using satellite, nwp, and atmospheric refraction ......1 the afit of today is the air force of...
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1
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Using Satellite, NWP, and Atmospheric Refraction Assessments to Enhance Radiative Transfer Characterizations
for Remote Sensing and Directed Energy Applications
Steven T. Fiorino1, David C. Meier1, Lee R. Burchett1,4, Michelle M. Via1,2, Christopher A. Rice1,3, Brannon J. Elmore1,3, and Kevin J. Keefer1,2
Air Force Institute of Technology, Center for Directed Energy
Department of Engineering Physics 2950 Hobson Way
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7765
95th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting 19th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Land Surface
1Air Force Institute of Technology 2Applied Research Solutions, Inc. 3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education 4Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education
The views expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the United States government.
2
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Overview
• Introduction/Goal of Research • Simulation Tool • Methodology • Results • Conclusion/Future Work
3
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Introduction
• Goal: couple numerical weather forecast, now-cast and satellite weather data with traditional climatologies for improved radiative transfer simulation – Higher fidelity path radiance for remote sensor applications – Higher resolution path refraction and optical turbulence
effects for DE propagation • Core Analytical / Synoptic Observation Tools:
– Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR)
– NOAA’s numerical weather prediction tools (i.e. Global Forecast System)
– NASA Aqua mission: AIRS and AMSU sensor suite
4
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Simulation Tool LEEDR
• Calculates line-by-line and spectral band radiative transfer solutions by creating correlated, physically realizable vertical profiles of meteorological data and environmental effects (e.g. gaseous and particle extinction, optical turbulence, and cloud free line of sight)
• Accesses terrestrial and marine atmospheric and particulate climatologies ‒Allows graphical access to and
export of probabilistic data from the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT)
5
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
LEEDR Worldwide Climatology
LEEDR ocean site selection map and upper air regions
Tropical
Polar-North
Polar-South
Midlat-South
Midlat-North
Desert (Red Shaded)
573 ExPERT (land) locations represented in LEEDR
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]Pa
th R
adian
ce [W
cm
- 2 st
r- 1 µm
- 1]
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
5 10 15 20 250
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Microns
Path
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce (n
o un
its)
Path Transmittance vs. Microns
LEEDR Profiling Atmospheric Effects
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18010
-2
100
102
104
106
108
Phase Function Angle
Dep
ende
nt V
aria
ble(
s)
Mean Molecular ScatteringMean Aerosol ScatteringMean Clouds and Rain
• LEEDR provides user multiple interactive views of atmospheric radiative effects
0
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
• Description – Well mixed layer up to 1.5-2.0 km thick – Capped by temperature inversion
• Effects – Trap pollutants & aerosols – Location of wind shear – Atmospheric turbulence (surface layer) – Increasing RH & extinction with height
LEEDR Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Realistic Lapse Rate
θ T w NPotential Temp Temperature H2O mixing ratio Aerosol # conc.
Dry adiabatic temperature lapse rate
Moist (saturated) lapse rate
Lapse rate of dewpoint temperature
8
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
LEEDR Standard vs Realistic Extinction Profiles
Left panel: Absorption and scattering effects on 1.31525 μm radiation over a 6000 m slant path from 3000 m altitude to the surface in a US Standard Atmosphere where the boundary layer is only defined with a constant aerosol concentration through the lowest 1524 m. Right Panel: Same slant range geometry as the left panel, but for a Wright-Patterson AFB summer atmosphere at 1500-1800 local time where the boundary layer is defined by constant aerosol concentrations.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Dependent Variable(s)A
ltitu
de (
m)
Total Absorption, Total Scattering, Cumulative Extinction
Molecular Absorption (1/km)Molecular Scattering (1/km)Aerosol Absorption (1/km)Aerosol Scattering (1/km)Total Extinction (1/km)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.060
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Dependent Variable(s)
Alti
tude
(m
)
Total Absorption, Total Scattering, Cumulative Extinction
Molecular Absorption (1/km)Molecular Scattering (1/km)Aerosol Absorption (1/km)Aerosol Scattering (1/km)Total Extinction (1/km)
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
• Ratios of HEL irradiance; realistic aerosol environment over standard environment − Std: US Std Atm with 23km
Modtran Rural aerosols
• Realistic conditions at land sites are in general worse than standard in terms of DE propagation
LEEDR Realistic Atmospheres The Impact: Elevated Aerosol Extinction
Fiorino, Shirey, Via, Grahn, and Krizo, 2012 ‘Potential Impacts of Elevated Aerosol Layers on High Energy Laser Aerial Defense Engagements’. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8380 83800T
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
LEEDR Path Radiance GUI
Important for Solar/Lunar Calculations!
