an insight to cancer
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AN INSIGHT TO CANCER
PRESENTED BY
SAMPRITI JANA (11106231)
D.Pharm (Ayu)SIDDHENDU BHATTACHARJEE
M.Pharm (Ayu)
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
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CONTENTS
DEFINATION INTRODUCTION
OLDEST DESCRIPTION
ORIGIN OF CANCER (ca) CAUSES
TYPES OF CANCER
SYMPTOMS & SIGN & TESTS.
MODERN KNOWLEDGE OF CANCER
AYURVEDA AND CANCER2
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DEFINATION
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormalcells in the body.*
Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002267/
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INTRODUCTION WHAT IS CANCER??
Cancer known medically as a broad group ofvarious diseases, all involving unregulated cellgrowth.
Cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably,forming malignant tumors, and invade nearbyparts of the body.
Spread to more distant parts of the bodythrough the lymphatic system or bloodstream
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Contd.
Not all tumors are cancerous*.
* Moscow JA, Cowan KH. Biology of cancer. In Goldman L, SchaferAI,eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap185.
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Demonstration of Cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by
out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100
different types of cancer, and each is classified
by the type of cell that is initially affected.
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Contd.
More dangerous, or malignant, tumors formwhen two things occur:
a cancerous cell manages to move
throughout the body using the blood orlymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in
a process called invasion
that cell manages to divide and grow, makingnew blood vessels to feed itself in a process
called angiogenesis.
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Oldest descriptions Human beings and other animals have had
cancer throughout recorded history. So its no
surprise that from the dawn of history people
have written about cancer.
Some of the earliest evidence of cancer is
found among fossilized bone tumors, human
mummies in ancient Egypt.
Growths suggestive of the bone cancer calledosteosarcoma have been seen in mummies.
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Contd. Edwin Smith Papyrus (copy of part of an
ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery)
Describe 8 cases of tumors/ ulcers
Writing says about Cancer
There is no
treatment.
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Origin of the word cancer
The credit goes to Greek physician-Hippocrates- Father of Medicine.
The Roman physician, Celsus translated the
Greek term into cancer, the Latin word forcrab.
Galen used the word oncos (Greek for
swelling) to describe tumors. cancer specialistsoncologists.
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CAUSES, INCIDENCE, AND RISK
FACTORS
Determining what causes cancer is complex.
Many things are known to increase the risk of
cancer-
Radiation- High level of radiation (X-rays)-
breast cancer, thyroid, lung and stomach
cancer.
Ultra-violet radiation- prolonged exposure to
sun- skin damage
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Causes
Viruses- Hepatitis B, HPV- disease such asAIDS.
Chemicals- Pesticides, Nickel, Asbestos,
Benzene- Cigarette smokers-lung cancer.
Tobacco- Smoking- Mouth, larynx, pancreas,
kidney- Mouth, tongue, throat cancer.
Alcohol- Heavy drinkers- Mouth, throat,esophagus, liver.
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Causes
Diet- High fat, high cholesterol- Colon, uterus,
prostate- obesity- breast cancer.
Hereditary- abnormal gene.
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HUMORAL THEORY
HIPPOCRATES believed- body had 4humors
(body fluids): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, andblackbile.
Anexcess of black bilein various body sites was
thought tocause cancer. This theory of cancer waspassed on by the Romans and was embraced by the
influentialdoctor Galens medical teaching
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Lymph theory:
Of all thefluids, themost importantwereblood and
lymph. Stahl and Hoffmantheorized thatcancer was
composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph, varying
in density, acidity, and alkalinity.
lymph theorygained rapid supportand theory said
tumors grow from lymphconstantlythrown out by the
blood.
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Blastema theory
German pathologistJohannesMuller- cancerismade upof
cells and not lymph, but hebelieved thatcancer cells did not
come from normal cells.
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Contd.
Chronic irritation theory- cancersspread like a liquid.
Trauma theory- This belief was maintained
despite the failureof injury to cause cancerinexperimental animals.
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As we age, there is an increase in the number
of possible cancer-causing mutations in ourDNA. This makes age an important risk factor
for cancer.
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Cancer Metastasis
Symptoms of metastasis are due to the spread
of cancer to other locations in the body. They
can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can
be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and
are typically hard), hepatomegaly (enlarged
liver) or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) which
can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture ofaffected bones, and neurological symptoms.
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Pathophysiology
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Some other types of cancers
stomach cancer Brain cancer
Cervical cancer
Hodgkin's lymphoma Kidney cancer
Leukemia
Liver cancer
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Contd.
Ovarian cancer
Skin cancer
Testicular cancer Thyroid cancer
Uterine cancer
Lung Cancer.
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Symptoms Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and
location of the cancer.
Lung Cancer- Coughing, chest pain, shortness
of breath
Colon cancer- diarrhea, constipation,and blood in the stool.
Some cancers may not have any symptoms at
all. pancreatic cancer, symptoms often do not start until the disease
has reached an advanced stage.
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The following symptoms can occur with
most cancers Chills
Fatigue
Fever Loss of appetite
Malaise
Night sweats Weight loss
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Like symptoms, the signs of cancer also vary
based on the type and location of the tumor.Common tests include the following:
Biopsy of the tumor
Blood tests (which look for chemicals such as
tumor markers)
Bone marrow biopsy (for lymphoma or
leukemia)
Chest x-ray
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Contd. Complete blood count (CBC)
CT scan
Liver function tests
MRI scan
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Viral and chemical carcinogens year-1915- Katsusaburo Yamagiwa- Tokyo
University- induced cancer in lab animals for
the first time by applying coal tar to rabbitskin.
