weed management in winter wheat - ridgetown …€¢ good crop safety –mcpa is safer than 2,4-d...
Post on 19-Apr-2018
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Weed
management in
winter wheat
Peter H. Sikkema
University of Guelph
Ridgetown Campus
Sikkema, UG
Bourassa, Dupont
Winter Wheat – Weed Management
• Excellent crop to have in the rotation to address perennial weed problems
• Different growth cycle (planting and harvest times) helps to break the buildup of summer annual weeds
• Preplant, preharvest and postharvest herbicide application timings are extremely useful to address problem weeds
General Comments
Winter Wheat
Preplant
Postemergence (fall)
Postemergence (spring)
Preharvest
Post harvest
Herbicide Application Timings
Winter Wheat
Preplant
Application Timing
The most important thing farmers can do to
control weeds in winter wheat is to provide a
clean, weed-free seedbed before planting.
Dr. Bill Johnson, Purdue University
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bindweed, fieldChickweed, common
Chickweed, mouse-earedDandelionPlantains
Quack grassWirestem muhly
SowthistleThistle, Canada
Colt's-footDogbane
MilkweedClover, red
Lettuce, PricklyGround-ivy
MallowNutsedge
Carrot, WildVetches
Horsetail, field
GlyphosateSikkema, UG
Glyphosate - Preplant
Winter Wheat - Preplant
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup (0.33 L/ac)
Roundup (0.50 L/ac)
Roundup (0.67 L/ac)
Visual Weed Control (%)
PWW03A2A
Chickweed Control with Preplant Applications
Sikkema, UG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bindweed, fieldChickweed, common
Chickweed, mouse-earedDandelionPlantains
Quack grassWirestem muhly
SowthistleThistle, Canada
Colt's-footDogbane
MilkweedClover, red
Lettuce, PricklyGround-ivy
MallowNutsedge
Carrot, WildVetches
Horsetail, field
GlyphosateSikkema, UG
Glyphosate - Preplant
Visual Crop Injury (8 studies)
0
1
2
2
3
8
12
24
0 5 10 15 20 25
Roundup (1.34 L/ac)
+ Refine (8 g/ac)
+ Banvel (0.25 L/ac)
+ 2,4-D amine (0.5 L/ac)
+ 2,4-D ester (0.5 L/ac)
+ Amitrol (2 L/ac)
+ Distinct (115 g/ac)
+ Classic (14 g/ac)
Visual Crop Injury (% - June 1)Sikkema, UG
Winter Wheat - Preplant
Glyphosate Tankmixes Applied Preplant
Roundup (1.34 L/ac)
+ Distinct (115 g/ac)
Roundup (1.34 L/ac)
+ Amitrol (2.0 L/ac)
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Yield (8 studies)
100
99
97
95
94
92
86
73
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup (1.34 L/ac)
+ Refine (8 g/ac)
+ Banvel (0.25 L/ac)
+ 2,4-D amine (0.5 L/ac)
+ 2,4-D ester (0.5 L/ac)
+ Amitrol (2 L/ac)
+ Distinct (115 g/ac)
+ Classic (14 g/ac)
Yield (% of check)Sikkema, UG
Winter Wheat - Preplant
Winter Wheat - Preplant
• Use glyphosate for the control of winter annual,
biennial and perennial weeds prior to seeding
• The tankmix of glyphosate plus Refine is safe to use
– Improved control of wild carrot
• Amitrol, Distinct and Classic result in unacceptable
injury and yield loss in wheat
– 8-24% crop injury
– 8-27% yield loss
Summary
Winter Wheat - Preplant
• More research is needed on glyphosate tankmixes
with Banvel, 2,4-D amine and 2,4-D ester
– 2-3% injury
– 3-6% yield loss
• If there are perennial broadleaves
– Banvel or 2,4-D may be considered
• Use the ester formulation of 2,4-D
– Apply early to allow time for the herbicides to
break down
Summary
Winter Wheat
Postemergence (fall)
Application Timing
If wheat seedlings are emerging and they are
competing with weeds in the fall there is a risk
of the wheat not tillering. This may result in
reduced yields the following summer.
