an age of exploration and isolation 1400-1800
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An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and IsolationIsolation
1400-18001400-1800By the early 1400s, Europeans were By the early 1400s, Europeans were
ready to venture beyond their borders. ready to venture beyond their borders. The Renaissance encouraged, among The Renaissance encouraged, among other things, a new spirit of adventure other things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. This unit describes how and curiosity. This unit describes how
European exploration began a long European exploration began a long process that would bring together the process that would bring together the peoples of many different lands and peoples of many different lands and
permanently change the world.permanently change the world.
An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and IsolationIsolation• I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way• III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian
OceanOcean• IV. China Rejects European OutreachIV. China Rejects European Outreach• V. Japan Limits Western ContactsV. Japan Limits Western Contacts
An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and IsolationIsolation
Europeans had not been Europeans had not been completely isolated completely isolated from the rest of the from the rest of the world before the world before the 1400s.1400s.
• Beginning around Beginning around 1100, European 1100, European crusaders battled crusaders battled Muslims for control of Muslims for control of the Holy Lands in the the Holy Lands in the Middle East.Middle East.
• In 1275, the Italian In 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo trader Marco Polo reached the court of reached the court of Kublai Khan in China.Kublai Khan in China.
An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and IsolationIsolation• For the most part, however, For the most part, however,
Europeans had neither the interest nor Europeans had neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands.the ability to explore foreign lands.
• That changed by the 1400s.That changed by the 1400s.• The desire to grow rich and to spread The desire to grow rich and to spread
Christianity, coupled with advances in Christianity, coupled with advances in sailing technology, spurred an age of sailing technology, spurred an age of European exploration.European exploration.
I. Motivation for I. Motivation for ExplorationExploration
I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• 1. The desire to get rich was the main reason 1. The desire to get rich was the main reason
for European exploration.for European exploration.• The trade for spices and other luxury goods The trade for spices and other luxury goods
from Asia, introduced during the Crusades, from Asia, introduced during the Crusades, had become a profitable business.had become a profitable business.
I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• The Muslims and the Italians controlled the trade The Muslims and the Italians controlled the trade
of goods from East to West.of goods from East to West.• Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants,
who controlled trade across land routes of Europe.who controlled trade across land routes of Europe.• The Italian merchants resold the items at The Italian merchants resold the items at
increased prices to merchants throughout Europe.increased prices to merchants throughout Europe.• By the 1400s, European merchants, as well as the By the 1400s, European merchants, as well as the
monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France, monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France, sought to bypass the Italian merchants who cut sought to bypass the Italian merchants who cut into their profits.into their profits.
I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• 2. The desire to spread 2. The desire to spread
Christianity also fueled Christianity also fueled European exploration.European exploration.
• The crusades left feelings The crusades left feelings of hostility between of hostility between Christians and Muslims.Christians and Muslims.
• European nations believed European nations believed they had a sacred duty they had a sacred duty not only to continue not only to continue fighting Muslims, but to fighting Muslims, but to convert non-Christians convert non-Christians throughout the world.throughout the world.
I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• 3. Advances in technology made the voyages of 3. Advances in technology made the voyages of
discovery possible.discovery possible.• In the 1400s shipbuilders designed a new vessel, the In the 1400s shipbuilders designed a new vessel, the
caravel. The ship was sturdier and included large caravel. The ship was sturdier and included large triangular sails.triangular sails.
I. Motivation for ExplorationI. Motivation for Exploration• The astrolabe, which The astrolabe, which
Muslims had Muslims had perfected, helped perfected, helped captains sight stars captains sight stars and tell how far north and tell how far north or south of the or south of the equator he was.equator he was.
• The magnetic The magnetic compass, invented by compass, invented by the Chinese, also the Chinese, also helped.helped.
II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way
II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way• The European leader in The European leader in
developing and applying developing and applying these sailing innovations was these sailing innovations was Portugal.Portugal.
• Led by Prince Henry the Led by Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal Navigator, Portugal conquered the Muslim city of conquered the Muslim city of Cueta in North Africa in 1415.Cueta in North Africa in 1415.
• There, he saw the dazzling There, he saw the dazzling wealth that lay beyond wealth that lay beyond Europe.Europe.
• The Portuguese invaders The Portuguese invaders found spices, gold, silver, and found spices, gold, silver, and jewels.jewels.