11
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow. The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
LEEDR Path Radiance GUI Key Aspect: Earth-Sun-Moon Geometry
12
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Pat
h R
adia
nce
[W c
m- 2
str- 1
µm
- 1]
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Path
Rad
ianc
e [W
cm
- 2 s
tr- 1 µ
m- 1
]
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
LEEDR Path Radiance Tailored Derivation / Flexible Solutions
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x 10-7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Path
Rad
ianc
e [W
cm
- 2 st
r- 1 µm
- 1]
• Upward or downward looking spectral path radiance calculation fully incorporated into LEEDR Line-by-line Correlated-k Single scattering With / without aerosol
effects
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Pat
h R
adia
nce
[W c
m- 2
str- 1
µm
- 1]
200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-KPlexus
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
Point to Point Apply atmospheric compensation
correction to improve aim, hit endpoint
Displaced Path Calculate actual path of laser
when aimed at endpoint
LEEDR Path Bending GUI Realitic Atmospheric Refractivity Profiles
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
The Refraction plot is helpful to view horizontal atmospheric variations
When used in combination with NOMADS, up to 5 nearest neighboring numerical weather grid points may be considered depending on the path geometry
Atmospheric Profile Production Outputs
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Path Radiance Tab Printable Plot
•1000 molecular points, 10 aerosol points
Uplooking radiance from sky versus wavelength
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Pat
h R
adia
nce
[W c
m- 2
str- 1
µm
- 1]
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
16 Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
• Ingest gridded, 3D NWP-derived nowcast, forecast, post-event atmosphere to verify / enhance simulation
• Atmosphere for scenario’s propagation path interpolated from GFS grid data (GFS 1, GFS 2, etc)
Integrate gridded numerical Wx forecast data and remote sensor
profiles
Evaluate / compare atmospheric
characterization methods
Evaluate impact : Remote sensing and
Directed Energy Propagation Applications Optimize Path Bending /
Radiance code
Methodology Ingest Numerical Wx Prediction and Remote Sensor Data
Upgrade radiative transfer code tools (e.g. Path Bending, Path Radiance)
•Initial state: climo-based effects
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Models for gap filling
• Global Forecast System (GFS) • Global 3-D gridded GFS data available
with 0.5 deg horizontal resolution, and 3-hour time increments
NOAA Website [Online] http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/
5000 5000
50505050
5050
5050
5100 51005100
5150
5150
5150
5200
5200
5200
5250
Height-500 mb
Longitude
Latit
ude
-156 -154 -152 -150 -148 -146 -144
56
58
60
62
64
66
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Gap Filling with NWP
9 JUL 09 00Z RAOB Data
120 oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW 70o W
28oN
32oN
36oN
40oN
44oN
48oN
Time = 43200 sec
120 oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW 70o W
28oN
32oN
36oN
40oN
44oN
48oN
Time = 43200 sec
120 oW 108oW 96oW 84oW 72oW
24 oN
30 oN
36 oN
42 oN
48 oN
54 oN
56405670
5670
57005700
57305730
5760
5760
5760
5790
5790
5790
5820
5820
5820
5850
58505850
5880
5880
5880
5880
5910
5910
5910
9 JUL 09 00Z RAOB Data
120 oW 108oW 96oW 84oW 72oW
24 oN
30 oN
36 oN
42 oN
48 oN
54 oN
5670 57105710 57505750 57905790
5830
5830
5870
5870
5910
Shal
low
Wat
er M
odel
G
FS a
nd R
AOB
• Simple weather model initialized with gridded GFS data and rawinsonde observations
• Model runs at 1-min time-step for next 12 hours
19
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
Methodology NWP Impact: Extinction / RH Comparisons
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16Dependent Variables
Alti
tude
(m)
NOMADS - 29 August 2013 - 550nm 1800 cycle + 27hrs
Molecular Absorption (1/km)Molecular Scattering (1/km)Aerosol Absorption (1/km)Aerosol Scattering (1/km)Total Absorption (1/km)Total Scattering (1/km)Total Extinction (1/km)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7Dependent Variables
Alti
tude
(m)
WPAFB ExPERT Site - Summer, 550nm 1500-1800L
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
RH %
Alti
tude
(m)
Relative Humidity (%) Comparison
NOMADS - 29 August 2013 (1800 Cycle +27hrs)
WPAFB ExPERT Site - Summer, 1500-1800L
LEEDR Extinction Profiles (using NWP)
LEEDR Extinction Profiles (using Climatology)
LEEDR RH Profiles (using NWP or Climatology)
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Ground-Based LIDAR AFIT’s R-MAN 510
• Diode Pumped Tripled Nd:YAG • Parallel / Cross channels (355 nm) • Nitrogen Raman Channel (387 nm)
– 355 nm light backscatters at 387 nm, to find total extinction
– Record LIDAR ratio for aerosol classification
• ~21 km cloud ceiling – ~2 km aerosol ceiling during day – ~12 km aerosol ceiling during night
S. T. Fiorino, C. Rice, K. Keefer and M. Via, "LIDAR Validation Experiments of LEEDR Aerosol Boundary Layer Characterizations," in Directed Energy Professional Society - Annual Directed Energy Symposium, Huntsville, AL, 2014.
