplitude:PhysicsOnehalfthefullextentofavibration,oscillation,orwave.Theamplitudeofanoceanwaveisthemaximumheight
ofthewavecrestabovethelevelofcalmwater,orthemaximumdepthofthe
wavetroughbelowthelevelofcalmwater.
4)Definelength:Thedistancebetweeneachtroughofawave.5)Whatisthenameofthelightthatcandamagehumanskin?
UVlight
6)WhatdoesUVstandfor?Ultravioletlight.
7) Ifyouareholdingtheredplasticunderthelight,whatcolourscouldyousee?
Redandblack.
8)Whathappensiftwowavesthesamemeet?Constructiveinterference.
9)Howdoesadestructiveinterferencehappen?Twowavesmeetthatarentthesame.
10) Ifacolourisdangerousisithigherfrequencyorlowerfrequency?
Higher.
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11) Whyhaveweputblackpaperontheback?Sowecanseethecoloursproducedaloteasierandclearer.
12) Whydoweusewhitelight?Becausewhenweusewhitelightweareabletoseethefullspectrumof
thecolours,usingcertaincolouredlightsallowustoonlyseecertain
colours.
13) Whydidwecleantheglassproperlybeforewestartedtheexperiment?
Fingerprintsandanyremainingresiduecanimpacttheangleofthe
lightbouncingoffandwewanttogetaclearcolourandpicturetosee.
Thesecanbeincludedwithoneoftheworksheetsoraskedtothe
entireclassattheendoftheexperiment.
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Worksheet1:
Multiplechoice:
1)Whenlookingatawavethetroughis;a)Thetopofawaveb)Thebottomofawavec) Thedistancebetweeneachwaved)Thehigherthewaveis
2)UVlightis;a)Ultravioletlightb)Ultraviolentlightc) Univiolentlightd)Univioletlight
TrueorFalse:
1)UVlightcanbeseewiththehumaneye;a)Trueb)False
2)Awaveismadeupofelectricity;a)Trueb)False
Fillintheblanks;
1)Whenawavemeetsanotherwaveandtheyrethesameatincreasetheamplitudeoftheirwavewhencombineditscalled
___________________interference.Whentheymeetandtheyrenotthe
sameitscalled____________________interference.
2)The_______________isthedistancebetweeneachwave,the________________istheheightofthewavesandthe________________is
howmanyandclosetheyaretogether.
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Worksheet2:
1)Labelthisdiagramwith:a)Lengthb)Ampitudec) Trough
2)Onthisspectrumoflight,drawtwolinesatthetwoendswhere
humansstopbeingabletoseethecolour:
2)Lookingattheaboveimage,whichcolourswouldbemostdangerous?
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3)Labelthisdiagramwithwhichtypesofinterferencethesewavesareexperiencing.
4)Whatisthenameofthecolouroflightthatweprotectourselvesfromusingsunscreenandhats?
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5)Labelthisdiagramwithasmuchinformationasyou.
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AnswerstoWorkSheet1:
1)a2)b3)False4)True5) ConstructiveandDestructive6)Length,amplitudeandfrequency.
AnswerstoWorkSheet2:
1) label2)VioletRed3)Constructiveandthendestructive4)Ultraviolet5)Highfrequency,highamplitude
Mediumfrequency,mediumwavelength
Lowfrequency,highwavelength
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Experiment2:LaserJello
Aim:Studentsbytheendofthisexperimentwillbeabletounderstandthe
conceptofrefraction,theywillalsoneedtolearnaboutreflectionbutthat
isnotshownthroughdoingthisexperiment.Therearedifferentsurfaces
whichimpactthewaythelighttravelsandthiswillalsobeexploredbut
studentsatagrade6levelswillnothavetorememberthescientific
names.Theywillbeabletounderstandwhythereisachangeindirection
oflightwhenpassingthroughthejello.Theywillbeabletounderstand
thatwhenlighttravelsthroughasubstanceanditslowsdown,itwill
changedirectionwhenitcomesbackouttoafastermedium(refraction).
Theywillbeabletogetanunderstandingofconvexandconcaveandhow
lighttravelswhenpassingthroughthedifferenttypesoflensesalthough
thisexperimentdoesnotcoverit.
Backgroundfortheteacher:
Reflection:Whenlightisproducedittravelsthroughtheairandbounces
offobjects,whentheybounceoftheobjectsandenteroureyestheyare
abletobeseen,thisiscalledreflection.Whenthelightisabsorbedbythe
objectitappearsasadullblack,andwhenitisreflected(bouncesoff),
appearsasthesamecolour,soifitwhitelight,itisseenaswhite.
Thesurfacethelightisbouncingoffalsoeffectsthewayitisseen;if
itisaroughsurfaceandthelighthasirregularscatteringthenitiscalled
diffusereflection.Ifthesurfaceissmooththenthelightwillreflectinonly
onedirectionandthisisreferredtoasregularorspecularreflection.
Examplescanbefoundonthenextpage.