Dr. Bill Johnson, Purdue University
Winter Wheat - Fall Application
0
0
0.2
0.2
8
12
16
0 5 10 15 20
Banvel (0.12 L/ac)
MCPA Amine (0.70 L/ac)
Buctril M (0.4 L/ac)
Refine (8 g/ac)
2,4-D Amine (0.50 L/ac)
Estaprop (0.70 L/ac)
2,4-D Ester (0.50 L/ac)
Visual Injury (% June 1) – 5 Studies
1X RateSikkema, UG
Do not apply Estaprop or 2,4-D POST in the fall!
Winter Wheat
POST
Fall Application
2,4-D Amine
Estaprop 2,4-D Ester
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Winter Wheat - Fall Application
100
100
100
97
94
93
92
50 60 70 80 90 100
Buctril M (0.4 L/ac)
Refine (8 g/ac)
MCPA Amine (0.70 L/ac)
Banvel (0.12 L/ac)
2,4-D Ester (0.50 L/ac)
2,4-D Amine (0.50 L/ac)
Estaprop (0.70 L/ac)
Yield (% of check) – 5 Studies
1X RateSikkema, UG
Do not apply Banvel, 2,4-D or Estaprop in the fall!
0 20 40 60 80 100
Refine (2.4 g/ac)
Refine (4.8 g/ac)
Refine (7.2 g/ac)
Refine (9.6 g/ac)
Refine (12 g/ac)
Buctril M (0.4 L/ac)
Buctril + Refine (4 g/ac)
Visual Weed Control (%)
Summary of 2 experiments
Chickweed Control
Sikkema, UG
Winter Wheat - Fall Application
Winter Wheat - Fall Application
• The POST fall application of 2,4-D, Estaprop and
Banvel results in reduced wheat yield
– 3-8% yield loss
• Buctril M, Infinity and Refine M are registered for fall
application
Summary
Winter Wheat - Fall Application
• Buctril M provides excellent control of winter annuals
such as stinkweed and shepherd’s purse
• Refine M provides excellent control of chickweed
and wild carrot in the fall
• Infinity provides good control of chickweed and
dandelions
Summary
• Not every field needs a spring applied broadleaf
herbicide
• Apply early to get the full benefit of the herbicide
• Timing of nitrogen application and herbicide
application usually do not coincide in the spring
• Combining herbicides with 28% N can result in
increased leaf burn
Broadleaf Weed Control
Winter Wheat - Spring Application
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
PWW04C1A
PWW04C1B
PWW04C1C
PWW04C1D
WW05C6A
WW05C6B
WW05C6C
MCWGT 104
MCWPON04
MCWWG05
Average
Yield (bu/ac)
Check Sprayed
Cowbrough,
OMAFRA
Sikkema, UG
Is there a benefit? Yield benefit: 8 of 10
Economic benefit: 6 of 10
Winter Wheat - Spring Application
70
76
76
69
69
59
0 20 40 60 80
Check
3-May
14-May
23-May
31-May
11-Jun
Yield (bu/ac)
Apply early in the spring for maximum benefits!
Sikkema, UG
Winter Wheat – Broadleaf Weed Control
Broadleaf Weed Control
I will discuss I will not cover
2,4-D
MCPA
Buctril M/Mextrol/Logic M/Badge
Estaprop/Dichlorprop-D/Turboprop
Target/Sword/Tracker
Refine SG
Trophy
Infinity
MCPA sodium
Embutox/Caliber/Cobutox
Mecoprop/Compitox
Tropotox/Clovitox/Topside
Banvel/Oracle
Dyvel
Pardner/Koril/Brotex
Lontrel
Winter Wheat - Spring Application
• There are 31 trade names in Publication 75
• There are 16 unique active ingredients/premixes
• 8 will be covered in this presentation
Broadleaf Weed Control
Treatment
(Phenoxies)
Low Rate
$/Acre
High Rate
$/Acre
MCPA
2,4-D
Buctril M
3
2
6
6
6
6
Winter Wheat - Spring Application
Winter Wheat
Historically farmers used
2,4-D and MCPA
for
weed control in wheat,
why?