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Example Extinction Plot – WPAFB Validation
Example LEEDR plot using a BL height of 1250 m at WPAFB ExPERT site, GADS summer aerosols, visibility of 60 km, and surface conditions for WPAFB for 25 Jul 13 at 1400L (T = 23ºC, Td = 13 ºC) vs. measurements from the roof of Bldg 640 conducted with a lidar operating at 355 nm
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Dependent Variable(s)
Alti
tude
(m)
WPAFB, 25 Jul 13, 1400L, 355nm, T = 74F, Td = 56.5F, GADS, BL Height = 1250m, Vis = 60km
Experimental Particle Extinction, 0305 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 0820 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 1345 Local (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Total Extinction (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Absorption (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Absorption (1/km)
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Assessment of Refractive Index Gradient Variability from Time Lapse Imagery
Camera Hospital
h
S0
2h S l d= ⋅ −
S2
S2 is the ray slope at the camera d is the ray height at the camera (drawn as 0)
( ) ( ) ( )0 00 0 0 0
l l x l
h x dx S l x dx dx S l x x dxκ κ κ′
′ ′ ′′ ′′ ′ ′ ′= + ⋅ − + = ⋅ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
The image shift is proportional to the linearly weighted change to the curvature along the path, with zero weight at the source.
l = 12.8 km
Apparent Hospital
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Hospital at center is 12.8 km distant.
Sfc. Database & PITBUL View from 644
24
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
25 July 2014
256 x 256 pixels. 10 minutes between images. Clearest day we took pictures.
Assessment of Refractive Index Gradient Variability from Time Lapse Imagery
25
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Assessment of Refractive Index Gradient Variability from Time Lapse Imagery
26
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Unique Cn2 Measurement
Using Wx Radar • Uncorrected Wx radar Cn
2 values are adjusted for wind-driven eddies, ground reflections, and wavelength (humidity) using NWP gridded data rather than obs. or balloon data
Optics Express paper, “Wavelength Correction for Cn
2” in draft
27
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win
Methodology Satellite-Derived Cn
2
• Atmospheric IR sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU on polar orbiting Aqua Satellite
• Global coverage provides vertical temperature profile (surface to 80km) at each sounding location
• Height assigned to pressure levels by adding each layer’s thicknesses
0
200
400
600
800
1000
200 220 240 260 280 300
Pres
sure
Leve
l (m
b)
Temperature (K)
RAOB Temp
Satellite Temp
𝑍𝑍2 − 𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇�𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜
ln �𝑝𝑝1
𝑝𝑝2�
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Thermal Wind Relationship
265266
267
730 mb
10 12 1446
48
50
266267
268
754 mb
10 12 1446
48
50
271272
273274
853 mb
10 12 1446
48
50 271272273
274275276
879 mb
10 12 1446
48
50
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑔𝑔𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −𝑔𝑔𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇
��𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕�𝜕𝜕
+𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕�𝑝𝑝�
𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑔𝑔𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇
��𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕�𝜕𝜕
+𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕�𝑝𝑝�
• J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs, “Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey,” (Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2006), 2nd ed. • H. B. Bluestein, “Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes, volume 1,” (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992).
