By

Water and Waste Water Management in

Power Sector Industries

Dr Ashim Kumar BhattacharyaNational Head-Technology Water and Waste Water

ManagementWaterLife India Pvt Limited Kolkata

NPTI Seminar

23RD March2012CITI RESIDENCY DURGAPUR

Forbes India

bull FEATURESBiggest Questions Of 2012 | Dec 24

2011 | 2336 views

Will Water Scarcity Increase

Tensions Across Asiabull Water will be one of the defining issues of the next half century

Itrsquos a critical issue and this realisation will start from 2012

bull Governments across the underdeveloped regions of the world are

already facing the threat of water wars We believe 2012 will be

the year the world starts looking for solutions to its aqua

problems

WATERhelliphelliphellip

bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy

Distribution of Fresh water on Earth

bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77

bull Ground water and soil moisture 22

bull Lakes and swamps 035

bull Atmosphere 004

bull Streams 001bull Streams 001

The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind

Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002

Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic

sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry

bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load

bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply

bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in

the United States and other industrial countries

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Forbes India

bull FEATURESBiggest Questions Of 2012 | Dec 24

2011 | 2336 views

Will Water Scarcity Increase

Tensions Across Asiabull Water will be one of the defining issues of the next half century

Itrsquos a critical issue and this realisation will start from 2012

bull Governments across the underdeveloped regions of the world are

already facing the threat of water wars We believe 2012 will be

the year the world starts looking for solutions to its aqua

problems

WATERhelliphelliphellip

bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy

Distribution of Fresh water on Earth

bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77

bull Ground water and soil moisture 22

bull Lakes and swamps 035

bull Atmosphere 004

bull Streams 001bull Streams 001

The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind

Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002

Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic

sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry

bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load

bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply

bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in

the United States and other industrial countries

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

WATERhelliphelliphellip

bull Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes -of two Nobel prizes -one for peace and one for scienceJohn F Kennedy

Distribution of Fresh water on Earth

bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77

bull Ground water and soil moisture 22

bull Lakes and swamps 035

bull Atmosphere 004

bull Streams 001bull Streams 001

The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind

Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002

Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic

sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry

bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load

bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply

bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in

the United States and other industrial countries

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Distribution of Fresh water on Earth

bull Polar Ice caps and glaciers 77

bull Ground water and soil moisture 22

bull Lakes and swamps 035

bull Atmosphere 004

bull Streams 001bull Streams 001

The surface fresh water in the form of lakes streams and rivers is amounting less than half of 1 of available fresh water that basically constitutes the available water supply for mankind

Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002

Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic

sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry

bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load

bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply

bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in

the United States and other industrial countries

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water ndash Some factsSource The UN World Water Development Report - 2002

Water pollutants from industrybull Around 300-500 million tons of heavy metals solvents toxic

sludge and other wastes accumulate each year from industry

bull Industries based on organic raw materials are the most significant contributors to the organic pollutant load

bull In developing countries 70 of ind wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply

bull More than 80 of the worlds hazardous waste is produced in

the United States and other industrial countries

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water Demand

bull With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors the water demand in the domestic and industrial sectors could increase substantially

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

World bank Report Indias Water Economy Bracing for a Turbulent Future

bull India faces a turbulent water future Unless water

management practices are changed ndash and changed

soon ndash India will face a severe water crisis within the

next two decades and will have neither the cash to

build new infrastructure nor the water needed by

its growing economy and rising population

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Present Scenario- Indian Perspective

Further in a country like India non-uniformity in level ofawareness socio-economic development education povertypractices and rituals which add to the complexity of providingwaterwater

The health burden of poor quality of water is also quitesignificant It is estimated that around 377 million Indians areaffected by waterborne diseases annually 15 million childrenare estimated to die of diarrhoea alone

73 million working days are lost due to waterborne diseaseeach year The resulting economic burden is estimated at $600million a year

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Water Resources and Utilisation

