an overview of it & gis
DESCRIPTION
An Overview of IT & GIS. Sardar Mohammad Deputy Director – IT Communication & Works Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar. Layout. IT Computer Software Computer Science & Software Engineering Areas IT Network Internet Web GIS. Data Vs. Information. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar
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SARDAR MOHAMMADDEPUTY DIRECTOR – IT
COMMUNICATION & WORKS DEPARTMENTKHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PESHAWAR
An Overview of IT & GIS
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Layout
ITComputerSoftwareComputer Science & Software EngineeringAreas ITNetworkInternetWebGIS
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Data Vs. Information
Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information.
Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. it is any thing that is communicated.
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The Value of Information
Timeliness
Accuracy
Accessibility
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Information Technology
• An organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication network and data resource that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organization
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What device does the processing???
How Information is disseminated???
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What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic machine operating under the control instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce result and store the result for future control instructions Memory Accept data Manipulate Result store
A calculator
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Parts of Computer
Input Devices
Process – CPU
Output Devices
RAM
Storage Devices
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Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
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Motherboard
Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.
Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports.
Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards.
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Processor
Processor chipA tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of
miniature electronic circuits.
Front Back
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Processor
Memory Unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Control Unit
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Memory
• The area in the computer where data or information is held Temporary Memory or primary memory RAM – Random Access Memory
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Secondary storage
The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently
Also simply called: Storage
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Storage capacity is measured in:
1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.= 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1)
1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.= 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)
1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.= 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes)
1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.= 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes)
1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.= 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)
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Output
Speakers
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Speaker output requires a sound card.
Sound card
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A video card
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Put all the hardware together and…
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Block Diagram
Central Processing Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Control Unit
Input or Data
Output or Information
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Types of computers
Analog The computers that deals with variable or continuous flow of data
E.g. Temperature, forces, voltage, distance etc.
Digital The computers that provides physical output from input of data
represented in digital form
Hybrid Computers have both the above characteristics
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Categories of Computers
Super ComputersMainframesMiniMicroHandheld
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Super computers
Fastest computer Can cost one million to 350 million
dollars looks like rows of refrigerator-size
boxes Consists of thousands of processors
and can carry out several trillion calculations per second.
Used for computer simulations tracking hurricanes, biological
contamination, or understanding ocean currents.
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Mainframes
Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers).
5,000 to 5 million dollarsUsed in large organizations –
banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges.
Processes billions of instructions per second.
Often used with a terminal.
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Minicomputers
usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design
Example: designing airplanes, special
effects in movies
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Microcomputer
$500 - $5000Personal Computer (PC)
Tower PC Desktop PC Laptop / Notebook Personal digital assistants
(PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops
Mac While a Mac is a PC, most
people relate the term, PC, with systems that run the Windows operating system.
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Servers
Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients
Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server
Designed Server and Server Operating System
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What runs computers??
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You still need the software!
System software
Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run
Computer Program and Software
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You still need the software!
Application software
Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself
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Before concluding the Software
How Software Product is different from other Engineering Products
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Some engineering products33
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Some software products34
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Software is different because..
Software is an intangible product.
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Software is different because..
We can not see the software being developed to determine its progress.
But we can see the bridge being built to determine its progress.
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Software is different because..
We can not prove that software will not fail.
But we can prove that a bridge will not fall.
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Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products
Lack of constraints IT projects are not subject to the laws of physics
and the associated constraints in the same way as, for example, civil engineering projects.
Visualization Software is effectively invisible. This visualization
problem is a source of many potential IT project failures.
Flexibility "The ability of software to change easily in response to different
user and system requirements.“
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Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products
Complexity "Complexity is hidden more than in a
conventional engineering project" In IT, complexity is multi-dimensional,
diversityUncertainty
“The outcome of any software project is necessarily uncertain…There is no problem ‘producing’ software – the problem is knowing what to produce”
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Major Fields in IT
Computer Science
Software Engineering
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Computer Science
It is the study of principles, applications, and technologies of computing and computers.
