workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a mechanism for sustained approach towards...
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Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a mechanism for sustained approach towards mechanism for sustained approach towards Continuous and Integrated Drought Management Continuous and Integrated Drought Management
Organized by Department of Agriculture and Organized by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New DelhiCooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi
Dated: 21Dated: 21stst September 2007 September 2007
V.S.PrakashV.S.Prakash
DirectorDirector
Drought Monitoring CellDrought Monitoring Cell
An autonomous body affiliated to Dept., of S&T, Govt., of KarnatakaAn autonomous body affiliated to Dept., of S&T, Govt., of Karnataka
Karnataka State stands second only to Rajasthan in terms of total area under arid / semi-arid conditions.
Drought Prone Area (Lakh ha.)
218.
9
152.
1
125.
1
123.
7
121.
2
87.2
84.1
43.3
43
26.7
22.8
16.5
15.9
0
50
100
150
200
250
Raj
asth
an
Kar
nat
aka
A.P
Mah
aras
tra
Gu
jara
t
M.P
Tam
ilN
adu
Bih
ar
U.P
Wes
tB
eng
al
Ori
ssa
Har
yan
a
J&K
Are
a (L
akh
ha.
)
Drought is a creeping hazard
No. of Drought Prone Taluks as No. of Drought Prone Taluks as identified by the Irrigation identified by the Irrigation Commission,1972, GoI : Commission,1972, GoI : 88 taluks88 taluks
Drought definition and declaration of drought affected areas – A Review
Famine code 1950Famine code 1950
The Famine code 1950 contemplated thatapart from the failure of rain the following symptoms demand attention as being warnings of possible distress:1.Contraction of credits2.Restlessness indicated by an increase of crime3.Unusual movements of flocks and herds of cattle in search of pasturage4.Unusual migration of people5.Rapid rise in prices of common foodstuffs6.Great decrease in traveling by rail and attendance at festivals7.Abnormal unemployment8.Abnormal variations in the consumption of alcoholic liquor and9.Abnormal sale by ryots of gold, silver and jewels at inadequate prices10.Falling prices of meat11.Cattle deaths and diseases12.Starvation deaths
Guidelines for identifying drought affected areas:
The same guidelines were followed in Karnataka up to 2003:The same guidelines were followed in Karnataka up to 2003:
Agricultural drought : Based on dry spell (Agriculture Commission, 1974)
Crops require soil moisture of different levels during different growth Crops require soil moisture of different levels during different growth stages: stages: -initial stage,-initial stage,-crop development stage, -crop development stage, -mid-season stage and -mid-season stage and -late season stage-late season stage
DROUGHT INDICATORS
Inadequacy of RainfallVariability of rainfall coefficient of variation Frequency of occurrence of different ranges of rainfallDeficiency of rainfallErratic distribution of rainfall (over time & space) (Dryspell
and Interspell duration)Soil moisture stressAridity Index/Moisture Adequacy IndexDecreased Society activityCrop lossesIrrigation facilitiesLevels of Dams, Tanks, Rivers, NalasGroundwater levelsMigration – Human and Animals
Based on sowing pattern.Based on sowing pattern.
Based on Dryspell (National Agricultural Commission 1976)Based on Dryspell (National Agricultural Commission 1976)
Based on Soil moisture stress (Aridity anomaly)Based on Soil moisture stress (Aridity anomaly)
Based on Crop water budgeting.Based on Crop water budgeting.
Based on Adequacy of rainfall for agricultural requirement.Based on Adequacy of rainfall for agricultural requirement.
Satellite based assessment of Crop conditionSatellite based assessment of Crop condition
Based on results of Crop cutting experiments.Based on results of Crop cutting experiments.
Ground truth data through weekly field reports from the Ground truth data through weekly field reports from the
taluks on the agriculture activities and crop condition.taluks on the agriculture activities and crop condition.
