what is an integrated mosquito management program?

What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program?

Janet McAllisterCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne and Enteric DiseasesFort Collins, CO

"The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."

Who does mosquito control? State Boards and Commissions Local Departments of Health/Environment County Mosquito Boards (independent taxing

districts) Individual Cities/Townships Neighborhood Associations Pest Management Professionals Private Contractors

The bigger the area covered the more effective the program.

Sliding scale of programs

Spray ProgramRelies mainly

on use of chemicals.

May have limited surveillance

Control ProgramUses Integrated

Mosquito Management of which there are 8-9 components

Integrated Pest Management

Optimization of pest control in an economically and ecologically sound manner - Apple, 1979

IPM Optimization

This is accomplished by using multiple tactics in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations at an acceptable level while providing protection against hazards to humans, animals, plants and the environment – Metcalf & Luckmann, 1982

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Allows you to decide when and where to treat for the best control based on thresholds.

Thresholds can vary depending the species or the level of disease causing organisms present in a area.

Method of surveillance conducted is driven by the biology of the local species.

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Arbovirus Transmission Cycle

AquaticPupae

Adults

Larvae

EggsTerrestrial

Weather and Climate

Food, Space,

Breeding sites

Weather and

Climate

Food, Space,

Breeding sites

Predators and

Pathogens

Incidental hosts

Vertebrate Host

Vector

Virus Virus

• Birds– Sentinel Chickens– Dead birds (public reported)– Wild birds live-captured

• Mosquito pools• Horses• Humans

– Sentinel hospitals– Suspect cases

Disease Surveillance

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Mapping = Data Management Can be as low tech as

maps on the wall

Using GPS and GIS allows for data management and analysis as well as creates good records.

GPS can be used to regulate pesticide flow and to monitor insecticide applications

GIS: Capturing Data

Maps can be scaned, digitized or hand-traced with a computer mouse to collect the coordinates of features

Site coordinates can be downloaded from GPS units

Catch Basin Mapping*Catch Basin Mapping*

* Vector control response to a West Nile virus epidemic in OhioTerry Allan . Fourth National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United StatesNew Orleans, Louisiana, February 9-11, 2003

Aerial View of Suburban DensityAerial View of Suburban Density

GIS: Data Modeling A larval density map may be related to a

vegetation cover map to identify suitable breeding sites for a mosquito vector

GIS: Data Output

Graphics may be produced on the screen or on paper to make decisions about treatments and resources allocations

Wall maps and other graphics allow the viewer to visualize and understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Physical Control = Source Reduction

Any method of physically altering mosquito breeding sites to render it unsatisfactory for completion of mosquito life cycle

Physical Control ≠ permanent Control

Water Management

Impoundment management

Water Management

Storm water retention structure managementLocal/State

guidelines may or may not cover mosquito production

Sanitation

Removal of water holding containers

Sanitation

Maintenance and repair

Water Management

Filling of low-lying depressions

Water Management

Ditching

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Biological Control - Definition

The reduction of an insect pest population by natural enemies.

The process usually involves an active human role.

Natural Control – Reduction of an insect pest population by naturally occurring organisms and environmental factors without human input.

Biological Control Agents

Predators- organisms that consume insect pests

Parasites- organisms whose immature stages develop in or on an insect pest, thus killing the pest

Pathogens- disease causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Augmentation

Most effective on aquatic mosquito life stages, i.e. egg, larva, pupa.Discrete water body habitats.Aquatic enemies easier to collect and

produce.Better residual effect.Better operational use - rear or collect,

and transport and distribute at reasonable cost.

Biological Control Agents

Predator Fish – any top minnow

Bacillus thuringiensis israelenisis, B.t.i.

Bacillus sphericusCopopods

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Chemical Control

Strategies for the chemical

control for mosquitoes

are almost 1800

opposite from those in agriculture.

Chemical Control Considerations

Treating “air” space with little deposit of material and rapid breakdown.Applications require some wind to be

presentVery small droplets are needed

Chemical Control Considerations

Applications are higher than 75 ft (helicopter) or 150 ft (fixed wing)

Aerial applicators must have special equipment and file congested area flight plans

Mosquitocides Available for MADs in the US Adulticides:

Organophosphates Naled Malathion

Pyrethroids Permethrin Pyrethrum d-phenothrin (Sumethrin) Resmethrin

Larvacides: Biologicals

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.)

Bacillus sphaericus Insect Growth Regulators

methoprene Oils Monomolecular films Organophosphate

Temophos

Other products available but not in common use

OrganophosphatesChlorpyrifos (Aerial and ground ULV)

PyrethroidsDeltamethrin (indoor - general pest label)Bifentrhrin (outdoor - general pest label)Lambda cyhalothrin (bednets, indoor and

outdoor- general pest label)

Areawide Mosquito Adulticides

Chemical Class Year usesMalathion OP 1950 Crops, livestock, home,

ornamental, forest, public health

Naled OP 1960 Crops, livestock, ornamental, greenhouses, forest, public health

Chlorpyriphos OP 1966 Crops, home, stored products, public health

Resmethrin PY 1968 House, ornamental, livestock premisis, public health

Sumethrin PY 1971 House, greenhouses, livestock premisis, ornamentals, public health

Permethrin PY 1974 Crops, livestock, public health, ornamentals, greenhouses

Pyrethrins PY* Ca 6 A.D. Crops, livestock, home, public health, ornamentals, pets, food handling establishments

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Resistance Issues

What is it? When will it arrive? Once it’s here that’s it for that chemical/class. How do I know I have it? What do I do? What roles do outside forces play in selection

for resistance? Where do I go for help?

