an empirical examination of gender differences in ... · the plateau according to lemas data lemas...
TRANSCRIPT
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An Empirical Examination of
Gender Differences in Vocational
Interest in Careers in Policing
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The Problem
Historical male domination of policing
Expectation of change post-Women’s Liberation Movement
Increased participation by women followed by plateau
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The Plateau According to UCR Data
UCR year 1971 1980 1990 2000 2009 2015
Percentage of women 1.4 5 8.6 11 11.7 11.6
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The Plateau According to LEMAS Data
LEMAS year 1987 1990 1993 1997 2000 2003 2007 2013
Percentage of women 7.6 8.1 8.8 11 11 11.3 11.9 12.2
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Possible Explanations
Part of larger employment pattern
Gender roles
Economic forces
Unsettled post-9/11 conditions
Discrimination
Overt
Disparate impact of some parts of hiring process
Effect of male dominated culture
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Attempts to Address the Issue
Recruitment attempts
Targeted recruitment
Scattershot recruitment (e.g. discoverpolicing.org)
Improvement of selection processes
Improvement of working conditions
BUT…What if it’s a saturation issue?
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Holland Codes
Realistic--doers
Investigative--thinkers
Artistic--creators
Social--helpers
Enterprising--persuaders
Conventional--organizers
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Methodology
Sample
Mid-size public Northeastern U.S. university
Students enrolled in three courses
Introduction to Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice Organizations & Systems
Diversity in Criminal Justice
N=168
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Methodology
Sample (N=168)
Self-administered questionnaire
https://www.123test.com/career-test/
Influences
Attractive features
Unattractive features
Demographic characteristics
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Demographic Characteristics
Sex
Male : 52.1%
Female: 47.9%
Race
European descent: 67.7%
African descent: 9.9%
Asian descent: 2.5%
Native descent: 4.3%
Multi-racial: 15.5%
Latino/Latina: 23.8%
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Criminal Justice and Policing
Criminal justice majors: 45.8%
Considered policing as a career : 76.2%
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Holland Code Descriptives
Code First In First Three
Investigative 9.5 46.4
Realistic 23.2 50.0
Conventional 7.1 41.1
Enterprising 12.5 44.0
Social 33.9 64.9
Artistic 11.3 44.6
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Quick Check on the Test
Men were more
Conventional
Enterprising
Women were more
Social
Not completely consistent with previous literature
Not completely off-base either
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Whether the Realistic Holland Code is
Related to Choice of Major
2 = 8.879, p<.05 Other Criminal Justice Total
Other 78 (60.5%) 51 (39.5%) 129 (100%)
Realistic 13 (33,3%) 26 (66.7%) 39 (100%)
Total 91 77 168
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Whether the Realistic Holland Code is
Related to Choice of Major by Sex
2 = 10.471,
p<.05
Other Criminal
Justice
Total Other Criminal
Justice
Total
Other 36 (63.2 %) 21 (36.8%) 57 (100%) 41 (57.7%) 30 (42.3%) 71 (100%)
Realistic 8 (26.7%) 22 (73.3%) 30 (100%) 5 (55.6%) 4 (42.5%) 9 (100%)
Total 44 43 87 46 34 80
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Realities
Limitations of Study
Current career test not sufficiently robust for detailed analyses
Survey given late in semester
Need for completely different question
Saturation requires a better test
Examine the understanding of policing among potential candidates