India has 16 per cent of the worldrsquos population and 4 per cent

of its fresh water resourcesof its fresh water resources

Estimates indicate that surface and ground water availability is

around 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM) Of this 40 per cent

is not available for use due to geological and topographical

reasons

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

The rural Indian population comprises more than 700 million people residing in about

142 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions

It is a great challenge for providing drinking water to such a large population

Situation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcitySituation is more serious in areas having acute water scarcity

bull

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

Around 4000 BCM of fresh water is available due to precipitation in the form of

rain and snow most of which returns to the seas via rivers

92 per cent groundwater extracted is used in the agricultural sector 5 and 3 per

cent respectively for industrial and domestic sector

89 per cent of surface water use is for agricultural sector and 2 per cent and 9 per

cent respectively are used by the industrial and domestic sector

The average availability of water is reducing steadily with the growing population

and it is estimated that by 2020 India will become a water stressed nation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85 of the

population dependent on it

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Present Scenario-Global and Indian

Perspective

In 1955 the per capita availability was 5300 cubic metres

(cum) per person per year which came down to 2200 cu m in

1996

It is expected that by around 2020 India will be a lsquowater

stressed state with per capita availability declining to 1600 cu

mpersonyear A country is said to be water stressed when the

per capita availability of water drops below 1700 cu

mpersonyear

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Contaminants or impurities in

waterRiver water collects dusts and gases from the atmosphere

Surface water during movement on the surface of earth collectsmore of suspended solids dissolves and colloidal maters which may be organic or inorganic in nature

Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolve Underground water is in contact with soil formation and dissolvemore minerals and salts

Suspended solids are likely to be less in ground water as the subsurface porous soil acts as a filter

Water quality depends upon the catchments area conditions is the case of run-off and mineral rock formations in the case of ground water

Water quality from a storage reservoir appears to be good assuspended solids settle down and upper layers are exposed to more aeration

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growth

However rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Contaminants or impurities in

water As more nutrients are available at the bottom of the reservoirs they may stimulate the algal growthHowever rubbish from the town fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields domestic and industrial effluents may join any water course and completely change the water characteristics

Therefore depending upon the nature of contaminants or impurities in water they may be classified according to their characteristics

Physical chemical bacteriologicalSuspended colloidal dissolvedOrganic inorganicMineral salts or toxic chemical

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Physical Impurities

Color Tastes and odors Suspended solids Turbidity Temperature

Chemical Impurities

pH Acidity Alkalinity Hardness TDS Fluorides ChloridesSulphates Nitrates Phosphates Toxic chemicals- may be inorganicLike ZnCuPbAs Cd Cr(VI) Hg etc or various organic compoundsLike pesticides Carbon Tetra Chloride Vinyl Chloride CyanidePhenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)Phenol Chlorinated hydrocarbons etc Dissolve Oxygen(8- 10 mgL)DO makes the water taste good Surface water contain more DO dueto more surface contact Depletion of DO indicated utilization byOrganic or inorganic compounds Ie contamination from domesticand industrial wastes

Bacteriological Impurities

Virus Bacteria Protozoa heliminthic worms

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water ndasha unique engineering

material

Water is the most widely used raw material in the industry

The daily water usage has reached to more than 500 billion gallons And this figure will

continue to rise rapidly each year This increasing demand puts prime emphasis on proper water

management so that water can be conserved and re-cycled

Water is unique in that it is capable absorbing more heat than any Other common solvent As

heat is applied water evaporates to form Steam This steam is also capable of carrying large

quantities of heat Thus making it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating

Process

There is one drawback with water ndash it contains various types and Amounts of impurities

These can vary with the source of supply and the geographical location The impurities can be

classified as- dissolved Solids dissolved gases and suspended matters

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water and Waste water Treatment-

Application Areas in a Thermal

Power Station

bull Raw Water Treatment

bullCooling Water Treatment

bullBoiler Water Treatment

bullWaste Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Raw Water Treatment

Screening

Pre-chlorination

Sedimentation

Sedimentation with Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical used- Alum Polyelectrolyte