Guidelines for Agricultural drought :Guidelines for Agricultural drought :
Fig no. 21 : Weekly Reservoir Level: K.R.S. Reservoir (Cauvery Basin)River : Cauvery Location: Mysore, Mysore district
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
STANDARD WEEKS
Res
ervo
ir L
evel
in F
eet
Max. level(Last 10 Yrs)
Avg.(Last 10Yrs.)
2002 Levels
2003 levels
2004 levels
Drought Monitoring Cell
DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004
(Upto 22.11.2004)
Area in lakh hects.
Sl. Crops Area % of sown
No. affected by area
dry spell affected
1 2 11 12
2 Chitradurga 0.13 21
3 Davanagere 0.11 82
4 Gadag 0.35 13
5 Haveri 0.32 41
6 Belgaum 0.23 8
7 Bijapur 1.81 35
8 Bagalkot 0.25 9
9 Raichur 0.76 26
10 Koppal 0.31 22
11 Bellary 0.23 19
12 Gulbarga 0.72 13
STATE: 5.23 17
MYSOREMysore
0
0
0
148
83
83
0
0
0
117
84
47
47
34
57
57
57
57
52
35
27
101
123
35
34
85
84
76
92
182
162
162
147
174
187
225
62
62
62
186
183
179
180
192
192
192
190
112
75
137
164
187
158
102
188
170
128
148
96
166
149
70
126
151
174
404
92
92
92
93
93
94
88
88
87
109
131
145
50
74
71
188
346
196
331
33
33
32
51
17
25
23
60
111
651925
597
515
35
34
33
33
32
32
35
36
37
650
365
130
83
155
599
23
24
25
26
28
29
(mm)
- -
%RF%
-- -
CWRRF
(mm)
(ha.)
Sown
Ragi
Std.
Week
205
11258
CWR
--
CWR
- -
%
26315459
RF
(mm)
194
---
(mm)
%RFCWR
CROPWATER BUDGETING FOR DIFFERENT CROPS SOWN IN SELECTED TALUKS DURING KHARIF 2000
Late Season StageCrop Dev. StageInitial StageAreaSowing Middle Season StageCropDistrictTaluk
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3
30.5 29.5 28.5 27.9 27.2 26.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.2 27.3 26.7 26.2 24.7 25.1 25.2 25.525.0 24.9 24.8 24.8
650
365
25.8 26.5 27.324.8 25.0
1925
597
515
130
83
155
599
Crop Water Budgeting Studies – cropwise, talukwise
Satellite based drought monitoring as a collaborative study with National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), GOI, Hyderabad.
Standard Precipitation Index – A case study Kolar• Precipitation data from 1901-2004 Precipitation data from 1901-2004
• Time scale- June, July, Aug, Sept, Kharif, Oct, Nov, Dec, Rabi, AnnualTime scale- June, July, Aug, Sept, Kharif, Oct, Nov, Dec, Rabi, Annual
Year - 2002 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in
Talukcode RG station June July Aug Sept Kharif Oct Nov Dec Rabi annual
30001 BAGEPALLI 0.00 -1.33 -1.03 -0.68 -1.80 -0.61 -0.82 0.15 -1.07 -1.76
30002 BANGARAPET 0.20 -1.03 -1.07 0.08 -0.95 -0.96 -0.79 0.08 -1.62 -1.33
30003CHIKKABALLAPURA 0.35 -1.94 -1.14 -1.28 -2.08 -1.13 -1.15 -0.05 -1.93 -2.11
30004 CHINTAMANI 1.15 -2.13 -0.78 0.14 -0.47 0.26 0.05 -1.05 -0.10 -0.47
30005 GAURIBIDANUR 0.71 -1.74 -0.58 -1.07 -1.47 -0.89 -0.52 -0.67 -1.37 -1.57
30006 GUDIBANDA 0.05 -0.58 -0.39 -0.58 -1.16 -0.73 -0.88 -0.80 -1.62 -1.53
30007 KOLAR 0.20 -2.37 -1.25 0.32 -0.99 -0.06 -1.02 -0.30 -0.83 -0.79
30008 MALUR 1.25 -0.86 -1.64 0.04 -0.43 0.28 -0.49 -0.67 -0.30 0.05
30009 MULABAGILU 1.82 -2.79 -2.69 -0.16 -0.47 0.17 -0.71 -1.14 -0.61 -0.56
30010 SIDLAGHATTA 0.37 -2.31 -1.55 -1.39 -2.30 -0.60 -1.19 0.14 -1.35 -2.33
30011 SRINIVASAPURA 0.61 -2.78 -1.63 0.13 -1.21 -0.03 -0.83 -0.99 -0.77 -1.02
