an overview of environmental hazards related to crops in greece
DESCRIPTION
U NIVERSITY O F T HESSALY L ABORATORY O F A GROMETEOROLOGY. An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece. By: Nicolas R. Dalezios. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
An Overview of Environmental Hazards
Related to Crops in Greece
By:Nicolas R. Dalezios
UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY LABORATORY OF AGROMETEOROLOGY
F R O S T I N G R E E C E
EVENTS, CLIMATOLOGY, DAMAGES,
FORECASTING-RISK ASSESSMENT
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
FROST EVENTS
• Advection frosts
• Radiation frosts
• A combination of both
• THE MOST DAMAGING FROSTS ARE THE
ADVECTIVE FOLLOWED BY RADIATION FROSTS
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
CLIMATOLOGY OF FROST
Trewatha’s world map (1954) shows the average length of frost-free period.
Greece is divided in three zones
• Zone 2 Occasional winter frosts. (Islands, Southern Greece)
• Zone 3 Frost-free season > 240 days. (Central & parts of Northern
Greece)
• Zone 4 180 days < Frost-free season < 240 days (Northern Greece)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
AGRICULTURAL DAMAGES (in thousands euros)
WHEATHER PHENOMENON
TOTAL (2001-2004)
WIND STORM 47,100
RAINFALL 177,850
HEAT WAVE 3,239
FROST 539,400
FLOOD 27,452
HAIL 179,005
SNOW 3,883
TOTAL 977,929
FROST CONTRIBUTION (%) 55
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
CROP DAMAGES & CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL FROST INJURIES
CROP CATEGORY
DESCRIPTION CONTRIBUTION (%)
CITRUS ORANGES, GRAPE FRUITS
30-50
STONE FRUITS PEACHES 20-30
VEGETABLES 15-20
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS COTTON 15-20
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
FROST PROTECTION
• MAINLY PASSIVE METHODS ARE USED (cost-effective and more
beneficial than active protection methods)
• Wind machines protect < 10% of the citrus crop in Greece
• Sprinklers (over-plant and under-plant) protect < 20% of the citrus
crop
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
FROST FORECASTING – RISK ASSESSMENT
CASE STUDY: Frost risk mapping for the agricultural region of Central Greece
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
H A I L
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
CLIMATOLOGY OF HAIL IN GREECE
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Num
ber
of
Hai
l D
ays
WEST
CENTRALNORTH
EASTSOUTH
Number of observed hail days for different areas in Greece.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
HAIL DAMAGES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Total annual compensations given to farmers from hail losses (prices are in million €)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
%
Hail loss percent from total compensations given to farmers
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
%
Monthly distribution hail losses Percent of compensations Example: The year 2004.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
0< 0.4 M €< 1 M €< 2 M €< 5 M €< 10 M €> 10 M €
PeachesCornVineyards
CottonVineyardsTomatoesCherries
Compensations given per prefecture for the year 2004 and main agricultural products hit by hail
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
HAIL PROTECTIONTHE NATIONAL HAIL SUPRESSION PROGRAMME (NHSP)
The three protected agricultural areas of NHSP.
Area Total Compensations(in M €)
Difference%
Average Period71-83
Average Period84-88
A1, Pella - Hmathia
1.31 0.55 -58
A2, Serres 0.34 0.15 -56
A3, Karditsa 0.96 0.18 -81
TOTAL 916,4 309,2 -66
Differences in compensations given before and during the NHSP
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
DROUGHT• Regional phenomena, referred to as "non events", since their
basic cause is the lack of precipitation events in a region over a period of time.
• Four drought categories: meteorological or climatological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic (American Meteorological Society, 1997).
• Drought responsive parameters: rainfall, soil moisture, potential evapotranspiration, vegetation condition, ground-water and surface-water levels.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Drought indices • Describe the magnitude, duration, severity, and spatial extent
of drought.• Based on meteorological and hydrological variables, such as
precipitation, streamflows, soil moisture, reservoir storage, and groundwater levels.
• Conventional drought indices based on ground measurements (e.g. PDSI, SPI, RDI, Rainfall Deciles, CMI, SWSI).
• Satellite drought indices based on remote sensed data (e.g. NDVI, VCI, TCI, VHI).