II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way• In 1419, Henry founded a In 1419, Henry founded a
navigation school in navigation school in Portugal.Portugal.
• Map makers, instrument Map makers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect gathered there to perfect their trade.their trade.
• By the time Henry died in By the time Henry died in 1460, the Portuguese had 1460, the Portuguese had established a series of established a series of trading posts along the trading posts along the western coast of Africa.western coast of Africa.
• There, they traded for gold, There, they traded for gold, ivory, and eventually slaves.ivory, and eventually slaves.
II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way• The Portuguese believed that The Portuguese believed that
to reach Asia by sea, they to reach Asia by sea, they would have to sail around the would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa.southern tip of Africa.
• In 1487, Bartolomeu Diaz In 1487, Bartolomeu Diaz reached the southern tip of reached the southern tip of Africa.Africa.
• As he arrived, a huge storm As he arrived, a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for rose and battered his fleet for days.days.
• When the storm ended, Diaz When the storm ended, Diaz realized his ships had been realized his ships had been blown around the tip.blown around the tip.
• Exhausted and low on Exhausted and low on supplies, he returned home.supplies, he returned home.
II. Portugal Leads the WayII. Portugal Leads the Way• In 1498, the In 1498, the
Portuguese Portuguese explorer Vasco da explorer Vasco da Gama reached the Gama reached the port of Calicut, port of Calicut, India.India.
• Da Gama filled the Da Gama filled the ships with spices ships with spices and returned to and returned to Portugal to a Portugal to a hero’s welcome.hero’s welcome.
III. Trading Empires in the III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanIndian Ocean
III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanOcean• With da Gama’s voyage, Europeans With da Gama’s voyage, Europeans
finally opened direct sea trade with finally opened direct sea trade with Asia.Asia.
• They also opened an era of violent They also opened an era of violent conflict in the East.conflict in the East.
• European nations scrambled to establish European nations scrambled to establish profitable trading outposts along the profitable trading outposts along the shores of South and Southeast Asia.shores of South and Southeast Asia.
• And all the while they battled the And all the while they battled the region’s inhabitants and each other.region’s inhabitants and each other.
III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanOcean• Portugal built a bustling trading empire throughout Portugal built a bustling trading empire throughout
the Indian Ocean, taking control of the spice trade the Indian Ocean, taking control of the spice trade from Muslim merchants.from Muslim merchants.
III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanOcean• Portuguese merchants brought back goods Portuguese merchants brought back goods
from Asia at about a fifth of what they cost from Asia at about a fifth of what they cost when purchased through the Arabs and when purchased through the Arabs and Italians.Italians.
• Portugal’s success attracted the attention Portugal’s success attracted the attention of other European nations.of other European nations.
• Beginning around 1600, the English and Beginning around 1600, the English and the Dutch broke Portuguese control of the the Dutch broke Portuguese control of the Asian region.Asian region.
III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanOcean• The Dutch Republic is also known as the The Dutch Republic is also known as the
Netherlands, or Holland.Netherlands, or Holland.• Both the English and Dutch formed an East India Both the English and Dutch formed an East India
Company to establish and direct trade Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia.throughout Asia.
• These companies had the power to mint money, These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and even raise their own armies.make treaties, and even raise their own armies.
• The Dutch East India Company was richer and The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful and eventually drove out the more powerful and eventually drove out the English.English.
III. Trading Empires in the Indian III. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanOcean• European traders did gain control of European traders did gain control of
numerous port cities throughout the numerous port cities throughout the region.region.
• However, their influence rarely spread However, their influence rarely spread beyond the ports into the country’s beyond the ports into the country’s interiorinterior
• European traders who sailed farther east European traders who sailed farther east to seek riches in China and Japan had to seek riches in China and Japan had even less success in spreading Western even less success in spreading Western culture.culture.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach
Europeans made healthy profits in the Indian Europeans made healthy profits in the Indian Ocean trade. Looking for additional sources Ocean trade. Looking for additional sources of wealth, they sought a trading relationship of wealth, they sought a trading relationship
with China. By the time westerners arrived in with China. By the time westerners arrived in the 1500s, China had driven out its Mongol the 1500s, China had driven out its Mongol
rulers and had united under the Ming rulers and had united under the Ming Dynasty.Dynasty.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach• China had become the China had become the
dominant power in the dominant power in the region under the rule of region under the rule of the Ming Dynasty (1368-the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).1644).