Severely Dry (-1.99 to -1.50) Near Normal (-0.99 to 0.99)
Moderately Wet (1.00 to 1.49) Very wet (1.50 to 2.00)
Moderately Dry (-1.49 to -1.00)
Standard Precipitation Index- kolar-2002
Standard Precipitation Index - KOLAR 2002
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
BA
GEP
ALL
I
BA
NG
AR
APE
T
CH
IKK
AB
ALL
APU
RA
CH
INTA
MA
NI
GA
UR
IBID
AN
UR
GU
DIB
AN
DA
KO
LAR
MA
LUR
MU
LAB
AG
ILU
SID
LAG
HA
TTA
SRIN
IVA
SAPU
RA
RG Station
SPI v
alue
June
July
Aug
Sept
Kharif
Oct
Nov
Dec
Rabi
annual
Meteorological Drought based on SPI in the year 2002 for the chosen time scales
June 2002June 2002 July 2002July 2002 Aug 2002Aug 2002 Sept 2002Sept 2002 Kharif 2002Kharif 2002
Oct 2002Oct 2002 Nov 2002Nov 2002 Dec 2002Dec 2002Rabi 2002 Rabi 2002
Annual 2002Annual 2002
Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the years (1998-2004)
Time Scale : July month
July 1998July 1998 July 1999 July 1999
July 2004 July 2004 July 2003 July 2003 July 2002 July 2002
July 2001 July 2001 July 2000July 2000
Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the years (1998-2004)
Time Scale : KHARIF ( June-September)
Kharif 1998Kharif 1998 Kharif 1999 Kharif 1999
Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2002 Kharif 2002
Kharif 2001 Kharif 2001 Kharif 2000Kharif 2000
Drought
Present Monitoring System: Taluk as a unit - 176 taluks,Non-Recording/SRRG’s, manual data recording, transmission through fax/ telegram/phone/e-mail/by post
Variability with in the taluk is not being capturedVariability with in the taluk is not being captured
Proposed Monitoring System : Phase I Phase I : Hobli as a unit: Hobli as a unitPhase II :Phase II : 1. Gram Panchayath as a unit – 5200 GP’s, 1. Gram Panchayath as a unit – 5200 GP’s,
Telemetric, real time data acquisition and Telemetric, real time data acquisition and transmission transmission
2. Color Doppler Weather Radars2. Color Doppler Weather Radars
Every tip is measured
Stored rainfall data is sent via
SMS
SMS is received
by remote server It is decoded
and stored in database
The server or any other computer can analyse the
data and produce maps and reports
Working principle
Central Server archives data, analyses it and
produces reports, graphs, maps etc.
GSM Tower GSM Network
Typical large setup – Drought Monitoring
Each unit is
programmed to send
messages sequentially
Central remote server gets messages
through the GSM network
Drought guidelines being followed since 2004Drought guidelines being followed since 2004
The successive drought situations during 2001- 04 The successive drought situations during 2001- 04 brought issues before the Government which were brought issues before the Government which were discussed in the Cabinet Sub Committee.discussed in the Cabinet Sub Committee.
The short comings in the existing guidelines were The short comings in the existing guidelines were realizedrealized
New guidelines were formulated, during 2004, for New guidelines were formulated, during 2004, for identifying drought affected areas which are being identifying drought affected areas which are being followed by Government of Karnataka since 2004.followed by Government of Karnataka since 2004.