Spring Application
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lamb's-quarters
Lettuce, Prickly
Mustards
Pigweeds
Shepherd's Purse
Stinkweed
Hempnettle
Ragweed, Common
Thistle, Canada
Fleabane, Canada
Dandelion
Cleavers
Lady's thumb
Chickweed, Common
Buckwheat, Wild
Carrot, Wild
MCPASikkema, UG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lamb's-quarters
Lettuce, Prickly
Mustards
Pigweeds
Shepherd's Purse
Stinkweed
Hempnettle
Ragweed, Common
Thistle, Canada
Fleabane, Canada
Dandelion
Cleavers
Lady's thumb
Chickweed, Common
Buckwheat, Wild
Carrot, Wild
MCPASikkema, UG
Weed Control
2 2
8 8
7
4 4
2 2
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Lady's thumb Wild Buckwheat Hempnettle Horsetail, field Sowthistle
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
MCPA 2,4-D
MCPA vs 2,4-D
Sikkema, UG
• Good crop safety
– MCPA is safer than 2,4-D
• Do not apply 2,4-D in the fall
• It is safe to apply MCPA in the fall
• Broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control
– MCPA is better on hempnettle, horsetail and sowthistle
– 2,4-D is better on wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb
General Comments
MCPA and 2,4-D
Carrot, wild
Buckwheat, wild
Chickweed, common
Lady’s thumb
Cleavers
Dandelions
Fleabane, Canada
Thistle, Canada
Weaknesses
2,4-D and MCPA
Historically farmers used 2,4-D and MCPA for
weed control in wheat, why?
Summary
Answer:
1. Only herbicides available
2. Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control
3. Relatively safe
Winter Wheat
So, why did farmers switch from
MCPA and 2,4-D
to
Buctril M during the 1990s?
Spring Application
Weed Control
2 2
9 9
0
2
4
6
8
10
Lady's thumb Wild Buckwheat
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
MCPA Buctril M
MCPA vs Buctril M
Sikkema, UG
• Excellent crop safety
– Injury may occur …
• If the crop is under stress at the time of
application
• Cold temperatures before or after application
– Crop usually recovers with no impact on yield
• It is safe to apply in both the fall and spring
– Apply up to the flag leaf stage
Crop Safety
Buctril M
• Mottling, speckling and wilting
of the foliage
• Leaf tips and margins may
become chlorotic and
sometimes necrotic
• Leaves that emerge after
application are unaffected
• Injury is usually cosmetic and
rarely affects yield
Injury Symptoms
Buctril M
Buctril M injury in wheat
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Buctril M - Summary
So, why did farmers switch from MCPA and 2,4-D to
Buctril M during the 1990s?
Answer:
1. Excellent crop safety
2. Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control
a. Better control of wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb
3. Relatively low cost
Carrot, wild
Chickweed, common
Cleavers
Dandelions
Fleabane, Canada
Thistle, Canada
Weaknesses
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lamb's-quarters
Ragweed, Common
Mustards
Buckwheat, Wild
Shepherd's Purse
Stinkweed
Lady's thumb
Lettuce, Prickly
Pigweeds
Hempnettle
Thistle, Canada
Fleabane, Canada
Cleavers
Dandelion
Chickweed, Common
Carrot, Wild
Buctril MSikkema, UG
Treatment
(Phenoxies)
Low Rate
$/Acre
High Rate
$/Acre
Buctril M
Estaprop
Target
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
6
7
6
10
11
9
6
7
10
10
11
9
Broadleaf Weed Control
Winter Wheat
6 6
7
9
8
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Dandelion Spreading atriplex Horsetail
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
Buctril M Estaprop
Buctril M vs Estaprop
Sikkema, UG
Prickly Lettuce – Spring Application
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D
MCPA
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 2 experiments
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
• Decrease in plant height
• Distorted awns
• Short, bent or branched spikes
• Missing or sterile florets
• Multiple florets
• Delay in maturity
• Decreased yields
Sikkema, UG
MCPA, 2,4-D & Estaprop
Injury symptoms ...