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
District climatic characteristics of Greece
1. Western coast and the islands of the Ionian Sea: significant precipitation, small annual temperature range.
2. West coast of southern continental Greece and the islands of the Aegean Sea: low winter temperatures, high summer temperatures and low precipitation.
3. Northern and Central continent: long duration storms, short drought periods, low negative temperatures during winter and large annual temperature range.
4. Crete and southern Greece: with small annual precipitation and droughts long duration.
5. Pindous Mountain range: high annual precipitation and strong gradients of precipitation and temperature with elevation.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Drought in Greece
• Drought severity increased from the northern to the southern and from the western to the eastern regions (Dalezios et al., 2000;Loukas et al., 2002).
Isoseverity map of droughts in Greece, from Z-index values, for three-month duration and five-year return period.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Case Study• Use of RDI and SPI in Naxos island, Mornos and Nestos
basin (Tsakiris and Vangelis, 2005; Tsakiris et al., 2006).
Normalised yearly RDI for Naxos meteorological station for the period 1955/56 – 1991/92.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Mornos case study: maximum water deficit and the most severe drought at Pentagi station during the years 1987-1995. The maximum annual drought intensity year 2000-2001.
Nestos watershed: maximum water deficit at Hryssoupoli station during the years 1988-1994. Severe drought, in 1986-1994 (Achladia station) and 1988-1996 (Ptelea station). maximum drought intensity for the year 1984-85 (Potami station).
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Wheat and Drought
• Drought: major environmental factor limiting for wheat growth during the early part of its life cycle.
Plant Protection from drought• Rational regime of irrigation.• Alternative plant production.• Selection of tolerant plant genotypes.• Pumping of groundwater. • Construction of off-stream reservoirs to store surface water
sinks for collection of precipitation water. • Uses of desalinisation plants.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
E X C E S S R A I N
• The duration and frequency of extreme rainfall rates are important climatological features to be considered in meteorology, agriculture, hydrology and civil engineering.
• Heavy precipitation events in the world wide have caused great damage to crop production.
• A warmer climate will be one in which the hydrological cycle will in general be more intense, leading to more heavy rain events (IPCC, 1996).
• Enhanced hydrologic cycle is responsible for the increasing flood damage.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Precipitation-related measures used for study of floods
• Total precipitation • Number of wet days per station • Number of extreme precipitation days (>2 inches) per station • Number of 2-day heavy precipitation events per station • Number of 3-day heavy precipitation events per station • Number of 5-day heavy precipitation events per station • Number of 7-day heavy precipitation events per station • Percentage of an area with much above-normal cold season (October–
April) precipitation • Percentage of an area with the number of wet days much above normal• Percentage of an area with much above-normal proportion of total annual
precipitation from 1-day extreme events.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Damages of Extreme Precipitation • Anoxic conditions by excessively wet soils (Kozdrόj and van
Elsas, 2000).• Increased risk of plant disease and insect infestation (Ashraf
and Habib-ur-Rehman, 1999).• Large losses of crop yield and production.
Damages after extreme precipitation
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Excess Rain damages in Greece
Rainfall Extreme temperature Hail
FloodsWindstorms
Frost
Total map damages in Greece for all agriculture disaster categories in thousands € from 1986 to 2003.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Excess rain and Cotton Large damages are caused mainly in cotton and especially in
end-grow season at September. Effects in economy, quality and productivity of cotton in
Greece and especially in Thessaly plain where cotton production is significant.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
F O R E S T F I R E SF O R E S T F I R E S
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Types of Forest Fires • Ground fires.• Surface fires.• Crown fires.
Meteorological parameters such as rainfall, high temperature, low relative humidity and wind velocity have serious effect in the initiation and spread of forest fires.
Other factors affecting:• the variety and amount of fuel (vegetation and dead organic
material), • the fuel moisture and • the topography (altitude, slope).
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Causes of Forest Fires
In Greece, the causes of wildfires are classified into three categories:
• Wildfires caused by natural causes.
• Wildfires caused by human activities.
• Wildfires caused by dubious-unknown reasons.
Causes of forest fires in Greece for the period 1985-1997 (Dalezios, 2006).
