vibration on the kapiti coast
Post on 21-May-2022
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Did the earth move for you?
Vibration on the Kapiti Coast Paul Busing - Kapiti Coast District Council
Introduction
• Vibration upsets people
and can damage
buildings.
• Rarity of exposure.
• Concerns over assets.
• Not as predictable.
• Fear of the unknown.
Terminology
• PPV – Peak Particle Velocity
– Greatest instantaneous particle velocity
during a given time interval.
• SSCVMP – Site Specific Construction
Vibration Management Plan.
• IGA – In General Accordance.
RMA context
• Vibration is defined as noise.
• Section 16 – duty to avoid unreasonable noise.
• A lot of District Plans do not have vibration standards.
• There is no NZ standard for construction vibration.
– NZS/ISO 2631-2:1989 was withdrawn in 2003
• Most projects use either:
– British Standard BS 5228-2:2009
– German Standard DIN 4150-3:1999
– Australian Standard AS 2436:2010
Human Response to Vibration
• Annex B of the British Standard note:
• 0.14 mm/s Just perceptible in the most sensitive situations.
• 0.3 mm/s Just perceptible in residential environments.
• 1.0 mm/s Will cause complaints in residential environments, but
tolerated if residents given prior warning and explanation.
• 10 mm/s Intolerable for any more than a very brief exposure to this
level.
Building Response to Vibration
• DIN4150-3:1999 states “Experience has shown that if these values are complied with,
damage that reduces the serviceability of the building will not occur.”
• Short and long term vibration are defined by the properties of the vibration signal and
not the time frame
What’s happening on the Kapiti
Coast
What is happening on the Kapiti
Coast
What is happening on the Kapiti
Coast
What is happening on the Kapiti
Coast
Management of Vibration
• Board of Inquiry conditions based around both
human nuisance and cosmetic damage.
Receiver Details Category A Category B
Occupied
dwellings
2000h-0630h 0.3 mm/s PPV 1 mm/s PPV
0630h-2000h 1 mm/s PPV 5 mm/s PPV
Other occupied
buildings
0630h-2000h 2 mm/s PPV 5 mm/s PPV
All other
buildings
Vibration -
continous
5 mm/s PPV 50% of Line 2
values in Table B.2
of BS 5228-2:2009
Management of Vibration
• If over Cat A – expert to assess and manage
vibration to stay within Cat A if practicable.
• If not practicable, then undertake continuous
monitoring and comply with Cat B.
• If not practicable to comply with Cat B, then
prepare a SSCVMP.
Management of Vibration
• SSCVMP needs to note:
– Time and duration.
– Equipment used.
– Predicted levels.
– Dwellings where non-compliance will occur.
– How affected persons are to be consulted.
– Alternative management and mitigation
measures.
Monitoring equipment • 3 axis geophone
• Transverse
• Longitudinal
• Vertical
Monitoring equipment
Monitoring equipment
Example – Removing Sheet Piles
8.7mm/s PPV 19-20Hz @ 30m
– Piles welded together
under friction.
– Real time monitoring
picked up issue
developing.
– Works terminated and
piles cut off and left in
ground.
Example – Dynamic Compaction
Example – Dynamic Compaction
Site 1
Site 2
Work
site
Measurements – Dynamic
Compaction
• Site 1 – 161m – 2.09 mm/s PPV @ 7-10Hz.
• Site 2 – 172m – 3.56 mm/s PPV @ 7-10 Hz.
• 70% higher readings even though 11m further
away.
• Equipment specific.
– 11 ton tamper in free fall from 5-6m
– 13 ton tamper on cable from 10m
Example – Dynamic Compaction
Starting and stopping
• Measured vibration from a vibrating roller, showing start up, steady state operation and run
down (Crabb and Hiller 2002)
Damage to Buildings
• DIN4150-3:1999 states: “Experience has
shown that if these values are complied
with, damage that reduces the
serviceability of the building will not occur.”
Damage to Buildings
• Serviceability reduced if:
– cracks form in plastered surfaces of walls.
– existing cracks in the building are enlarged.
– partitions become detached from load bearing walls
or floors.
• Indirect damage may result from differential movements
caused by soil settlement due to densification
[settlement].
Damage observed
Damage observed
Damaged Observed
Damage observed
Damage observed
What worked
• Communication.
What worked
• Communication about what is going to happen
when and where.
• Communication that their house will not fall
down.
– Ground borne noise/re-resonated noise
• Communication so constructors knew about who
was at home, worked from home, worked night
shifts.
• SSCVMP - people moved out or given respite
options.
What worked
• Pre-condition building surveys
• Communication resulted in changes in
methodology
– Oscillating vs Vibratory Roller
• No structural vibration mitigation measures used
so far
• IGA - Refused the use of a certain methodology
in a certain location.
– Dynamic Compaction within 30m of a house.
Points of interest
• Poor communication = more problems
• Two moderate earthquakes during the
project…..who caused the damage? Who
pays?
• Self monitoring – does it work?
– Trust required plus auditing
• Contamination of readings
– Frequency is the key
Points of interest
• Adaptive management and IGA.
– Fluidity requires vigilance.
• Compaction of peat/lowering of water
table.
• How will the building remediation process
work?
– Will the amount of monitoring impact on
peoples claims?
Points of interest
• No total vibration exposure limit.
– 1mm/s PPV could be unreasonable if it goes
on for 30 consecutive days.
• Frequency is important.
– Resonance in structures at low frequencies.
• Removing the noise lessens the
perceived impact of the vibration.
– Re-resonated noise from flues/china
cabinets.
Points of interest
• There appears to be a significant amount
cosmetic damage occurring below the
5mm/s PPV threshold.
• Is this a greater settlement issue or an
actual vibration issue?
• Densification of sand by vibration is well
documented.
Summary
• Compliance with standards do not stop
nuisance complaints
• Ensure good communication
• Vibration is not always predicable
• You can’t beat continuous monitoring in
contentious situations.
• Equipment specific monitoring
Relevant Documents
• State highway construction and maintenance noise and vibration
guide – NZTA August 2013
• Ground vibration from road construction May 2012 – NZTA techincal
research report 485
• Ground Improvements – Third Edition – Edited by Klaus Kirsch and
Alan Bell – ISBN -13: 978-0-203-83897-6
• NZS 6806:2010 – Acoustic – road – traffic noise – new and altered
roads
• http://acoustics.ntza.govt.nz – online tools
Questions?
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