Traditional Definition

“Insecticide resistance” describes the ability of strains of insects to survive “normally” lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations.

The time to act is before resistance reaches this level.

Improved Definition

Insecticide Resistance is a genetic change in response to selection by toxicants that may impair control in the field. (Sawicki, 1987)

Spray a population

Survivor with “something special”

Offspring of the survivor

Spray again - more survivors

More resistance in population

More resistance in population

Cross-resistance results from a common detoxification system or from target-site insensitivity.

Multiple-resistance extends to a variety of classes of insecticides with differing modes of action and different detoxification pathways.

single class of insecticidelong-residual actionslow-release formulationapply to all life states, all

generationstreat all habitat where pest occurs

How to develop Insecticide Resistance in Vectors

Cross-Resistance Relationships

Carbamates

Organophosphates

Pyrethroids

DDTIGRs

KDR

Ache

Esterases

Oxidases

Mosquito age has no effect on oxidase levels

05

1015

2025

3035

Absorbance 620 nm

Perc

enta

ge o

f Pop

ulat

ion

17 Day Adults3 Day Adults

Resistance threshold

Mosquito age has an effect on esterase levels

05

101520253035404550

Absorbance 620 nm

Perc

enta

ge o

f Pop

ulat

ion

17 Day Adults3 Day Adults

Resistance threshold

Chief Advantage of Bottle Bioassay

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE CRITICAL TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETER:

The length of time required for an insecticide to traverse intervening tissues to reach and interact with it’s target in the presence or absence of any resistance mechanism(s).

Materials for Bottle Bioassay.

Add acetone and insecticide to bottle.

Shake and rollShake and roll in all directionsin all directions

Coat bottle with insecticide.

Roll bottles.Roll bottles.

Evaporate acetone.Evaporate acetone.

Adding Mosquitoes to Treated Bottles.

Reading Data.

RotateRotatebottlebottle

Wiebull Distribution with frailty model and interval sensing components

20052006

Change in area 205 from 2005 to 2006

Pyrethroid resistance bioassay.Pyrethroid resistance bioassay.

Susceptiblepopulation

Test population

Bottle treated with:

pyrethroid only

Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.

Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)

AA

Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.

Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)

B

Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.

Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)

C

Steps to field test mosquitoes

Field Study Site in Harris County

Snapshot ResistanceSnapshot Resistance ManagementManagement

Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot

Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot

Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot

Initial Snapshot

New Snapshot

Initial Snapshot

New Snapshot

Lessons we are learning about a complex issue.

Resistance is widespread. Resistance is focal and unique. How much testing will depend on the resolution you

need, your resources and what you find. We are beginning to understand management

strategies as they apply to US control methods. Comparative testing scheme is showing that bottle

bioassays (cheapest, easiest method) are useful and compare to field tests (most expensive method).

You ignore resistance at the peril of your pocketbook.

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Legal Actions

Local, State and Federal Laws to address breeding of mosquitoes

Usually under Department of Health Sanitary Codes

Address fines and other civil actions against property owners breeding mosquitoes

Public Education and Community Outreach

Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological

ControlChemical Control

DiseaseSurveillance Mapping

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Legal Actions

Mosquitoes Only Fly As Far As Necessary For A Blood Meal

AestheticsProperty Values

DiseaseEconomics

WHY IS PUBLIC EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY OUTREACH NECESSARY?

East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control

WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH?

TO AID IN VOTER EDUCATION TO ESTABLISH A CONTROL PROGRAM

WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH?

EMPTY

DRAINFILL TREAT

TO ENCOURAGE THE CITIZENS TO DO THEIR PART IN CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION

East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control

Integrated Mosquito Management is made up of 9 components. Individual programs may employ varying degrees of these components but to be more than a spray program all 9 are present.

Successful mosquito control depends on good lines of communication and working partnerships with the public and many Local, State and Federal agencies.

(ie, Public Works, Health, Wildlife and Fisheries, Agriculture, Environmental Departments etc.)

In Summary

Food for Thought

Louisiana Mosquito Abatement Plan http://www.lsuagcenter.com/

mosquito/pdf/template.pdf Texas Dept. of Health, Vector and

Rodent Control Study Guide http://www.texasmosquito.org/

Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators and environmental managers.

http://www.floridamosquito.org American Mosquito Control

Association http://mosquito.org/

Centers for Disease Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/

westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf

Jack BaldwinBonnie BroussardMary GrodnerKurt GuidryRaquel GleiserJack LeonardJanet McAllisterRay ParsonsMike PerichMatt Yates

Slides/Photos brought to you by:Harris County Health DepartmentLouisiana Department of Health and HospitalsLSU Ag CenterLouisiana Mosquito Control AssociationTexas Mosquito Control AssociationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNew Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control BoardCollier and Indian River County Mosquito Control Districts