an introduction to chemical concepts chemistry in this lesson, we will discuss the following:...
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An Introduction to Chemical Concepts
Chemistry
In this lesson, we will discuss the following:
Chemical Size
Properties
Changes
Naming Compounds
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Let’s Do a Crossword
Puzzle!
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Categorizing Chemicals by Size
• SUBMICROSCOPIC: Anything which is too small to be seen with an optical microscope is considered to be submicroscopic.
• MICROSCOPIC: Anything that is too small to be seen with the naked eye but is large enough to be seen with an optical microscope is considered to be microscopic.
• MACROSCOPIC: Anything that is large enough to be seen with the naked eye is considered to be macroscopic.
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Categorizing Chemicals by Size
In chemistry, we will be discussing microscopic and submicroscopic particles, and how they affect what we see in the macroscopic world.
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Properties
We will discuss two kinds of properties:• Physical Properties• Chemical Properties
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Physical Properties
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES are defined as properties which can be observed without changing a substance into another substance (or group of substances).
Examples of physical properties:
• Melting point• Color• Luster
• Hardness• Texture
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Chemical Properties
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES are defined as properties that can be observed only by changing one substance into a new substance (or group of substances).
Examples of chemical
properties:
• Tendency to react with water• Tendency to
combust• Tendency to
decompose
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• Physical and chemical properties can be divided into two smaller categories:– Intensive properties and– Extensive properties.
Click HERE to learn more about physical and
chemical properties.
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Changes
We will discuss two kinds of changes:• Physical Changes• Chemical Changes
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Physical Changes
• A PHYSICAL CHANGE changes some characteristic (or characteristics) of a substance without actually changing what the substance is.
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Chemical Changes
• A CHEMICAL CHANGE (or chemical reaction) is the change of a substance into a new substance (or group of substances).
Click HERE to learn more about physical and
chemical changes.
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Chemical Changes
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• The atoms present before a chemical change are still present after the chemical change.
• The atoms are just rearranged to form new substances.
This is called the Law
of Conservation of Mass.
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Chemical Changes
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The transformation of oxygen, O2, into ozone, O3, is an example of
A. a physical change.B. a chemical change.C. both a physical and chemical change.D. neither a physical nor chemical change.
O=O
O=O
O=O
OO
O O
O
O
oxygen ozone
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The transformation of oxygen, O2, into ozone, O3, is an example of
A. a physical change.B. a chemical change.C. both a physical and chemical change.D. neither a physical nor chemical change.
O=O
O=O
O=O
OO
O O
O
O
oxygen ozone
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Elements Versus Compounds
• ELEMENTS: An element is defined as a substance made of only one kind of atom.
• COMPOUNDS: A compound is defined as a substance made of two or more kinds of atoms in a CHEMICAL combination.– A compound is made of elements, but a
compound is uniquely different from the elements which make it up.
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Which of the following boxes contains an element? A compound?
A B C
A. Element: A, C Compound: A, B, C
B. Element: C Compound: A, B
C. Element: C Compound: B
D. Element: A, C Compound: A, B
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Which of the following boxes contains an element? A compound?
A B C
A. Element: A, C Compound: A, B, C
B. Element: C Compound: A, B
C. Element: C Compound: B
D. Element: A, C Compound: A, B
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Naming Compounds• IONIC COMPOUNDS: An ionic
compound is a substance made of a negatively-charged ion chemically combined with a positively-charged ion.– Many ionic compounds are made of
one kind of metal ion and one kind of nonmetal ion.
• COVALENT COMPOUNDS: A covalent compound is a substance made of more than one nonmetal combined chemically.
An ION is just an atom
with a net charge.
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Naming Type I Ionic Compounds
A Type I ionic compound is made up of a metal and a nonmetal. Only metals which form ions with one charge take part in forming Type I ionic compounds.
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Naming Type I Ionic Compounds
In order to name a Type I ionic compound, you should do the following:1. Write down the name of the metal atom first.
The metal atom is farther left on the Periodic Table than the nonmetal atom.
2. Write down the name of the nonmetal atom next. Give the name an “ide” suffix.
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Naming Type I Ionic Compounds
Example:What is the name of LiBr?
Solution:
Lithium bromideWrite down the name of
the metal atom first.
Next, write down the
name of the nonmetal
atom. Give the nonmetal
the “ide” ending.
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Click HERE if the web
page at the right does not open.
The web page at the right gives a little extra help
with naming ionic
compounds.
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Naming Covalent Compounds
• A covalent compound is made of two or more nonmetals in a chemical combination.
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Naming Covalent Compounds
When naming a covalent compound, you should do the following:1. Write the name of the first kind of atom in
the chemical formula. Use the appropriate prefix if necessary.
2. Write the name of the second kind of atom in the chemical formula. Use the appropriate prefix if necessary, and use the “ide” suffix.
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• Some of the suffixes used when naming covalent compounds follow:– Mono = 1– Di = 2– Tri = 3– Tetra = 4– Penta = 5– Hexa = 6– Hepta = 7– Octa = 8
Naming Covalent Compounds
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• The prefix “mono” should not be used with the first atom in a covalent compound.
Naming Covalent Compounds
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Example:Name the following compound:
CO
Naming Covalent Compounds
Solution:
Carbon monoxide
Write down the name of
the first atom. Use the
appropriate prefix if
necessary.
Next, write down the
name of the second atom.
Give it the appropriate
prefix if necessary
and the “ide” ending.
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Example:Name the following compound:
CO2
Naming Covalent Compounds
Solution:
Carbon dioxide
Write down the name of
the first atom. Use the
appropriate prefix if
necessary.
Next, write down the
name of the second atom.
Give it the appropriate
prefix if necessary
and the “ide” ending.
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Example:Name the following compounds:
H2O and H2O2
Naming Covalent Compounds
Solution:
Dihydrogen monoxide
andDihydrogen dioxide
Write down the name of
the first atom. Use the
appropriate prefix if
necessary.
Next, write down the
name of the second atom.
Give it the appropriate
prefix if necessary
and the “ide” ending.
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Sometimes Common Names are Used for Compounds
Example:Name the following compounds:
H2O and H2O2
Or, they are calledWater
andHydrogen peroxide
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Click HERE if the web
page at the right does not open.
The web page at the right gives a little extra help
with naming covalent
compounds.