255256257258259260261262263264265
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
Sounding Location (Latitude)
North-South
DZ
255256257258259260261262263264265
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
Sounding Location (Longitude)
East-West
DZ
g – acceleration due to gravity f – Coriolis parameter T – temperature p – atmospheric pressure z – geometric height
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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
AIRS Derived Wind Profiles
Wind profile from 1250 UTC AIRS temperature data compared with Anchorage 1200 UTC rawinsonde
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40H
eigh
t (km
)
Wind Direction (degrees)
RAOB MeasuredAIRS Derived
0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hei
ght (
km)
Wind Speed (m/s)
RAOB MeasuredAIRS Derived
11 Apr 2014 1250 UTC, Anchorage, AK
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
u and v wind components (m/s)
Hei
ght (
km)
RAOB uRAOB vAIRS uAIRS v
30
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Calculation of Cn2
( )2
22 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v nzz
z nzC C − ∂
∂∇
v
10-22
10-20
10-18
10-16
10-14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40Vertical Cn2 Profile
Turbulence Structure (Cn2)
Hei
ght (
km)
31
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Incorporation of Vertical Wind Gradient
• Richardson Number and Eddy Diffusivity calculation
2lnRi
∂∂
∂∂
=zV
zg θ Lo = mixing length
Effectively an outer scale; Estimated at ~100 to 200 m
J. O. Kondo, O. Kanechika, and N. Yasuda, “Heat and momentum transfers under strong stability in the atmospheric surface layer,” Journal Atmos. Sci., 35, 1012–1021; 1978.
R. J. Alliss and B. D. Felton, “Validation of Optical Turbulence Simulations from a Numerical Weather Prediction Model in Support of Adaptive Optics Design”, Proceedings of the Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, Wailea, Maui, Hawaii, September 1-4, 2009, Ed.: S. Ryan, The Maui Economic Development Board., p.E54.
V. Tatarskii, “The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation,” translation, Published for NOAA by the Department of Commerce and the National Science Foundation, Washington D.C. (1971). Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
32
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Effect of Smooth Temperature Profile on Gradient Richardson Number
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Heig
ht (k
m)
Gradient Ri
Comparison of RAOB and AIRS Derived Richardson Number
AIRS Data RAOB Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
Heig
ht (k
m)
Wind Speed (m/s)
Comparison of RAOB and AIRS Derived Wind Speed
AIRS Derived Wind RAOB Wind
2lnRi
∂∂
∂∂
=zV
zg θ
g – accel. due to gravity Θ – potential temperature z – geometric height V – horizontal wind speed T – temperature P - pressure R – gas constant of air cp – specific heat of air R/cp = 0.286
33
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived
Results Satellite Atmosphere Soundings: Winds / Temp Comparisons
Temperature
Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived
Wind Speed Wind Direction
Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z
34
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived
( )2
22 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v nzz
z nzC C − ∂
∂∇
v
KH/KM - modified Tatarski Applying
Comparable Cn2 Profiles for Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z
Results Satellite-derived Optical Turbulence Profiles - Comparisons
Satellite-derived optical turbulence with enhanced global 4D resolution can offer flexible radiative transfer solutions
35
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Cv2 from Temperature Profiles
• Fung 2003 (SAIC AR-45 Report, corrected Eq 32), a velocity structure constant
(Cv2) profile is related to refractive index profile
( )
222 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v n
zn
zzzC C −
∂ ∇ ∂
v
D. E. Fung, “Relationship between the refractive-index and velocity structure constant AR-45”, Science Applications International Corporation technical report, 28 July 2003.