Filtration

Post Chlorination

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water Treatment for Purification

Necessities

For domestic and industrial supply it is necessary to make the

water wholesome and pleasant

The following factors has to be taken into Considerations

Safety from preventing water borne diseases Palatability (mineral

content temperature) from aesthetic considerations

Wholesomeness of water taking the dissolve salts into account

(in desirable concentrations)

Ensuring water quality so as to attain the permissible standards

till the water reaches the End user

Removing turbidity color taste and odor which causes water to

be unacceptable

Supply adequate quantities of water for various purpose

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Raw water treatment for

DrinkingIndustrial Use

A conventional treatment plant consists of three main units

Sedimentation(with or without coagulation) filtration and

DisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessaryDisinfectionsDissolved solids are removed whenever necessary

WaterSedimentation

With or without

Coagulation

Gravity Filtration

Slow or high rate Chlorination

To Consumer

Detention time given in the sedimentation tank is 2-4 hrs

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Disinfections

The main aim of disinfections is to destroy pathogenic

disease causing bacteria and thus prevent water borne disease

Chlorine is used universally as a disinfectant normally after

water filtration

Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria Chlorine penetrates into the cell wall and inactivate the bacteria

cell metabolism

Rate of kill is a first order reaction(efficiency of disinfections)

depends upon

1Dosage 2Nature and no of microorganisms 3time of contact

4 Water temp alkalinity and pH 5 Presence of other compounds

BREAK POINT CHLORINATION- DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT

OF CHLORINE REQUIRES AT WHICH ALL THE RESIDUE IS

FREE CHLORINE

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Other methods of importance

In addition to the conventional units of sedimentation filtration

And chlorination depending upon the need the following units

are also incorporated

1 Aerationbull Aeration of water removes bad tastes and odors and

freshens water with oxygen freshens water with oxygen

bull It removes iron by oxidation and precipitation Iron may

be present in one or more forms such as ferrous

bicarbonate ferrous sulphate or organic cheated iron

bull Sometimes water from certain sources contains

manganese as constituent

bull Aeration responds well both form removal of iron

and manganese

Type of aeration Cascade Type Spray Nozzles surface

and diffused aeration

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Ion Exchange ProcessSoftening Processbull In these process ions are transferred from liquid phase to solid phase

and solid phase to liquid phase by cation or anion exchange resins

bull This is a reversible reaction and the chemical is regenerated for reuse

bull Softening process- Boiling lime soda and zeolite process

Adsorption ProcessAdsorption Processbull by activated carbon alumina and silica gel

bull a number of solid adsorbents diffuse on to the surface of

a solid adsorbent Organic chemicals imparting color odor taste heavy metals fluorides etc are removed

bull Large surface area accumulates more ions Adsorption capacity depends upon solvent-solute-solid system

bull The affinity and attraction are due to i) electrostatic forces ( ion exchange type) ii) Physical Forces (Vander Walls type) iii) Chemical interactions (surface attachments type)

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Membrane Process like Reverse

Osmosis etc

bullLiquids flows from a concentrated solution to dilute

solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric solution across a semi permeable membrane of polymeric

Material (due to application of an external pressure or a

driving force)

bullThis allows only water to pass through

and not salts from solution

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Membrane Filtration

bull Filtration involves separation of particulate and colloidal matter from a liquid

bull In membrane filtration the range of particle size is extended to 00001 to 10 micrometreextended to 00001 to 10 micrometre

bull The role of the membrane is to serve as a selective barrier that will allow passage of certain constituents and retail other constituents found in the liquid

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Cooling Water Treatment

Problems Encountered-

bull Scaling

bull Corrosionbull Corrosion

bull Fouling

bull Microbio Growth

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Boiler Water Pre-treatment

The Pretreatment system prepares the water before it goes to the boiler This system consists of one or more of the following units

bull Softner

bull Filter

bull Sodium-Zeolite Softner

bull Dealkalizer

bull Demineralizer

bull Membrane Filtration Techniques

All these units act in one way or another to reduce the dissolved and suspended solids from the water source