• In recognition of China’s In recognition of China’s power, vassal nations from power, vassal nations from Korea to Southeast Asia Korea to Southeast Asia paid their Ming overlords paid their Ming overlords regular tribute.regular tribute.
• The Ming rulers would not The Ming rulers would not let outsiders threaten the let outsiders threaten the peace and prosperity they peace and prosperity they had brought to China.had brought to China.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach • In 1405, before Europeans In 1405, before Europeans
began to sail beyond their began to sail beyond their borders, China launched borders, China launched the first of seven voyages the first of seven voyages of exploration, led by of exploration, led by Muslim admiral named Muslim admiral named Zheng He.Zheng He.
• Everything about the Everything about the expeditions was large – expeditions was large – distances traveled, size of distances traveled, size of the fleet, and the fleet, and measurements of the measurements of the ships themselves.ships themselves.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach• The voyages roamed from The voyages roamed from
Southeast Asia and India Southeast Asia and India to Arabia and East Africa.to Arabia and East Africa.
• China wanted to impress China wanted to impress the world with its power the world with its power and hoped to expand its and hoped to expand its tribute system.tribute system.
• Each expedition included: Each expedition included: 40 to 300 ships, fighting 40 to 300 ships, fighting vessels, storage ships up vessels, storage ships up to 440 feet long, and up to 440 feet long, and up to 27,000 crewmen, to 27,000 crewmen, including sailors, soldiers, including sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.religious leaders.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach• Everywhere Zheng He Everywhere Zheng He
went, he distributed gifts, went, he distributed gifts, such as gold, silver, silk, such as gold, silver, silk, and scented oils, to show and scented oils, to show Chinese superiority.Chinese superiority.
• Many Chinese scholars Many Chinese scholars felt these voyages felt these voyages wasted valuable wasted valuable resources.resources.
• After the seventh voyage After the seventh voyage ended in 1433, there ended in 1433, there were no more.were no more.
• China withdrew into a China withdrew into a self-sufficient isolation.self-sufficient isolation.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach• China’s official trade policies in the 1500s China’s official trade policies in the 1500s
reflected its isolation.reflected its isolation.• Only the government was to conduct foreign Only the government was to conduct foreign
trade through three coastal ports.trade through three coastal ports.• Merchants turned to smuggling to meet the Merchants turned to smuggling to meet the
demands for Chinese goods.demands for Chinese goods.• Industries such as silk making and ceramics Industries such as silk making and ceramics
grew rapidly.grew rapidly.• However, China did not industrialize because However, China did not industrialize because
commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs and taxes on manufacturing and trade and taxes on manufacturing and trade skyrocketed.skyrocketed.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach
• In 1644, the Manchus invaded In 1644, the Manchus invaded China and the Ming Dynasty China and the Ming Dynasty collapsed after ruling for over collapsed after ruling for over 200 years.200 years.
• Calling themselves the Qing Calling themselves the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus would Dynasty, the Manchus would rule for more than 260 years.rule for more than 260 years.
• Many Chinese resisted rule by Many Chinese resisted rule by the non-Chinese Manchus, the non-Chinese Manchus, however, they slowly earned however, they slowly earned the people’s respect.the people’s respect.
• They upheld China’s They upheld China’s traditional Confusian beliefs, traditional Confusian beliefs, made the country’s frontiers made the country’s frontiers safe, and restored China’s safe, and restored China’s prosperity.prosperity.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreachManchus Continue a Policy of Isolation:Manchus Continue a Policy of Isolation:• To the Chinese, their country had been the cultural To the Chinese, their country had been the cultural
center of the universe for two thousand years.center of the universe for two thousand years.• If foreign states wished to trade with China, they If foreign states wished to trade with China, they
had to follow Chinese rules.had to follow Chinese rules.• Foreign diplomats paid tribute to China’s emperor Foreign diplomats paid tribute to China’s emperor
through gifts and by performing the required through gifts and by performing the required “kowtow” ritual.“kowtow” ritual.
• This ritual involved their kneeling in front of the This ritual involved their kneeling in front of the emperor and touching their heads to the ground emperor and touching their heads to the ground nine times.nine times.
IV. China Rejects European IV. China Rejects European OutreachOutreach• The Dutch accepted The Dutch accepted
these restrictions and these restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Chinese accepted them as a trading them as a trading partner.partner.
