water energy s12
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Clicker Question #1
Have you logged onto D2L and taken the Excel
Quiz?
A. Yes I am totally on top of this
B. No If I am not careful I will miss the 2/7
deadline
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Clicker Question #2
I have logged into D2L and registered my clicker
in the clicker survey
A. Yes of course
B. No
I really need to do that
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Clicker Question #3
If you could eat an ice cream right now, which of
these would you order?
A. Vanilla
B. Chunky Monkey
C. Chocolate
D. Mint ChipE. Bubble gum
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Water and Energy(The water-energy nexus)
ENGR 10
Developed by Juneseok Lee & Thalia Anagnos
http://www.aguntherphotography.com/usa_west/grand_canyon/photos/photo_2.html
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Water is essential to all of us!
Human health and socioeconomic welfare
depends on supplying adequate quantity and
quality of water.
Conversely, too much water results in
socioeconomic damages and loss of life due to
flooding.
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Oil and Water: How Similar?
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
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< 1% usable
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Oil and Water: How Similar?
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
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Our water gets to us through rivers, pipes, pumpsand water treatment plants
From: http://www.actewagl.com.au/education/_lib/Flash/Water_cycle/water.swf
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Water has no substitute!
Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009
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Current Issues and Challenges
Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
Uncertain impacts of global climate change
Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing
additional water supplies
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13/53http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
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14/53http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
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http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/
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Demand increases with population -even with our efforts at conservation
U.S. public supply withdrawals (source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html)
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Current Issues and Challenges
Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
Uncertain impacts of global climate change
Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing additional
water supplies
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1) use of renewable water
2) sustainable groundwater use3) susceptibility to drought
4) growth in water demand
5) future increased need for water storage
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/
http://blog.nature.org/2010/07/climate-change-water-supply/us-water_sustainability_index/ -
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Climate change affects the watershed(e.g. Sierra Nevada watershed)
Future projections indicate a strong likelihood
of a warmer future climate in Sierra Nevada.
More winter precipitation will fall as rain rather
than snow
Shorter seasons of snow accumulation at a given
elevation;
Less snowpack accumulation as compared to thepresent
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Percentage Remaining, Relative to 1961-1990Currently the Sierra Nevada provides over 65% of California's water supply
Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 2004
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Current Issues and Challenges
Rapidly growing population and scarce
resources
Uncertain impacts of global climate change;
Increased hydrologic, environmental, and
economic constraints on developing
additional water supplies
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By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people will live in
48 countries facing water stress or water scarcity
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The situation will continue to worsen
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Urbanization
Impact on Water Resources
Transformation ofundeveloped land into
urban land (including transportation corridors)
Increased energy release (i.e. greenhouse
gases, waste heat, heated surface runoff)
Increased demand on water supply (municipaland industrial)
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Water Resources Sustainability
The ability to use water in sufficient quantities
and qualityfrom the local to the global scale to
meet the needs ofhumans and ecosystems for
the present and the future to sustain life, and toprotect humans from the damages brought
about bynatural and human-caused disasters
that affect sustaining life.
(Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, 2009)
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A Measure of Water Sustainability
Water footprint
Water required to sustain a population
Virtual Water
Volume of water required to produce acommodity or service
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Our Water Footprint
Sufficient > 1700 m3 per year
Water stress 1000 - 1700 m3
Scarcity 500 - 1000 m3
Extreme scarcity < 500 m3
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Annual per capita water needs for food
to cover 2500 kcal a day
20% meat:
theoretical 680 m3
actual 1200 - 1500 m3
Vegetarian:
theoretical 250 m3
actual 500 - 1000 m3
From Zehnder et al. 2003
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Contribution of different crops global water footprint(Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)
VWC =
1334m3/ton
VWC =2291m3/ton
Question: Why are we growing rice in California?
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Average National Water Footprint Per Capita
(m3/capita/yr)
Green = smaller than global average
Red = above global average
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High Water Footprint
United States
Large meat consumption
High consumption of industrial products
Iran
Low crop production yields
High evapotranspiration
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Water footprint of the US, 1997-2001 (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)
From imported
goods
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Global Transport of Virtual Water
The U.S. is a net exporter
From Yang et al. 2006
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Global Transport of Virtual Water
A. Y. Hoekstra A. K. Chapagain, 2007
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70% of Precipitation in North 75% Demand in the South
Water Demand: 43 maf9 maf Urban
34 maf Agricultural
Water-related Energy Use:19% of Electricity
33% of Natural Gas
88 billion gal diesel annually
Population by 2030:48 million
2030 Water Demand:43-50 maf
Californias Water-Energy Nexus
Krebs, Oct 2007
maf = million acre-feet
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Supply and Conveyance Energy Demands
Edmonston pumping plant Power plant at Pyramid Lake captures 25% of
energy used at Edmonston
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Supplying water is energy intensive
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
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Supplying energy is water intensive
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
Mining fuels Refining fuels
Farming (forbiofuels)
Transportingfuels
Cooling inpower plants
Producing wind& solar devices
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Water consumption varies with different fuels
and cooling technologies
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010
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Role of Hydropower
Hydroelectric power production is the most
obvious use of water for the production of
energy.
The energy in falling water is used directly to
turn turbines that generate electricity.
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Components of
Hydroelectric Plants
Dam has two major
functions of
i) creating the head
(pressure) necessary to
move the turbines and
ii) impounding the storage
used to maintain thenecessary flow release
pattern.
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Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of
electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor;
motors and generators have many similarities.
The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanicalenergy
(all info from Wikipedia).
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Energy relations in a typical hydroelectric plant
Two types of turbines(1) Impulse turbines (or Pelton Wheel), a free jet of water impinges on a
revolving element of the machine that is exposed to the atmosphere
(2) Reaction turbines, the flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber
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Impulse Turbine installation
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Water- Energy Laboratory Activities
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Pipes in parallel produce good results
(higher power)
Ph II f th i t
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Phase II of the experiment
(student designed activities)
Students will set up the experiment with given
conditions.
Objective Max { Power Output}
Constraints water volume (drought issues)
Students can collaborate among teams to use
turbines in series & pipes in parallel
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