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

The Feed Water System

bull The feed water system is made up of following equipment-

bull Deaerator

bull Boiler feed pumps

bull Piping from deaerator to Boiler

Feed water = Make Up + CondensateFeed water = Make Up + Condensate

The make and condensate mixed ahead of deaerator passes through deaeration system then goes to storage tank from where water is fed by boiler feed pumps by boosting the water to diff boilers in the plant

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Problems Encountered

bull ScaleDeposit formation

bull Sludge Control

bull Corrosion

Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by sodium and chloride saltsPitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion in turbine caused by

sodium and chloride salts

- Caustic Corrosion

bull Carryover

-Mechanical-Opearating variables- Steam Load Boiler Drum Level Boiler Design

- Chemical-

- Foaming- Excessive TDS Alk Suspended Solids Oil organics all Promote Foaming and carryover

- Selective Vaporous Carryover of Silica

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Internal Treatment

bull Coagulation and Precipitating

bull Phosphate Program

bull Chelant Program

bull Co-rdinated Phosphate Programbull Co-rdinated Phosphate Program

bull Oxygen Scavenger

bull Condensate Treatment

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

BYBY

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Indian Scenario

The problem of management treatment and disposal of waste especially

liquid waste is critical since this waste water will consequently find its

way into the groundwater or surface water directly affecting the health of

the ecological systems dependent on it

Environmental Pollution caused by domestic and industrial effluents

discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation ofdischarged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of

our water resources

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging the ever widening

gap between sewage generation and treatment capacity (generation being

29000 million litre per day against the existing treatment capacity of 6000

million litre per day) but also calls for development of facilities to divert

the treated sewage for use in irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of

water bodies utilize the nutrient value of sewage in irrigation and bring

down fresh water use in irrigation (CPCB Report2005)

bull

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Types of Wastewater

- domestic waste water

- industrial waste water

- municipal waste water

Wastewater ParametersWastewater Parameters

pH Suspended Solids Dissolve Oxygen Temperature

Total Organic Carbon Chemical oxygen Demand

Biological oxygen Demand Nitrate Phosphate Toxic

Components- Heavy Metals-Hg Cr(VI) Cyanide Phenol

Ammonia etc and Oil amp Grease

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from

the decomposition of the organic compounds presents

Untreated wastewater sewage containing a large amount of

organic matter if discharged into a river stream will depleteorganic matter if discharged into a river stream will deplete

the dissolved oxygen of the stream which may cause fish kills

and other undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural

ecological balance

Wastewater may also contain nutrients which can stimulate

the growth of aquatic plants and algal blooms thus leading to

eutrophication of the lakes and streams

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Reason for TreatmentAdverse

Environmental Impact

bull Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic

or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds that

may severely affects the public as well as community health

and also many times it may spread epidemic like malaria

typhoid Further these may contaminate the land or the watertyphoid Further these may contaminate the land or the water

body where such wastewater is disposed

bull Hence wastewater treatment is a most basic necessity and

not an option in todayrsquos perspective for meeting the serious

challenges like meeting clean and pure water demand

conservation of water resources and maintenance of safe

water table

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Industrial waste water characteristicsDepends on its sources it may be inorganic or organic in nature

Inorganic sources Effluents from cement Electroplating Steel

making Metal processing industries contains

relatively higher proportions of inorganic mattersrelatively higher proportions of inorganic matters

Organic Sources Effluents generated from industries like dairies

distilleries tanneries polymer processing units

vegetable oil and food processing units sugar

industries are rich in organic contents

Municipalities and Domestic wastes are also rich

in organic constituents

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Inorganic Waste -poor in BOD value

- high COD

- may contains toxic components

- do not produce color odor and other

environmental nuisanceenvironmental nuisance

Organic waste- high BOD value

- low COD value

- produce color odor

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

What is Waste Water Treatment

The process by which the excessive accumulated

and undesirable matters are removed from the

wastewater is called Wastewater Treatment

Objective

-

bullTo meet successfully the discharge limits sets

By Pollution Control Boards

bullTo maintain a clean green and healthy Environment

-on sustainable basis

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

EFFLUENT STANDARDSProcessProcess ParameterParameter Concentration (mgl)Concentration (mgl)