• Application timing
– Do not apply 2,4-D and Estaprop in the fall
• Decrease in winter hardiness
• Delay in development
• Shortening of the crop
• Yield loss
– Early spring applications
• Temperatures near freezing
– Late spring applications
• Past stem elongation
Increased chance for injury ...
MCPA, 2,4-D & Estaprop
• Herbicide
– MCPA is the safest
– 2,4-D is intermediate
– There is greater potential for injury with Estaprop
Increased chance for injury ...
MCPA, 2,4-D & Estaprop
Buctril M vs Estaprop
Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to
Estaprop?
Answer:
1. Better dandelion and spreading atriplex control
2. BUT
a. Greater potential for crop injury
b. Poorer control of field horsetail
Carrot, wild
Chickweed, common
Cleavers
Horsetail, field
Weaknesses
Winter Wheat
4
1
7 7
8
5
8 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
Cleavers Carrot, wild Thistle, Canada Sowthistle
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
Buctril M Target
Buctril M vs Target
Sikkema, UG
• Narrow margin of crop
safety
– Do not apply when
night temperatures
are below 10oC prior
to or after application
– Apply before wheat
is 30 cm tall (leaf
extended)
Crop Injury
Target
Bourassa, Dupont
Shorter wheat
Unsprayed
Target
• Initial effect is laying over of small grains
• Sharp bends at internodes
• Reduced plant height
• Leaning of crop for remainder of growing season
• Sterile florets
• Severely kinked heads and curled awns
• Chlorotic heads
• Decreased yields
Injury Symptoms
Target
Laying over of the wheat
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Distorted heads
Yield Loss with Target
50 60 70 80 90 100
Soft White
Soft Red
Yield (bu/ac)
Check 2,4-D amine Buctril M Estaprop TargetSikkema, UG
Winter Wheat
24 bu/ac yield
loss with Target
13 bu/ac yield
loss with Target
Wheat Yield
85
82
65
0 20 40 60 80 100
'April 20
'May 1
'May 10
Wheat Yield (bu/ac)Sikkema, UG
Target
20 bu/ac yield
loss with Target
due to late
application
timing
• Application timing
– Preplant applications in the fall
– Early spring applications
• Temperatures near freezing
– Late spring applications
• Past stem elongation
Increased chance for injury ...
Target
Buctril M vs Target
Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to
Target?
Answer:
1. Better cleavers ,wild carrot, Canada thistle and
sowthistle control
2. BUT, greater potential for crop injury
Carrot, wild
Chickweed, common
Dandelion
Weaknesses
Winter Wheat
2
1
6
5
7
5
9 9
8 8
7
9
7 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
Chickweed,common
Carrot, wild Atriplex,spreading
Chamomile,scentless
Hempnettle Violet, field Nightshades
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
Buctril M Refine M
Buctril M vs Refine M
Sikkema, UG
Common Chickweed
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D
MCPA
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 8 experiments
Winter Wheat – Spring Application
Sikkema, UG
Wild Carrot
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D
MCPA
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Visual Weed Control (%)
Summary of 7 experiments
Winter Wheat - Postemergence Herbicides
Sikkema, UG
• Excellent crop safety
– Apply when cereals are in
the 2-leaf to flag leaf stage
– Safe to apply in fall or spring
• Injury Symptoms
– Stunting and shortening of
internodes
– Yellowing or chlorosis of
entire plant
– Roots may be stunted and
have a rubbery appearance
General Comments
Refine M
Yellowing or chlorosis
• Weather conditions
– Cold temperatures and high humidity (greater
than 85%)
• Stressed crops
• No tankmix
- Addition of MCPA increases the margin of crop
safety
- Ester formulations have a greater safening effect
than amines
Increased chance for injury …
Refine M
Buctril M vs Refine M
Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to
Refine M?