Clinician John Hill of London recognized
tobacco as a carcinogen.
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Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
During the 1970s, scientists discovered 2 particularlyimportant families of genes related to cancer:
Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
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Evolution of cancer treatments
Surgery
Hormone therapy
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy
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Twenty-first century-Cancer
- monoclonal
antibodies and small signaling pathway inhibitors,
researchers are developing new classes of molecules
such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and small
interfering RNA (siRNA), PARP inhibitors. New technology for
producing materials form extremely tiny particles is
leading to very promising imaging tests that can more
accurately show the location of tumors.
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Contd. This term refers to
manipulation of surgical instruments remotely byrobot arms and other devices controlled by a surgeon.
Robotic systems have been used for several types of
cancer surgery; radical prostatectomy is among the
most common uses in surgical oncology.
Expression profiling lets scientists determine relative
output of hundreds or even thousands of molecules(including the proteins made by RNA, DNA, or even
a cell or tissue) at one time.
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Cancer-treatment timeline 1961- The first treatment of cancer patients
with beams of subatomic particles
1963- Allan Cormack of South Africa devises
a method for computerised tomography
scanning
1969- Godfrey Hounsfield creates the CT
scanner at EMI Laboratories, UK
1973- The first PET image is taken by Michael
Phelps and Edward Hoffman
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Contd. 1974- The first commercial PET machine is
built
1975- CT scanners are introduced in hospitals
1980- The first clinically useful magnetic
resonance imaging image is taken
1990- A national breast cancer screening
campaign is started in the UK
1995- Cancer Research UK develops CHART,
a technique for giving radiotherapy in many
small doses33
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Contd. 2002- The mortality rate of breast cancer is
down by 15% on 1994 levels
Today- Scientists are working on non-invasive
cancer tests, such as the breath test, SIFT.
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CLASSICAL AYURVEDA AND CANCER
Around 5000 years ago- Ayurvedic doctors-
treated treating patients with problems of
abnormal growth or tumors- detailed
descriptions of cancer- Charaka Samhita,
Sushruta Samhita ,Ashtanga Hridayam.
These texts clearly signal the fact that tumors
and cancer are not modern diseases, but are
already for centuries known in Ayurveda.
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SUSHRUTA SAMHITA Arbuda is the Sanskrit word for tumor.
According to Sushrut the three doshas (Vata,
Pitta and Kapha) when aggravated, may
develop a malignant tumor; especially
aggravated Kapha and Vata doshas. Thisaffects the tissue, which might result in
developing a malignant tumor.
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Features of Tumor
Round Firm
Causing mild pain
Large Deeply rooted in the body
Slow growth
Showing no suppuration
A swollen, fleshy growth In the Sushruta Samhita, the internal medicine describes the existence of
benign and malignant tumors in a similar manner. 37
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SUSHRUT DESCRIBES 6 TYPES OF TUMORS
TUMOR CAUSED BY:
(adipose tissue) Affected adipose tissue
(blood tumor) Affected blood
(muscle tumor) Affected muscle tissue
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Charak explains that largeand rough tumors in the
abdomen and intestines,neck and vital organs are
exceedingly difficult tocure.
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ASTANGA HRDAYAM
written a few centuries after Charak and
Sushrut.
gives a summary of the two previous works.
Tumors and cancer are also discussed in this
work.
nine types of benign tumors
From these nine tumors, six are described
that can possibly develop into malignant
tumors (three doshas and three tissues).
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benign tumor
starts to grow
starts to grow
roots deeply into the tissue
Symptoms compatible with increased Kaphadosha and fatty tissue, a malignant tumor is
occurring.
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Contd.
They are no longer removed by the body
grow quickly and cover a large area
Caused by three vitiated doshas and always
affect muscle tissue, adipose tissue and blood.
classification of tumors could be:
a. Granthi
b. Arbuda.
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Other than body functions, there are also mental qualities that can
contribute to the development of a tumor: the Triguna. This concept
exists in the following qualities:
Sattva (goodness, purity)
Rajas (passion)
Tamas (ignorance)
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NAMES TO OF PLANTS TO
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NAMES TO OF PLANTS TO
RECOVER CANCER Bala
Sida cordifolia
Bhringaraj - Eclipta erecta
Dashmooltraditional herbal formula.
guduchi
Tinosporia cordifolia KounchMucuna pruriens
Amrit prashherbal paste.
AshwagandhaWithania somnifera (Indian Ginseng)
Tulsi
Ocimum sanctum vidari-KandaIpomoea digitata
YashtimadhuGlycyrrhiza Glabra
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Directions: Golden Triangle
Modern Science
Traditional Medicine Modern Medicine
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REFERENCES Angiogenesis Inhibitors Therapy: National Cancer Institute. A
fact sheet that describes the process of eliminating the blood
supply to tumors.
www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/digestpage/angiogenesis-
inhibitors
Kardinal C, Yarbro JA. Conceptual history of cancer. Semin
Oncol 1979;6:396408. [PubMed:394325]
The history of cancer. 2009. Web site accessed at:
http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1
.htm
Dr. Anil Kumar Mehta. Ayurveda and Cancer. P. 1-5
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