CATEGORY OF CAUSE Contribution in Percent (%)
1. Negligence
1.1 Cigarettes stubs or matches 14,0
1.2 Burning of stubble 21,1
1.3 Military shooting exercises 0,6
1.4 Trains and electrical lines 0,4
1.5 Sparks from machinery 2,7
1.6 Overheating 2,5
1.7 Bees smoking 0,6
1.8 Campers 1,5
1.9 Burn of wastes and other causes
5
1. Sum of causes due to negligence
48,4
2. Arsons 27,2
3. Natural causes 2,1
4. Dubious or unknown causes 22,5
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Burned Area in Greece
Burned Area per type of forest coverage
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
Year
Burn
ed ar
ea (h
a)
Forest areas (full cover)Forest areas (partial cover)
Pastures
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Wildfire Statistics for GreeceBasic statistics of forest fires in Greece for the period 1955-1996 (Dalezios, 2006)
YearMEAN NUMBER OF FIRES PER YEAR 991
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIRES 2,406 1993
MINIMUM NUMBER OF FIRES 304 1959
MEAN BURNED AREA (ha) 28,193
MAXIMUM BURNED AREA (ha) 110,501 1988
MINIMUM BURNED AREA (ha) 2,221 1959
Need for protection (prevention and suppression), monitoring, forecasting and risk assessment.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
K-study in Penteli, Greece (Domenikiotis et al. (2002). • Technique based on satellite derived NDVI.• NOAA/AVHRR and Landsat TM data.
Monitoring and Mapping
(a) (b)Images formed by NOAA/AVHRR data before (a) and after (b) the forest fire in
Penteli, Greece. Bright areas in the first image indicate the presence of vegetation and the gray areas correspond to suburbs of Athens and the sea
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Burned areas: dark red, Vegetation areas: green (Landsat TM images).
Concluding, NOAA/AVHRR data can be used for operational monitoring and assessment of damaged area in near real-time with high degree of accuracy. Landsat TM is much more accurate (Domenikiotis et al. (2002).
Monitoring and Mapping
(a) (b)
Landsat TM color composites images (7,4,1) before (a) and after (b) the forest fire in Penteli, Greece. This band compilation highlights the burned area.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Forecasting and Risk AssessmentK-study in Pelio, Greece (Spanos et al. 2002). • Use of three meteorological parameters and
Angström’s index for risk assessment.• NDVI for detection of the burned areas.
Meteorological parameters and Angström’s index during the initiation of fire.
Station/Parameter Volos Velestino ZagoraAir Temperature (C) 28.3 29 27Relative Humidity (%) 30.3 33 45
Wind speed (ms-1) 2.6 0.3 0.8Angström’s index 1.4 1.5 2.3
The study highlighted the importance of local meteorological conditions in the fire risk assessment.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
GRAPES PEST AND DISEASES
1. Hadromycosis-Bertisillioseis / Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium albo-atrum
2. Bacillar necrosis / Xylophilus ampelinus 3. Botrytis (ash decay) vine / Botryotinia fuckeliana4. Esca or Polisporiash / Phellinus igniarius, Stereum hirsutum (esca,
black measles, apoplexy)5. Necrosis of arms / Eutypa lata6. Mildew of vine (downy mildew) / Plasmopara viticola7. Decays of fruits from penikilla / Prnicillium digitatum, Penicillium
italicum, Penicillium expansum8. Fomopsi or exkoriosi of vine / Phomopsis viticola9. Oidio of vine / Uncinula necator
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Geographical distribution of indemnification for damages of mildew in Greece (source ELGA).
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
Protection measurements • The care of soil and the fertilization • Corridors and areas released exempted of pests • Cares of leafage • Direct means of plant health protection (combating) • Estimate of danger and observation of enemy or pathogenic
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
The use of models for protection of diseases
• PERO Model simulates the infection cycle development according
to agrometeorological conditions, allowing the best timing for fungicide treatment.
• PLASMO model Simulates the inflection cycle development and
diseased leaf area
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E S S A L Y L A B O R A T O R Y O F A G R O M E
T E O R O L O G YT E O R O L O G Y
Ν. Aghialos 2000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
29/4 6/5 13
/520
/527
/5 3/6 10/6
17/6
24/6 1/7 8/7 15
/722
/729
/7 5/8 12/8
19/8
26/8
dates
oils
pots
/ hec
tare
new oilspots latent oilspots visible oilspots total oilspots
PERO Model Application Results
for the area of N. Aghialos in Greece for the year 2000
An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in Greece Prepared for COST734