• The Dutch returned The Dutch returned home with porcelains, home with porcelains, silk, and tea.silk, and tea.
• By 1800, tea would By 1800, tea would make up 80 percent make up 80 percent of shipments to of shipments to Europe.Europe.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactsContacts
The Tokugawa regime unifies The Tokugawa regime unifies Japan and begins a 200-year Japan and begins a 200-year
period of isolation, autocracy, and period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth.economic growth.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact
• Japan had long been Japan had long been ruled by a series of ruled by a series of shogunsshoguns, or supreme , or supreme military dictators.military dictators.
• In 1467, civil war In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s shattered Japan’s feudal system.feudal system.
• The county collapsed The county collapsed into chaos.into chaos.
• Power drained away Power drained away from the shogun to from the shogun to territorial lords in territorial lords in hundreds of separate hundreds of separate domains.domains.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact• This violent era of disorder which lasted from 1467 This violent era of disorder which lasted from 1467 to 1568 is known as the Sengoku, or “Warring to 1568 is known as the Sengoku, or “Warring States” period.States” period.
• Powerful samurai seized control and offered Powerful samurai seized control and offered peasants and others protection for their loyalty.peasants and others protection for their loyalty.
• These warrior-chieftains, called daimyo, became These warrior-chieftains, called daimyo, became lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism.lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism.
• Rival daimyo often fought each other for territory.Rival daimyo often fought each other for territory.• This led to endless disorder throughout the land.This led to endless disorder throughout the land.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact
• A number of ambitious A number of ambitious daimyo hoped to gather daimyo hoped to gather enough power to take enough power to take control of the entire control of the entire country.country.
• In 1600, Tokugawa In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated his Ieyasu defeated his rivals and unified Japan rivals and unified Japan as the Tokugawa as the Tokugawa Shogunate which would Shogunate which would continue until 1868.continue until 1868.
• The Tokugawa shoguns The Tokugawa shoguns rule brought a welcome rule brought a welcome stability to Japan.stability to Japan.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact
• The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, when shipwrecked Portuguese sailors washed up on when shipwrecked Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of southern Japan.the shores of southern Japan.
• Portuguese merchants soon followed with clocks, Portuguese merchants soon followed with clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, and other unfamiliar eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, and other unfamiliar items.items.
• Japanese merchants were interested in the Japanese merchants were interested in the newcomers’ goods and the daimyo were interested newcomers’ goods and the daimyo were interested in the muskets and cannons.in the muskets and cannons.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact • Firearms forever Firearms forever
changed the time-changed the time-honored tradition of honored tradition of the Japanese warrior, the Japanese warrior, whose principal whose principal weapon had been the weapon had been the sword.sword.
• Many samurai, who Many samurai, who retained the sword as retained the sword as their principal weapon, their principal weapon, would lose their lives to would lose their lives to musket fire in future musket fire in future combat.combat.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact• In 1549, Christian In 1549, Christian
missionaries began missionaries began arriving in Japan.arriving in Japan.
• By 1600, By 1600, missionaries missionaries converted about converted about 300,000 Japanese 300,000 Japanese to Christianity.to Christianity.
• The success of the The success of the missionaries upset missionaries upset Tokugawa Ieyasu.Tokugawa Ieyasu.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact• Missionaries, actively Missionaries, actively
seeking converts, seeking converts, scorned traditional scorned traditional Japanese beliefs and Japanese beliefs and involved themselves in involved themselves in local politics.local politics.
• In 1637, an uprising in In 1637, an uprising in southern Japan shook southern Japan shook the Tokugawa regime.the Tokugawa regime.
• Because so many of the Because so many of the rebels were Christians, rebels were Christians, the Shoguns ruthlessly the Shoguns ruthlessly persecuted Christians.persecuted Christians.
V. Japan Limits Western V. Japan Limits Western ContactContact• By 1639, Japan instituted a “closed By 1639, Japan instituted a “closed
country policy.”country policy.”• Only one port, Nagasaki, remained Only one port, Nagasaki, remained
opened to foreign traders.opened to foreign traders.• However, only Dutch and Chinese However, only Dutch and Chinese
merchants were allowed into the port.merchants were allowed into the port.• For more than 200 years, Japan For more than 200 years, Japan
remained basically closed to remained basically closed to Europeans.Europeans.