an ela crct review
DESCRIPTION
An ELA CRCT Review. Pronoun Agreement. Basic Principle. A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent ) and must agree in number — singular/plural — with the thing to which it refers. Example: Bryan lost his book. (His is pronoun that refers to Bryan. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
An ELA CRCT Review
Pronoun Agreement
Basic Principle
A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent) and must agree in number — singular/plural — with the thing to which it refers. Example: Bryan lost his book. (His is
pronoun that refers to Bryan. Example: The book had Dawn’s name
written inside its cover. (Its agrees in number with book, which is the antecedent.)
Singular and Plural Pronouns Singular
Pronouns:1. anyone, anybody,
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, and nobody
Also always singular:
1. Either2. Neither
Plural Pronouns: Both, few, many,
several Special Case:
All, any, more most, none, some
These may be singular or plural, depending on their meaning in a sentence.
Pronoun Agreement Rules3. The need for pronoun-antecedent
agreement can create gender problems. One can pluralize to avoid the problem. Each student must see his counselor
before the end of the semester. Students must see their counselor
before the end of the semester.
Pronoun Agreement Rules5. Use a singular pronoun to refer to
two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor. Juan or Michael will bring his soccer
ball. Neither the mother nor the daughter
had forgotten her running shoes.
Parts of a Sentence
Subjects
Who or what a clause, phrase, or sentence is about.
Verbs (Predicates)
What a subject is doing; what is being done to it; state of being Verbs and subjects must agree in
number▪ 2 singular subjects joined by and: verb is
plural▪ 2 singular subjects connected by either… or,
or neither… nor, the verb is singular▪ 2 plural subjects connected by either… or, or
neither… nor, the verb is plural
Modifiers
Adjectives Modify nouns and pronouns Answer questions which one, what kind,
how many, how much Adverbs
Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
Answer questions how, when, where, to what extent
Objects
Direct object – noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. I have read the book.
Indirect object – noun or pronoun for whom or to whom something was done. I read the class the entire book.
Object of a preposition – answers the question whom or what after the preposition.
Phrases
Prepositional phrases – made up of preposition plus object. Generally show location. Common prepositions: about, above,
according to, along, at, by, down, except, for, in, into, inside, outside, since, within, without.
Infinitive phrase – the word “to” plus a verb
Gerund phrase – the “-ing” form of the verb
Clauses
Group of related words which contain a subject and verb. Independent clause: contains subject,
verb, makes sense by itself. Dependent clause: may contain subject
and verb, but does not make sense by itself - fragment
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join words that link parts of sentences
FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
Sentences
Kinds: Declarative (statement), Imperative
(command), Interrogative (question), Exclamatory (strong feeling)
Patterns: S+V, S+V+O, S+V+IO+O
Forms Simple, compound, complex, compound-
complex
Punctuation
Commas 1
Use with coordinate conjunctions: FANBOYS
Use to separate main clauses within a sentence or items in a series
Use with introductory elements Use with dates (December 7, 1941) Use with addresses (3301 Shoals
School Rd, Douglasville, GA) Use with numbers (1,345,000)
Commas 2
Use with parenthetical expressions (John’s car, in my opinion, is a clunker.)
With adjectives (We felt the salty, humid air near the beach.)
Semicolons
Join related main clauses when a coordinating conjunction is not used (Sally built a tree house; she painted it blue.).
Work with conjunctive adverbs to join main clauses (I would like to go with you; however, I must visit my grandmother.)
Separate clauses when joined by words such as accordingly, besides, however, afterwards, consequently, furthermore, therefore.
Colons End main clauses and introduce
modifications Frank introduced four kinds of fish into his new
aquarium: three angels, six tetras, a pair of Bala sharks, and a spotted catfish.
Other uses Business letter salutation – Dear Mr. Brown: Title with subtitle – Dudes, My Story Biblical citation – Genesis 1:1 Bibliographic entries – Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co.
Apostrophes
Possession Add ‘s to form the possessive of singular
and plural nouns Add ‘s to form the possessive of singular
nouns ending in s Add only an apostrophe to form the
possessive of plural nouns ending in s Omission
Cannot (can’t), will not (won’t)
Quotation Marks
Examples of direct quotations Martha whispered, “I’m scared of the
dark.” “When,” she breathed, “do we get out of
here?” Use quotation marks around article
titles, essay titles, short stories, chapter titles, song titles, poems, TV programs, movie titles.
Put periods and commas inside quotation marks.
Verb Usage
Principal Parts of a Verb
Base Form (work) Present Participle (is working) Past (worked) Past Participle (have worked)
Regular Verbs
Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the base form. Use – used Attack – attacked Drown – drowned
Irregular Verbs
An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some other way than by adding –d or –ed to the base form. Ring – rang Bring – brought
Verb Tense
The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or state of being expressed by the verb.
The 6 tenses are: Past perfect Past Present perfect Present Future perfect Future
Keep Tense Consistent
Inconsistent: When we were comfortable, we begin to do our homework.
Consistent: When we are comfortable, we begin to do our homework.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement 1 When the subject of a sentence is
made up of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb. She and her friends are at the fair.
When two or more singular nouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb. The book or the pen is in the drawer.
(One, but not both.)
Subject-Verb Agreement 2 When subject contains both a
singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb. The boy or his friends run every day. His friends or the boy runs every day.
Subject-Verb Agreement 3 The verb agrees with the subject, not
with a noun or pronoun in the phrase. One of the boxes is open. The people who listen to that music are
few. The team captain, as well as the
players, is anxious.
Subject-Verb Agreement 4 The words each, each one, either,
neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb. Each of these apples is rotten. No one is listening.
Fragments
Fragments 1
Fragments are incomplete sentences. Some fragments are obviously related to the sentences before or after them.
Therefore, one of the easiest ways to correct a fragment is to connect it to a nearby whole sentence.
Fragments 2
Fragment: I need to find a new friend. Because the one I have now is mean.
Revised: I need to find a new friend because the one I have now is mean.
Research & Writing
Terms to Know
WRITING TERMS
Thesis Paragraph Supporting detail Persuasive Expository Narrative Editing Proofreading Paraphrase Summary
RESEARCH TERMS
Thesaurus Dictionary Encyclopedia Table of Contents Index Primary source Secondary source Footnote Bibliography Plagiarism
The Writing Process
Prewriting Brainstorm Outline
Drafting – 1st draft Editing & Revision – examining each
part and asking if it’s really necessary or if it can be improved
Final Draft Proofreading – spelling, punctuation;
nothing major.
Sample R&W Questions
Mark is doing a presentation on the Earth’s layers. Which resource would give him information on the Earth’s core? A dictionary An encyclopedia A world atlas The Reader’s Guide to Periodical
Literature
Sample R&W Questions
Rewrite the following: The woman is our new principal standing
in the hallway.▪ Standing in the hallway, our new principal is
the woman.▪ The woman standing in the hallway is our
new principal.▪ In the hallway standing the woman is our new
principal.▪ Our new principal the woman is standing in
the hallway.