36
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
• Micro-meteorological data for profile below was collected by Tim Chavez at HELSTF NM on 23 Jul 13
Cv2 from Temperature Profiles
37
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Optical Turbulence Characterization by Refractive Index Structure Function
Radar-derived and satellite-derived index of refraction structure function values (Log10 Cn2)
compared with scintillometer measured Log10 Cn2 along a 7-km path in Dayton, OH
38
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10-3
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 90 & 270 Degrees- Single Scattering11 August 2014 @ 20:09:03 UTC & 20:21:43 UTC - Clear Day
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
1
2
3
4
5x 10
-5
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta 270/LEEDR 95 Degrees Residual
Alberta 90/LEEDR 270 Degrees Residual
Alberta Measured Data @ 270 Degrees
Alberta Measured Data @ 90 Degrees
LEEDR Model @ 95 Degrees, 308K Sfc Temp
LEEDR Model @ 270 Degrees
LEEDR Comparison with Field Data Collected in Southern Alberta
Surface observation and LEEDR Boundary Layer profile
were spliced to NWP model output for free atmosphere
39
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
LEEDR Comparison with Field Data Collected in Southern Alberta
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 180 Degrees- Single Scattering11 August 2014 @ 20:15:14 UTC - Clear Day
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
2
4
6x 10
-4
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta Measured Data
LEEDR Model
40
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
LEEDR Comparison with Field Data Collected in Southern Alberta
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
1
2
3
4
5
6
7x 10
-4
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 180 Degrees- Single Scattering24 August 2014 @ 17:09:29 UTC - Simulated Continental Cumulus Clouds 4000-6000m
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
1
2x 10
-4
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta Measured Data
LEEDR Model
41
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Conclusions
• Novel methods to obtain temperature, winds, turbulence, cloud base and top heights, and aerosol extinction values through a combination of NEXRAD and satellite-based remote sensor data enhance fundamental radiative transfer calculations (e.g. path radiance and refraction, optical turbulence)
• 4D gridded structure functions of temperature, CT2, refractive
index, Cn2, and wind velocity, Cv
2 will immediately benefit directed energy simulation tools (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser Tactical Decision Aid) and applications (e.g. laser communication system design)
• Higher resolution path radiance solutions can benefit industry and government EO/IR sensor capabilities
42
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
Future Work
• Model Verification and Validation (V&V) – Next intended use to be validated: remote sensing – Results accuracy: compare with field test campaigns
• Expand NWP data integration to higher resolution weather models (WRF, AFWA models, and Fleet Numerical models) – Utilize this improved resolution gridded data in DE
propagation models (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser End to End Operational Simulation and Tactical Decision Aid)
• Incorporate multiple-scattering calculations in DE propagation models and validate model’s accuracy at shorter wavelengths
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
x 10-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength
Wavelength [m]
Pat
h R
adia
nce
[W c
m- 2
str
- 1 µ
m- 1
]
Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K
Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
This study merges gridded numerical weather prediction (NWP) data from the NOMADS (NOAA National Operational Model Archive & Distribution System), satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor suites, and makes comparisons to doppler radar data from NOAA's NEXRAD network and data from a Leosphere R-MAN 510 ultraviolet LIDAR (LIght Detection and Ranging) unit to enhance radiative transfer modeling, inclusive of atmospheric refraction effects, and demonstrates the implications for remote sensing and laser propagation applications. The Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) model's radiative transfer code was modified to ingest current and/or archived world-wide gridded numerical weather and satellite data, as well as probabilistic climatological information, thus enabling multi-dimensional realistic atmospheric profiles for traditional extinction analysis as well as more comprehensive light refraction and path radiance calculations. Implications for remote sensing applications are drawn directly from LEEDR and those for laser propagation by way of world-wide effectiveness analyses using the High Energy Laser End to End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) and High Energy Laser Tactical Decision Aid (HELTDA). Collectively, these models enable the creation and application of numerically- or remote sensor-derived 4D profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line or band-averaged layer extinction coefficient magnitude at any wavelength from 350 nm to 8.6 m. Climatologically-based aerosol concentrations and associated optical properties are assumed for all scenarios.
AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 95th Annual Meeting 4 - 8 January 2015
Using Satellite, NWP, and Atmospheric Refraction Assessments to Enhance Radiative Transfer Characterizations for Remote Sensing and Directed Energy Applications S. T. Fiorino1, D. C. Meier1, L. R. Burchett1,4, M. F. Via1,2, C. A. Rice1,3, B. J. Elmore1,3, and K. J. Keefer1,2 Department of Engineering Physics
Simulation Tool:
Conclusions:
A special thanks to the DoD High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office and USAF Research Lab
for funding support