Boiler Blow Down SS 100

Oil amp Grease 20

Copper(total) 10

Iron(Total) 10

Condenser Cooling Water

(Once Through Cooling)

pH 65-85

Temperature 10oC above the intake water

Free available 05Free available

chlorine

05

Cooling Tower Blow Down Free available

chlorine

05

Zinc 10

Chromium 02

Phosphate 50

Ash Pond Effluent pH 65-85

SS 100

Oilamp Grease 20

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Types of Waste Water Treatment

1 Primary Treatment

2 Secondary Treatment2 Secondary Treatment

3 Tertiary Treatment or also calledAdvance Waste Water Treatment

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Typical Schematic Water Treatment

in Power Station

Raw Water

Clarified

Water

Storage

CDS

Clarificatio

n with

AlumPoly

DMF ACF

Filter

Feed

Tank

Sludge CT Make Up

CDS

UFROSludgeCentrifuge

Sludge for LandFilling

Recovered water

to Clarifier

CT Make Up

Neutralization

Pit

RO Reject

RO StorageBoiler

Section

CW

Section

ETP Section

Boiler

Blowdown

CW Blowdown

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Wastewater Characterictics

Parameter Typical Value

pH 6-8Turbidity 80-300TH 70-160CaH 50-140P-Alk NilP-Alk NilM-Alk 150-230Chloride 20-45TS 180-350Sulphate 30-60Color Milky whiteTSS 60-180OampG 10-30COD 180-200 maxBOD 25-45 max

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Primary Treatment-Methodology

Purposes Solids removal

Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65 Removes 90-95 settable solids 50 - 65

suspended solids and 20 - 35 BOD

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Screening

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Grit Chamber

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

LamellaCircular Clarifier

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Flash Mixer with Parimary Clarifier

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Clarification with Coagulation Flocculation

Tube Settler

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

DAF

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Equipments applied Methodology Contaminants Removed

Bar Screens Screening large objects-rags woods and rocks

Paper Bags Cloth

Grit Chamber Sedimentation Foreign particles- Sand amp Gravel

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Physical - Chemical Unit Operations

Equalization Tank Neutralization PH balance and equalization

Homogenization of the influent

Oil Skimmer Skimming Oil and Grease

DAF Floatation Oil amp Grease SS

Flash Mixer Coagulation Suspended Solids Toxic

amp Flocculation metal components

Lamella Clarifier Do Do

Tube settler

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological digestionprocess relying on bacterial population toperform the degradation of organic compounds

Definition

perform the degradation of organic compounds

Purpose

- to remove the soluble pollutants mostly organic load(BOD)from the waste water

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Secondary Treatment

Biological Oxygen Demand

- Measures rate of oxygen used under

controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

- Indicates the organic strength of waste water

The Basic Equation

Organic Carbon + O2NH3 PO4 and Aerobic Bacteria

CO2 + H2O + New Cells

New cells require CHON ampP for growth

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Secondary Treatment(Biological Digestion Process)

Monitoring Parameters

1Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS)

1800 - 4500 mgl1800 - 4500 mgl

2 Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids(MLVSS)

should be at least 70 of MLSS value

3 Foodmicroorganism o(FM) ratio 02 - 05

for conventional treatment plant

4 Sludge Volume Index(SVI) 50 to 150

gt150 indicates sludge bulking

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Fish DieFish Die

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

TertiaryAdvanced Treatment

Purpose

Final ldquopolishrdquo for the treated effluent to

meet the specific discharge requirements

EquipmentUnit

Operations

- Tertiary Clarifiers

- Sand Filters

- Activated Carbon Beds

- Settling Ponds etc

Methodology

CoagulationFlocculationOxidationAdsorptionSedimentation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation a process by which a chemical

known as coagulant neutralizes repulsive forces

between the particles Agglomeration of particles

takes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmactakes place upon collisioneg PAC Polydadmac