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Refraction:whenlightpassesfromonesubstancetoanotheritisgoingto
changespeed,whenitstravellingthroughtheairitismovingat
approximately300,000kmpersecond.WhenlightisinwaterImoves
significantlyslowerat225,000kmpersecond.Ifthelightistraveling
throughairatarightangletothewateritwillcontinuemovinginthe
samedownwardsdirection,howeverifitisenteringasubstanceatan
angleitwillslowdownandbend,andthisiscalledrefraction.Egoflight
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refractingare,whenyouseewateronadryroad,orwhystarslooklike
theyretwinkling.
Insayingthat,oncethelightmovesintothewater,itbends,and
onceitleavesbackintotheairitbendsbacktotheangleitoriginallywent
inwith.Thisisseeninthefollowingdiagram.
From:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/refraction.html
Lenses:
Alensisatransparentobjectwithacurvedsurface,usuallymadefrom
glassortoughplastics.Lensesiswhatmakesamagnifiedorreduced
imageandcanalsobeusedtoconcentrateorspreadlightrays.Eg;
spectacles,contactlenses,andopticalinstrumentssuchasmicroscopes,
telescopesandcameras.
Therearepositivelenses,andnegativelenses.Positivelensesarecalled
convex,andwillfocuslight,whilstnegativeareconcaveandspreadout
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lightrays.Whichcanbeseenvisuallyinthefollowingdiagram.
Thisexperimentdoesnotshowthis,howeverthestudentscanlearnthis
inaclassroomandisanimportantpartoflighttheyneedtounderstand.
Backgroundforstudents:
Reflection:asyouallknow,whenyoulookinamirroryoucansee
yourself,thisiscalledreflection.Althoughyoumaynotknowit,reflection
ishappeningallaroundyou,wheneveryoulookatanything,lightisbeing
reflectedoffitwhichmeansyoureabletoseeit.Iknowthisisahard
concepttograsp,butallyouneedtoknowisthat,whenlightisproduce,
therayshitasurface,andbounceoffthatsurfaceandintoyoureyeswhich
meansyoucanseeit.Ifthelighthitsasurface,itisabletoabsorbsomeof
thoselightrays,whichmeansyouseecertaincolours.Soforexample,to
seethecolourblack,itmeansallofthoselightrayshavebeenabsorbed,
andtoseethecolourwhite,itmeansthatallthelightwaveshavebeen
reflected!
Thetypeofsurfacethatlightisbouncingalsoaffectswherethelight
goes.Asyoucanimagine,iflightbouncesontoasmoothsurfaceitwillall
bounceoffinthesameway(specularreflection).Butifthelighthitsa
roughsurface,whatdoyouthinkwillhappen?Itwillbounceinall
differentdirections(diffusereflection)!Tounderstandthis,thinkofwhen
yourewalkingalongtheroadonahotdayandyouthinkyoucansee
waterontheroadaheadofyou,thisiscalledamirage,butactuallyitisthe
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lightraysbouncingofftheroadinalldifferentdirections!Another
exampleofitiswhenyouseestarstwinkling!Picturescanbeseenbelow!
Refraction:Althoughthisisahardtopic,onceyouunderstandit,itisvery
simpletounderstand,whenlightistravellingthroughtheairitismoving
at300,000kmpersecond!(VERYFAST!)Whenitistravellingthrough
waterisismovingat225,000kmpersecond,sostillveryfastbutalot
slowerthenthroughtheair!
Whenthelightmovesintothewater,orthroughanyother
substance,itwillbendatacertainangle,becauseithasbecomeslower,
however,onceitpassesbackoutofthewater,itspeedsbackupandbends
backtoitsoriginalangle!
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Next!
Lenses:Offthetopofyourheadcanyouthinkofanylensesthatyousee
peopleuseeveryday?Contactlenses?Spectacles?Lensesarealsousedin
telescopes(tolookatthestars),microscopes(tolookatreallylittlethings
inscienceclasses!),andcameras(totakephotos!).Wellyoureright,these
arelensesbutdoyouknowhowtheywork?
Thereare2differenttypesoflenses,thereisconcave,andconvex,asyou
cantellbythename,concavelensesmakeacaveandconvexlensespush
outwards!
Whenlightentersthesetwotypesoflenses,theydodifferentthingstothe
light,convexlensesmakethelightgointoonedirection,whereasa
concavelensesspreadsthelightindifferentdirections!
Thefollowingexperimentmainlylooksatrefraction,andyouwillgetto
seehowlightbendswhenenteringthroughadifferentsubstance!
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Materials:
Petridishes Agar Water Kettle Heatingpad Stirringtablet Foil Dyes(redandbluepreferably+oneother)
LaserTeachersneedtosupervisortheproductionoftheagarjelly!
Method:
1) TomaketheagarJelly,youwillneed1literofboilingwater,and5gramsofagar!
2) Putthewateronaheatingbad,andputstirringtabletinthewater3) Nextaddtheagar,andturnontheheatandthespin4) Putthefoiloverthetop!5) Onceithasalldissolvedproper,fill4petridishestothetop.6) Addbluedyetoone,reddyetoother,leaveonewithnormalandthe
otherwithyourchosencolour.