• Probabilistic Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT) data for 573 land sites; Surface Marine Gridded Climatology • 4D real-time and/or archived NWP now-cast / forecast and weather satellite data
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Dependent Variable(s)
Alti
tude
(m)
Molecular Absorption (1/km)Molecular Scattering (1/km)Aerosol Absorption (1/km)Aerosol Scattering (1/km)Total Extinction (1/km)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18010
-2
100
102
104
106
108
Phase Function Angle
Dep
ende
nt V
aria
ble(
s)
Mean Molecular ScatteringMean Aerosol ScatteringMean Clouds and Rain
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Microns
Pat
h T
rans
mitt
ance
(no
uni
ts)
Path Transmittance vs. Microns
LEEDR provides user multiple interactive views of atmospheric radiative effects
• Novel methods to obtain temperature, winds, turbulence, cloud base and top heights, and aerosol extinction values through a combination of NEXRAD and satellite-based remote sensor data enhance fundamental radiative transfer calculations (e.g. path radiance and refraction, optical turbulence)
• 4D gridded structure functions of temperature, CT2, refractive index, Cn
2, and wind velocity, Cv2 will
immediately benefit directed energy simulation tools (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser Tactical Decision Aid) and applications (e.g. laser communication system design)
• Higher resolution path radiance solutions can benefit industry and government EO/IR sensor capabilities
steven.fiorino@afit.edu michelle.via.ctr@afit.edu david.meier@afit.edu christopher.rice@afit.edu lee.burchett.ctr@afit.edu kevin.keefer.ctr@afit.edu
LEEDR radiative transfer code augmented by:
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Dependent Variable(s)
Alti
tude
(m)
WPAFB, 25 Jul 13, 1400L, 355nm, T = 74F, Td = 56.5F, GADS, BL Height = 1250m, Vis = 60km
Experimental Particle Extinction, 0305 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 0820 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 1345 Local (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Total Extinction (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Absorption (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Absorption (1/km)
( )2
22 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v nzz
z nzC C − ∂
∂∇
v
KH/KM - modified Tatarski
Applying
Raman LIDAR validates LEEDR’s unique profile of elevated aerosol effects which arise when aerosol radiative characteristics are correctly coupled to appropriate boundary layer lapse rates of temperature and dewpoint
Path bending due to daily variation of vertical temperature gradient— successive images of Good Samaritan Hospital were collected at a distance of 13 km and compared to detect shift
Results:
LEEDR Path Radiance compared with field measurements – vertical and horizontal paths with clear and cloud covered sky (Radiance measurements made August 2014 at Southern Alberta site)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
x 104
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Horizontal Distance (m)
Ver
tical
Dis
tanc
e (m
)
Displaced Path: ExPERT vs NOMADS @ WPAFB 26 Jan 14Pltfm: 1m, Tgt: 2km, Path Length:100km, Az:270
EarthTarget AltitudePlatform AltitudeBent Laser: ExPERT 0600-0900LTargetPlatformStraight LaserBent Laser: NOMADS 1200 Cycle/0700L
Cv2 profile derived from micro-meteorological data for
profile collected by Tim Chavez at HELSTF NM on 23 Jul 13
10-22
10-20
10-18
10-16
10-14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Vertical Cn
2 Profile
Index of Refraction Structure Function Cn2 (m-2/3)
Hei
ght (
km)
CT2 and Cn
2 profiles derived from satellite IR Sounder data (AIRS)
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Vertical CT
2 Profile
Index of Refraction Structure Function CT2 (K2 m-2/3)
Hei
ght (
km)
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
1
2
3
4
5
6
7x 10
-4
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 180 Degrees- Single Scattering24 August 2014 @ 17:09:29 UTC - Simulated Continental Cumulus Clouds 4000-6000m
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
1
2x 10
-4
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta Measured Data
LEEDR Model
16 pixel vertical shift in apparent position
of hospital throughout 15 hour time period
1Air Force Institute of Technology 2Applied Research Solutions, Inc. 3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education 4Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education
Radar-derived and satellite-derived index of refraction structure function values (Log10 Cn2)
compared with scintillometer measured Log10 Cn2 along a 7-km path in Dayton, OH
LIDAR ratio allows detection of Planetary Boundary Layer top height, cloud layer detection, and aerosol classification—up to 2 km (day) & 12 km (night)
The views expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the
official policy or position of the United States Air Force, the Department of
Defense, or the United States government.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10-3
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 90 & 270 Degrees- Single Scattering11 August 2014 @ 20:09:03 UTC & 20:21:43 UTC - Clear Day
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
1
2
3
4
5x 10
-5
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta 270/LEEDR 95 Degrees Residual
Alberta 90/LEEDR 270 Degrees Residual
Alberta Measured Data @ 270 Degrees
Alberta Measured Data @ 90 Degrees
LEEDR Model @ 95 Degrees, 308K Sfc Temp
LEEDR Model @ 270 Degrees
Surface observation and LEEDR Boundary Layer profile
were spliced to NWP model output for free atmosphere
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1x 10
-3
Alberta vs LEEDR Path Radiance 180 Degrees- Single Scattering11 August 2014 @ 20:15:14 UTC - Clear Day
Wavelength (microns)
Path
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
0
2
4
6x 10
-4
Inte
rp.
Res
id.
Dif
f.
Alberta Measured Data
LEEDR Model
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