Alum etc Flocculation a process of agglomeration of

neutralized particles into a larger and heavier

flocs leading to faster settling followed by

sedimentationChemical applied is known as

Flocculenteg Latex Dry Polymer

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Why Coagulation amp Flocculation in

Waste Water Treatment

1 In water non settable solids are too small to settle

rapidly to provide effective clarification

2 Each particle is stabilized by negative electric charges

on its surface causing it to repel neighboring particles

3 Coagulation and flocculation process converts these

non settable solids into larger and heavier settable solids

via physico-chemical change

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Natural Settling Rates for Small

ParticlesParticle Type Diameter mm Time reqto settle 1 ft

Gravel 10 03 sec

Coarse Sand 1 3 sec

Fine sand 01 38 secFine sand 01 38 sec

Silt 001 33 min

Bacteria 0001 55 hr

Color Bodies 00001 230 day

Colloid 000001 63 year

Colloid 0000001 63 years

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Jar Testing Apparatus

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

MBST-an overview

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

There are two factors that determine the affectivityof a membrane filtration process selectivity andproductivity

Selectivity is expressed as a parameter calledretention or separation factor (expressed by the unitlm2h)

Productivity is expressed as a parameter called flux(expressed by the unit lm2h) Selectivity andproductivity are membrane-dependent

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Principle The principle is quite simple the membrane acts as a very

specific filter that will let water flow through while it

catches suspended solids and other substances

Membranes occupy through a selective separation wall

Certain substances can pass through the membrane while

other substances are caughtother substances are caught

Membrane filtration can be used as an alternative for

flocculation sediment purification techniques adsorption

(sand filters and active carbon filters ion exchangers)

extraction and distillation

The influent to the membrane-Feed stream liquid passes

through the membrane- Permeate Reject is known as

concentrate The rate of flow of permeate is known as flux

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

The Filtration SpectrumThe Filtration Spectrum

A K Bhattacharya

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Recycling and Reuse

By application of MBST the plant may

achieve the following

Zero Waste being discharge-on need

basis

Saving GroundSurface water

resources

Eco friendly Systems to achieve a

clean and green environment

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Water Harvesting and Conservation

Methods

bull Revival of traditional water conservation structures

bull Dual water supply and waste water treatment for recycle and reuse

bull Exploring alternate water sources

Rain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunityRain Water Harvesting ndash a tremendous opportunity

bull Behavioural practices Change- clean and safe practices

bull Cultural practices Change Immersion of idols

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

RAIN amp WATER STORAGE TANKLINERMATRIX TANK MODULE GEO FABRIC DESILTING CHAMBERFILTRATION UNIT

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

GEO FABRIC FILTRATION UNIT

RAIN WATER RECHARGINGDESILTING CHAMBERMATRIX TANK MODULE

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

RAINWATER FILTRATION UNITFILTRATION UNIT

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

RAINWATER DESILTINGDESILTING CHAMBER

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

LINERGEO FABRIC

GRASS PAVERS GRAVEL CELL52MM DRAINAGE CELL 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

LINERGEO FABRIC

ROOF GARDENSMATRIX TANK MODULE 30MM DRAINAGE CELL

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

LINERGEO FABRIC30MM DRAINAGE CELL

PERMEABLE PAVERS FLO GRIDFLO GRID

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

Conclusions

bull Everyone of us must accept the fact that water is a basicnecessity for survival

bull There is interplay of various factors that govern access andutilisation of water resources and in light of the increasingwater demand it becomes important to look for holistic andpeople-centred approaches for water managementpeople-centred approaches for water management

bull It needs the combined initiative and action of all levels if atall we are serious enough in socioeconomic development ina sustainable manner

bull Right Quality water can be assured provided we have amind set up to address it

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all

The clean and safe water is the source of life

Let us save this treasure together

Thank you all