The Taluks facing different types of drought are being identified and periodically ted by The Taluks facing different types of drought are being identified and periodically ted by DMC. In the Taluks experiencing only Hydrological drought, the villages falling under DMC. In the Taluks experiencing only Hydrological drought, the villages falling under semi-critical, critical and over exploited category preparedness measures required to semi-critical, critical and over exploited category preparedness measures required to mitigate drinking water problem. mitigate drinking water problem.
The assessment of the situation for the Metrological and Agricultural Drought are to be The assessment of the situation for the Metrological and Agricultural Drought are to be done by considering prevailing situation as on mid of July and reviewed with the done by considering prevailing situation as on mid of July and reviewed with the progress of the season. In case the Hydrological and Agricultural situation improves by progress of the season. In case the Hydrological and Agricultural situation improves by the end of the season, the areas declared as drought affected are to be de-notified. the end of the season, the areas declared as drought affected are to be de-notified.
The Hydrological Drought is assessed at the end of the November month.The Hydrological Drought is assessed at the end of the November month.
CRF/NCCF funds not to be released to the villages falling under semi CRF/NCCF funds not to be released to the villages falling under semi critical/critical/over exploited categories, wherein growing water intensive crops like critical/critical/over exploited categories, wherein growing water intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane are grown using groundwater. paddy and sugarcane are grown using groundwater.
Ground water to be used for irrigating semi dry crops and less water intensive Ground water to be used for irrigating semi dry crops and less water intensive horticulture crops in over exploited areas (area specific crops to be listed).horticulture crops in over exploited areas (area specific crops to be listed).
In the taluks facing hydrological drought, only works related to ground water recharge In the taluks facing hydrological drought, only works related to ground water recharge activities are to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully plugging, de-silting of activities are to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully plugging, de-silting of ponds/minor irrigation tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction of percolation ponds/minor irrigation tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction of percolation ponds, sub-surface dykes, recharge pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches etc.ponds, sub-surface dykes, recharge pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches etc.
Cultivation of crops like paddy and sugarcane to be completely banned in groundwater Cultivation of crops like paddy and sugarcane to be completely banned in groundwater overexploited areas overexploited areas
Sanction of fresh borewells to be taken up strictly under the orders of Deputy Sanction of fresh borewells to be taken up strictly under the orders of Deputy Commissioners. Commissioners. However, permission could be accorded to incur expenditure on pipes, energization, However, permission could be accorded to incur expenditure on pipes, energization, improving well efficiency, pumping efficiency, conveyance efficiency and distribution improving well efficiency, pumping efficiency, conveyance efficiency and distribution efficiency.efficiency.Small bhandaras to be constructed in the rivers around townships.Small bhandaras to be constructed in the rivers around townships.
During 2nd consecutive year of drought and beyond, storage in surface water bodies During 2nd consecutive year of drought and beyond, storage in surface water bodies falling in ground water over developed areas to be used for ground water recharge and falling in ground water over developed areas to be used for ground water recharge and drinking water purposes only. The sluice gate of surface water bodies to be closed drinking water purposes only. The sluice gate of surface water bodies to be closed during such years.during such years.
Efficiency of drinking water schemes to be assessed (well yield characteristics, aquifer Efficiency of drinking water schemes to be assessed (well yield characteristics, aquifer capability, water lifting efficiency, distribution efficiency, delivery efficiency etc.) and capability, water lifting efficiency, distribution efficiency, delivery efficiency etc.) and measures taken to rectify technical and management lacunae.measures taken to rectify technical and management lacunae.
EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs)(Rs.in lakhs)
FIREFIRE FLOOD FLOOD DRINKING DRINKING EMPLOYEMPLOY FODDERFODDER DROUGHTDROUGHT EARTHEARTH TOTALTOTAL
YearYear ACCIDENTACCIDENT RELIEFRELIEF WATERWATER MENTMENT SUPPLYSUPPLY RELIEFRELIEF QUAKEQUAKE EXPENDI-EXPENDI-
RELIEFRELIEF SUPPLYSUPPLY GENERATIONGENERATION TURETURE
1991-1991-20002000 1,618.791,618.79 22,840.3022,840.30 10,119.3710,119.37 5,443.425,443.42 415.15415.15 19,999.3319,999.33 372.56372.56 47,388.8547,388.85
2000-2000-20072007 1,148.491,148.49 82,714.2182,714.21 33,737.6733,737.67 51,067.2151,067.21 3,247.273,247.27 91,481.4991,481.49 1,033.351,033.35 1,91,220.761,91,220.76
1991-1991-20072007 2,767.282,767.28 1,05,554.511,05,554.51 43,857.0443,857.04 56,510.6356,510.63 3,662.423,662.42 1,11,480.821,11,480.82 1,405.911,405.91 2,38,609.612,38,609.61
0.00
706
0.00
609
0.00
395
0.00
279
0.00
213
0.00
211
0.00
203
0.00
192
0.00
184
0.00
176
0.00
165
0.00
145
0.00
117
0.00
094
0.00
091
0.00
090
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0.00
082
0.00
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0.00
070
0.00
066
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059
0.00
054
0.00
051
0.00
078
0.0000
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0.0020
0.00300.0040
0.0050
0.0060
0.0070
0.0080
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Statewise pattern of Calamity Relief Fund allocation During 2000-05 expressed as Lakhs/person
1.34
560.
9561
0.95
250.
7255
0.71
580.
6295
0.53
690.
4548
0.43
650.
4310
0.40
960.
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0.38
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0.0000000.2000000.4000000.6000000.8000001.0000001.2000001.4000001.600000
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Statewise pattern of Calamity Relief Fund allocation During 2000-05 expressed as Lakhs/sq. km
Total CRF allocation for 2000-2005 to Karnataka
as per 11th Finance Commission…………………… 41,204 Lakhs
Central Share of CRF during 2000-05………………. 30,903 Lakhs
NCCF Releases during 2002-05……………………… 57,697 Lakhs
Total money spent by State Govt.
during 2000-05 ………………………….. 1,02,896 Lakhs
• Following measures are to be taken up for over Following measures are to be taken up for over coming constraints prevailing in drought monitoring coming constraints prevailing in drought monitoring and managementand management
– Establishing telemetric rain gauges at Gram Panchayath levelEstablishing telemetric rain gauges at Gram Panchayath level
– Establishing weather stations at taluk levelEstablishing weather stations at taluk level
– Working out areas specific threshold rainfall value for various Working out areas specific threshold rainfall value for various crops and threshold yield values for various agricultural and crops and threshold yield values for various agricultural and horticultural cropshorticultural crops
– Monitoring of Minor Irrigation tank levels and other reservoir Monitoring of Minor Irrigation tank levels and other reservoir levels on weekly basislevels on weekly basis
– Monitoring ground water levels at Gram Panchayath level in Monitoring ground water levels at Gram Panchayath level in Groundwater over developed areas, i.e semi critical Groundwater over developed areas, i.e semi critical /critical / overexploited villages/critical / overexploited villages
•Drought is a creeping natural hazard.Drought is a creeping natural hazard.
Effective monitoring of Drought Indicators Effective monitoring of Drought Indicators provides tools for decision support system provides tools for decision support system for managing and mitigation of droughtfor managing and mitigation of drought
There is needThere is need to bring in more science in to to bring in more science in to drought monitoring / management / drought monitoring / management / mitigation mitigation
Feasibility for Continuous and Integrated Drought Feasibility for Continuous and Integrated Drought ManagementManagement
• ARC recommendations is supportedARC recommendations is supported• The end products, clientele, resolution of products The end products, clientele, resolution of products
requires small platforms linked to regional networks requires small platforms linked to regional networks to regional centre for excellences to the NRAA to regional centre for excellences to the NRAA
Thank YouThank You
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