water pollution water quality
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8/3/2019 Water Pollution Water Quality
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WATER POLLUTION AND
WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
Tayyab Ashfaq
Institute of environmental engineering &Research(IEER)
UET Lahore
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WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
Any chemical, biological,
or physical change in
water quality that has a
harmful effect on living organisms or makes
water unsuitable for
desired usage.
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WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION? Point Sources
y Can be traced back to
one particular origin
Industrial Plants
(Power, Chemical, Waste
Treatment)
Drain pipes, Sewer
Lines, Underground
Mines
Nonpoint Sources
y Tend to be widespread
with many regions
contributing to the
water pollution.
Agricultural Runoff
Stormwater Runoff
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POINT SOURCE OF POLLUTED W ATER
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NONPOINT SOURCES
Buffer Zones Near Streams
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POLLUTION OF L AKES
EutrophicationEutrophication
Fig. 22-7 p. 499
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EUTROPHICATION OF L AKES
Eutrophication: nutrientenrichment of lakes mostlyfrom runoff of plantnutrients (nitrates and
phosphates)During hot dry weather
can lead to algae blooms
Decrease of
photosynthesisDying algae then drops
DO levels
Fish kills, bad odor
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EUTROPHICATION IN L AKES
Solutions:
Advanced sewage treatment(N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed build up
Pump in oxygen or freshwater
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Good 8²9
Water
Quality DO (ppm) at
20°C
Slightly
polluted6.7²8
Moderately
polluted 4.5²6.7
Heavily
polluted 4²4.5
Gravely
polluted Below
4
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REDUCING SURFACE W ATER
POLLUTION
Nonpoint SourcesNonpoint Sources Point SourcesPoint Sources
Reduce runoff Reduce runoff
Buffer zone vegetation Buffer zone vegetation
Reduce soil erosion Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act Water Quality Act
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as need Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as need
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DICHLORO DIPHENYL TRICHLOROETHANE
Very hydrophobic molecule which
acts by interfering with iontransport systems in neuronal cellmembrane
Inhibits neurotransmission killsanimals at certain dose
DDT (introduced in 1950s) is notspecies specific in its effects DDT and related insecticides,
endrin, dieldrin and aldrin are calledORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
DDT revolutionised farmingpractices DDT was developed by Swiss
entomologist ² Paul MÜller Nobel Prize in 1948!
Banned in the mid-1960s in mostdevelo ed countries
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MERCURY POISONING (MINAMATA BAY-1960)
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL & PBB
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Biomagnificati
ons of PCBs in
an aquatic foodchain from the
Great Lakes.
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Category Example Sources
Causes health problems
Infectious agents Bacteria, virus, worms Human, animal waste
Organic chemicals Pesticide, plastic,detergents, oils
Industrial household farmuse
Inorganic chemicals Acids, caustic salts,
metals
Industrial effluent,
household cleaners, runoff Cause ecosystem disruption
Sediments Soil, silt Land erosion
Plant nutrients NO3,PO4,NH4 Agriculture fertilizers,
sewage, sludge
Oxygen demandingwastes
Animal human faeces,plant residues
Sewage, agriculturerunoff, paper millindustrial waste
Thermal Heat Power plant, cooling
water
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W ATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
Pollution prevention approaches -Cleanertechnologies
´diverse range of products, services, and processesthat harness renewable materials and energy
sources, dramatically reduce the use of naturalresources, and cut or eliminate emissions andwastesµ
Good housekeeping-Water conservation
Oil grease traps Reuse/recover materials (Cr recovery, sewage
irrigation) Natural fertilizers Less pesticide(IPM)
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W ATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Treat wastewater ²physical ,chemical, biologicaltreatments
Pollution control legislationy
Pakistan environmental quality act(1997)y National environmental quality standards(NEQS)
y Pollution charges
Enhance public awareness
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CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES IN TANNING
INDUSTRY
Hide chilling to avoid salt in the effluent .
Hair recovery processes to reduce BOD/COD of the
effluent
Enzyme-assisted unhairing to reduce sulphide CO2 deliming to reduce ammonia in the effluent
Better uptake/exhaustion of chrome or chrome
recovery/recycling to reduce chrome in the effluent
Alternative mineral tanning agents to avoid chrome inthe effluent or solid wastes
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W ATER QUALITY
Quality :degree of excellence,a measure of fitness of use Drinking water quality: degree of cleanliness and
wholesomeness of water
Physical
Chemical bacteriological
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