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Water and Waste Water Management in
Power Sector Industries
Dr Ashim Kumar BhattacharyaNational Head-Technology Water and Waste Water
ManagementWaterLife India Pvt Limited Kolkata
NPTI Seminar
23RD March2012CITI RESIDENCY DURGAPUR
Forbes India
bull FEATURESBiggest Questions Of 2012 | Dec 24
2011 | 2336 views
Will Water Scarcity Increase
Tensions Across Asiabull Water will be one of the defining issues of the next half century
Itrsquos a critical issue and this realisation will start from 2012
bull Governments across the underdeveloped regions of the world are
already facing the threat of water wars We believe 2012 will be
the year the world starts looking for solutions to its aqua
problems
WATERhelliphelliphellip
bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy
Distribution of Fresh water on Earth
bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77
bull Ground water and soil moisture 22
bull Lakes and swamps 035
bull Atmosphere 004
bull Streams 001bull Streams 001
The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind
Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002
Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic
sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry
bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load
bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply
bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in
the United States and other industrial countries
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Forbes India
bull FEATURESBiggest Questions Of 2012 | Dec 24
2011 | 2336 views
Will Water Scarcity Increase
Tensions Across Asiabull Water will be one of the defining issues of the next half century
Itrsquos a critical issue and this realisation will start from 2012
bull Governments across the underdeveloped regions of the world are
already facing the threat of water wars We believe 2012 will be
the year the world starts looking for solutions to its aqua
problems
WATERhelliphelliphellip
bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy
Distribution of Fresh water on Earth
bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77
bull Ground water and soil moisture 22
bull Lakes and swamps 035
bull Atmosphere 004
bull Streams 001bull Streams 001
The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind
Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002
Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic
sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry
bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load
bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply
bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in
the United States and other industrial countries
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
WATERhelliphelliphellip
bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy
Distribution of Fresh water on Earth
bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77
bull Ground water and soil moisture 22
bull Lakes and swamps 035
bull Atmosphere 004
bull Streams 001bull Streams 001
The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind
Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002
Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic
sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry
bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load
bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply
bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in
the United States and other industrial countries
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Distribution of Fresh water on Earth
bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77
bull Ground water and soil moisture 22
bull Lakes and swamps 035
bull Atmosphere 004
bull Streams 001bull Streams 001
The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind
Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002
Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic
sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry
bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load
bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply
bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in
the United States and other industrial countries
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002
Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic
sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry
bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load
bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply
bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in
the United States and other industrial countries
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water Demand
bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future
bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water
management practices are changed ndash and changed
soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the
next two decades and will have neither the cash to
build new infrastructure nor the water needed by
its growing economy and rising population
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Present Scenario- Indian Perspective
Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater
The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Water Resources and Utilisation
India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent
of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources
Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is
around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent
is not available for use due to geological and topographical
reasons
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about
142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions
It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population
Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity
bull
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of
rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers
92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per
cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector
89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per
cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector
The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population
and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the
population dependent on it
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Present Scenario-Global and Indian
Perspective
In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres
(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in
1996
It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater
stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu
mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the
per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu
mpersonyear
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Contaminants or impurities in
waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere
Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature
Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts
Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter
Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water
Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth
However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Contaminants or impurities in
water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics
Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics
Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Physical Impurities
Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Impurities
pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes
Bacteriological Impurities
Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water ndasha unique engineering
material
Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry
The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will
continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water
management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled
Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As
heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large
quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating
Process
There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities
These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be
classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water and Waste water Treatment-
Application Areas in a Thermal
Power Station
bull Raw Water Treatment
bullCooling Water Treatment
bullBoiler Water Treatment
bullWaste Water Treatment
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Raw Water Treatment
Screening
Pre-chlorination
Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte
Filtration
Post Chlorination
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water Treatment for Purification
Necessities
For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the
water wholesome and pleasant
The following factors has to be taken into Considerations
Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral
content temperature) from aesthetic considerations
Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account
(in desirable concentrations)
Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards
till the water reaches the End user
Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to
be unacceptable
Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Raw water treatment for
DrinkingIndustrial Use
A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units
Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and
DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary
WaterSedimentation
With or without
Coagulation
Gravity Filtration
Slow or high rate Chlorination
To Consumer
Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Disinfections
The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic
disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease
Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after
water filtration
Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria
cell metabolism
Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)
depends upon
1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact
4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT
OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS
FREE CHLORINE
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Other methods of importance
In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration
And chlorination depending upon the need the following units
are also incorporated
1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and
freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen
bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may
be present in one or more forms such as ferrous
bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron
bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains
manganese as constituent
bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron
and manganese
Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface
and diffused aeration
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase
and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins
bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse
bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process
Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel
bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of
a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed
bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system
bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Membrane Process like Reverse
Osmosis etc
bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute
solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric
Material (due to application of an external pressure or a
driving force)
bullThis allows only water to pass through
and not salts from solution
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Membrane Filtration
bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid
bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre
bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Cooling Water Treatment
Problems Encountered-
bull Scaling
bull Corrosionbull Corrosion
bull Fouling
bull Microbio Growth
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Boiler Water Pre-treatment
The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units
bull Softner
bull Filter
bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner
bull Dealkalizer
bull Demineralizer
bull Membrane Filtration Techniques
All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
The Feed Water System
bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-
bull Deaerator
bull Boiler feed pumps
bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler
Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate
The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Problems Encountered
bull ScaleDeposit formation
bull Sludge Control
bull Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by
sodium and chloride salts
- Caustic Corrosion
bull Carryover
-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design
- Chemical-
- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover
- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Internal Treatment
bull Coagulation and Precipitating
bull Phosphate Program
bull Chelant Program
bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program
bull Oxygen Scavenger
bull Condensate Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
BYBY
Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Indian Scenario
The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially
liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its
way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of
the ecological systems dependent on it
Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents
discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of
our water resources
A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening
gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being
29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000
million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert
the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of
water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring
down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)
bull
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Types of Wastewater
- domestic waste water
- industrial waste water
- municipal waste water
Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters
pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature
Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic
Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol
Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from
the decomposition of the organic compounds presents
Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of
organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete
the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills
and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural
ecological balance
Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to
eutrophication of the lakes and streams
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Reason for TreatmentAdverse
Environmental Impact
bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that
may severely affects the public as well as community health
and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria
typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water
body where such wastewater is disposed
bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and
not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious
challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand
conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe
water table
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature
Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel
making Metal processing industries contains
relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters
Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies
distilleries tanneries polymer processing units
vegetable oil and food processing units sugar
industries are rich in organic contents
Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich
in organic constituents
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value
- high COD
- may contains toxic components
- do not produce color odor and other
environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance
Organic waste- high BOD value
- low COD value
- produce color odor
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
What is Waste Water Treatment
The process by which the excessive accumulated
and undesirable matters are removed from the
wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment
Objective
-
bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets
By Pollution Control Boards
bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment
-on sustainable basis
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)
Boiler Blow Down SS 100
Oil amp Grease 20
Copper(total) 10
Iron(Total) 10
Condenser Cooling Water
(Once Through Cooling)
pH 65-85
Temperature 10oC above the intake water
Free available 05Free available
chlorine
05
Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available
chlorine
05
Zinc 10
Chromium 02
Phosphate 50
Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85
SS 100
Oilamp Grease 20
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Types of Waste Water Treatment
1 Primary Treatment
2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment
3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Typical Schematic Water Treatment
in Power Station
Raw Water
Clarified
Water
Storage
CDS
Clarificatio
n with
AlumPoly
DMF ACF
Filter
Feed
Tank
Sludge CT Make Up
CDS
UFROSludgeCentrifuge
Sludge for LandFilling
Recovered water
to Clarifier
CT Make Up
Neutralization
Pit
RO Reject
RO StorageBoiler
Section
CW
Section
ETP Section
Boiler
Blowdown
CW Blowdown
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Wastewater Characterictics
Parameter Typical Value
pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Primary Treatment-Methodology
Purposes Solids removal
Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65
suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Screening
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Grit Chamber
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
LamellaCircular Clarifier
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation
Tube Settler
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
DAF
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed
Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks
Paper Bags Cloth
Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Physical - Chemical Unit Operations
Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization
Homogenization of the influent
Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease
DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS
Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic
amp Flocculation metal components
Lamella Clarifier Do Do
Tube settler
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds
Definition
perform the degradation of organic compounds
Purpose
- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Secondary Treatment
Biological Oxygen Demand
- Measures rate of oxygen used under
controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
- Indicates the organic strength of waste water
The Basic Equation
Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria
CO2 + H2O + New Cells
New cells require CHON ampP for growth
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)
Monitoring Parameters
1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)
1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl
2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)
should be at least 70 of MLSS value
3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05
for conventional treatment plant
4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150
gt150 indicates sludge bulking
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Fish DieFish Die
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
TertiaryAdvanced Treatment
Purpose
Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to
meet the specific discharge requirements
EquipmentUnit
Operations
- Tertiary Clarifiers
- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc
Methodology
CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation a process by which a chemical
known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces
between the particles Agglomeration of particles
takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac
Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of
neutralized particles into a larger and heavier
flocs leading to faster settling followed by
sedimentationChemical applied is known as
Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in
Waste Water Treatment
1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle
rapidly to provide effective clarification
2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges
on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles
3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these
non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids
via physico-chemical change
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Natural Settling Rates for Small
ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft
Gravel 10 03 sec
Coarse Sand 1 3 sec
Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec
Silt 001 33 min
Bacteria 0001 55 hr
Color Bodies 00001 230 day
Colloid 000001 63 year
Colloid 0000001 63 years
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Jar Testing Apparatus
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
MBST-an overview
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity
Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)
Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very
specific filter that will let water flow through while it
catches suspended solids and other substances
Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall
Certain substances can pass through the membrane while
other substances are caughtother substances are caught
Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for
flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption
(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)
extraction and distillation
The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes
through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as
concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum
A K Bhattacharya
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Recycling and Reuse
By application of MBST the plant may
achieve the following
Zero Waste being discharge-on need
basis
Saving GroundSurface water
resources
Eco friendly Systems to achieve a
clean and green environment
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Water Harvesting and Conservation
Methods
bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures
bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse
bull Exploring alternate water sources
Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity
bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices
bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT
RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
LINERGEO FABRIC
GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
LINERGEO FABRIC
ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL
PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
Conclusions
bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival
bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management
bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner
bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
The clean and safe water is the source of life
Let us save this treasure together
Thank you all
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