7) Youneedtolettheseset!8)
Oncetheyhaveset,takethemintoadarkroom,andusingyourlasershineitthrougheachotherthedifferentcoloursandseewhat
happens!
9) Youwillnoticerefractionhappening,andindifferentcoloursyouwillhavetorecordandnoticedifferentanglesofthelight!
10) Onceyouhavedonethis,youcancutaconcaveandconvexshapeintotheagarandshinethelaserthrough,youwillnotice
whichwayeachbendthelight!
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Glossary:
Concavelens:Alensthatiscurvedinwards,andspreadslightoutwards.
Convexlens:Alensthatiscurvedoutwardsandfocuseslighttoonespot.
Diffuse:Whenlightbouncesoffaroughsurfaceandbouncesoffinalldifferentdirections.
Reflection:Whenlightbouncesoffdifferentobjectsandsurfaces.
Refraction:Whenlightpassesfromonesubstancetoanotherandslowsdown
orfastensupandbendsatacertainangle.Thisdoesnothappenifthelightis
travellingata90 angle.
Specular:Whenlightbouncesoffasmoothsurfaceandtheraysoflightstayin
thesamedirection.
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Questions:
1) What happens to light when it passes through a concavelens?The light spreads.
2) What happens to light when it passes through a convexlens?
Light is directed into one spot.
3) How fast does light travel through the air?300,000km per second
4)How fast does light travel through water?225,000km per second.
5) What is it called when light bounces off a surface indifferent directions?
Diffuse
6) What is it called when light bounces off a surface in onedirection?
Specular7) In your own words describe why we see water on a road on
a hot day.
Kids should write something along the lines;
When light bounces off a rough surface the light scatters in all
different directions and this is what we are seeing.
8) Why does light bend when passing through anothersubstance?Because it is slowing down.
9) What happens to the light when it comes back out of thatsubstance and into air again?
Bends back to the original angle that it entered with whenpassing back into the fast environment.
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Activity 1: Crossword
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Activity2:WordSearch
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Experiment3:MakingSoapBubbles
Aim:Thisexperimentisafuneasyexperimentforkidstodo,themain
pointIwantkidstogetoutofitisthatwhenlighthitsthebubblesthey
lightwavesinterferewitheachother,andcausedifferentcolours.
Backgroundforteacher:Ifyoulookbackovertheinformationinthefirst
experimentyouwillbeabletounderstandmostofwhatthisexperimentis
about.Whenlightisenteringdifferentpartsofthesoapbubbleand
reflectingandmeetingeachother,theycanconstructivelyordestructively
interferewitheachother,iftheypartiallycanceleachotheroutincertain
wavesitproducesdifferentcolours.Soiftheredwavesgetcancelledout
youwillseeablue-greencolour,andsoon.
Tofurtherunderstand,readbackovertheprevioustwoexperiments,this
isjustafurtherfunactivityandanotherwayoflookingathowcoloursand
lightisproducedandused!
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Backgroundforstudents:CANBEUSEDFROMTEACHERS.
Materials:
Drinkingstraw Pipecleaners Asmallbucket Bubblesolution-youcanmakeyourownorbuyabubblesolution
fromthesupermarket,thisworksbest!
Method:
Formframesusingthedrinkingstrawsforthestraightpieces.
Connecttwostrawsatacornerbyinsertingadoubledpipecleanerintotheend
ofeachstraw.Inplaceswherethreestrawsmeet,foldthepipecleanersasshowninthediagram.Attachapipecleanerhandletoyourframe.
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Tryconstructingcubesortetrahedrons,orjustletyourimaginationrunwild.
Mixthesoapsolutioninthebucket.
Makesurethatyouhaveenoughsolutiontofullycovertheframeswhentheyare
dipped.Onceyouhavemadetheframes,diptheseinthesolutionandpullout,observe
theamazingcoloursthatareproduced,andmovethemaroundandobservethe
colourschanging!
Glossary:Canbeusedfrompreviousexperiments.
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ActivityOne:WordSearch.
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Activity2:QuestionsandAnswers
1)Whydoyouseedifferentcoloursoflightwhenlookingatthebubbles?
2)TrueorFalse:Thelowerthefrequencythemoredangerousthelightis.
3)TrueorFalse:UVlightisdangeroustohumans.
4)WhatdowedotoprotectourselvesfromUVlight?
5)WhatdoesUVstandfor?
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Answers:
1) Whenlightisshiningthroughthebubble,thelightbouncesoffthesidesofthewallsandthewavescaneithercanceleachotheroutor
partiallycancelout,ifitspartialtheyproduceddifferentcolours!
2) False3) True4) Hatsandsunscreen5) Ultraviolet
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Activity3:CrossWord
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References:
Allpicturehavewebsiteunderneath.
UsedlecturenotesfromNickatVictoriaUniversity.
Karam,PAndrew;Stein,BenP,LightandSound.Pub;01Oct,2010.
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