Answer:
1. Better chickweed ,wild carrot, spreading atriplex,
scentless chamomile, hempnettle and field violet control
Dandelion Cleavers
Weaknesses
Winter Wheat
4
6
5
9 9 9
8 8
7 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
Cleavers Atriplex,spreading
Violet, field Buckwheat, wild Lady's thumb
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
Buctril M Trophy
Buctril M vs Trophy
Sikkema, UG
Cleavers
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D
MCPA
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 6 experiments
Winter Wheat – Spring Application
Sikkema, UG
Buctril M vs Trophy
Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to
Trophy?
Answer:
1. Better cleavers ,spreading atriplex and field violet control
2. Good crop safety
a. Apply until the early flag leaf stage
3. BUT, poorer control of wild buckwheat and lady’s thumb
Buckwheat, wild Lady’s thumb
Weaknesses
Winter Wheat
3
4
2
6
7
8 8
9 9 9
0
2
4
6
8
10
Dandelion Cleavers Chickweed,common
Atriplex, spreading Hempnettle
We
ed
co
ntr
ol ra
tin
g
Buctril M Infinity
Buctril M vs Infinity
Sikkema, UG
Dandelion
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D
MCPA
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 10 experiments
Wheat
Sikkema, UG
• Excellent crop safety
• Apply prior to the flag leaf emergence
• Crop injury may occur if …
– Application after flag leaf emergence
– Crop is stressed due to severe weather
conditions, frost, low fertility, drought, water
saturated soils, disease or insect damage
Crop Safety
Infinity
• Broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control
– Weed control may be reduced
• Under cool, dry conditions
• In the presence of heavy dew, fog, mist or rain
• Weeds are covered by dust
Weed Control
Infinity
Buctril M vs Infinity
Why would you consider switching from Buctril M to
Infinity?
Answer:
1. Better dandelion, chickweed, cleavers, spreading atriplex and
hempnettle control
a. The addition of ammonium sulfate improves the control of
cleavers
2. Excellent crop safety
Carrot, wild
Weaknesses
Weed Species Herbicide
Field Bindweed Target
Wild carrot Refine M
Scentless chamomile Refine M
Common chickweed Refine M, Infinity
Cleavers Trophy, Infinity, Target
Canada fleabane Infinity
Dandelion Infinity, Estaprop
Ground ivy Trophy
Hempnettle Infinity, Refine M
Horsetail MCPA
Prickly lettuce 2,4-D, MCPA, Estaprop, Target
Buctril M
Winter Wheat &
Red Clover
• Good crop safety
– Apply when the red clover is in the 1st to 3rd trifoliate and when the wheat provides a protective canopy over the clover
• May burn clover if it is hot & dry
• May not come back
• Most times at harvest there is no difference
• Broad spectrum broadleaf weed control
• Relatively low cost
Bourassa, Dupont
Bourassa, Dupont
Buctril M
Check Buctril M 2,4-D
Estaprop Target Refine SG
Trophy Infinity Peak + Pardner
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
100
64
60
47
41
30
18
0 20 40 60 80 100
Buctril M
Trophy
Refine SG
2,4-D ester
Estaprop
Infinity
Target
Yield (% of control)DeJong, UG
Winter Wheat – Red Clover
Winter Wheat
Annual Grass Control
Treatment
Low Rate
$/Acre
High Rate
$/Acre
Trifluralin
Achieve
5
19
7
19
Winter Wheat
Annual Grass Control
Treflan Achieve
Bentgrass Wild oats
Barnyard grass
Green foxtail
Yellow foxtail
Treflan
• Seed the crop at least 5 cm deep
– Spatial separation between the wheat seed
and herbicide on the surface
• Apply Treflan shortly after seeding wheat
– Incorporate shallowly using drag harrows
• Used for the control of loose silky bentgrass
General Comments
Achieve
• Application timing
– 1-6 leaf stage of annual grasses
– Wild oat control is reduced if Refine is applied
before Achieve
• Tankmixes with broadleaf herbicides
– Buctril M & Infinity
– Apply other broadleaf herbicides apply 7 days
after Achieve
– Do not tankmix Achieve with Refine
General Comments
top related