It involves the study of data and data structures and the algorithms to process these structures; of principles of computer architecture-both hardware and software; of problem-solving and design methodologies; of computer-related topics such as numerical analysis, operations research, and artificial intelligence; and of language design, structure, and translation technique.
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What is Software Engineering?
The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software.
Goals production of quality software, delivered on time, within budget, satisfying clients’ requirements
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What is a software development process?
A set of activities whose goal is the development or evolution of software.
Generic activities in all software processes are: Specification - what the system should do and its development
constraints Development – Design and Implementation of the software system Validation - checking that the software is what the customer wants Evolution - changing the software in response to changing
demands.
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Some Areas in IT
Some Areas in IT
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Database
A shared collection of logically related data Relational Database Management System - RDBMS Tables Relationships Tools
MS Access SQL Server My SQL
Structured Query Language - SQL
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Networks
Types Local Area Network - LAN Wide Area Network - WAN Wireless Fidelity - WiFi Virtual Private Network -
VPNTopologies
Bus Star Ring Token ring Mesh
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Internet
Network of NetworksBrowserUses
Email Searching News File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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How to Search Efficiently
Use the plus sign (+) to force a search for an overly common word.
Use the minus sign (- ) to exclude a term from a search. No space follows these signs. A minus sign directly in front of a word or phrase will exclude if from the search
To search for a phrase, supply the phrase surrounded by double quotes (" ").
A period (.) serves as a single - character wildcard.An asterisk (*) represents any word.The Use of AND and OR.The number range operator ‘..’ looks for results falling
inside your specified numeric range……FileType:pdf
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The Web
Browser - URL
Static & Dynamic
Hosting
Domain Name Registration
Web Programming
Web Designing
Web Site
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Artificial Intelligence
Machine TranslationSemantic WebExpert SystemImage ProcessingNeural Network
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Virus & Anti Virus
Virus A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on
real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or cause destruction
Anti Virus A utility program that searches a hard disk for viruses
and removes any that are found. Most antivirus programs include an auto-update feature that enables the program to download profiles of new viruses so that it can check for the new viruses as soon as they are discovered.
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What is a GIS?
A means of storing, retrieving, sorting, and comparing spatial data to support some analytic process.
+
Information System
Geographic Position
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Topographic
REAL-WORLD
Contour lines
Parcels
MAPS AND SPATIAL DATA
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SPATIAL DATA
City blocksLand use
001 Institutional 002 Commercial 003 Commercial 004 Residential 005 Residential 006 Residential 007 Industrial 008 Residential 009 Industrial 010 Industrial 011 Residential 012 Industrial 013 Residential 014 Residential 015 Residential
Map: City blocks
NON-SPATIAL DATA
SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL DATA
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 R T1 R T2 H R3 R4 R R5 R6 R T T H7 R T T8 R9 R
Real World
Vector RepresentationRaster Representation
Concept of Vector and Raster
line
polygon
point
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Representing Spatial ElementsRaster
Stores images as rows and columns of numbers with a Digital Value/Number (DN) for each cell.
Units are usually represented as square grid cells that are uniform in size.
Data is classified as “continuous” (such as in an image), or “thematic” (where each cell denotes a feature type).
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VectorAllows user to specify specific spatial locations and assumes that geographic space is continuous, not broken up into discrete grid squares
We store features as sets of X,Y coordinate pairs.
Representing Spatial Elements
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Entity Representations
Points - simplest element
Lines (arcs) - set of connected points
Polygons - set of connected lines
We typically represent objects in space as three distinct spatial elements:
We use these three spatial elements to represent real world features and attach additional information to them.
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Visualization
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Spatial Analysis/Modeling
Buffering
Overlay
Spatial Operation
Spatial Data Mining
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Proximity Analysis
Buffer: Delineation of a zone around the feature of interest within a given distance. For a point feature, it is simply a circle with its radius equal to the buffer distance.
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Topography
Digital Terrain Model
Slopes
Soil
Land-use
Risk area
AnalysisWHAT IS BE THE BEST ROUTE?,
LEAVE IT UPTO GIS
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Alternative 3
Decision makers
National park
Cadastral parcel
Analysis
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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
?
Recreationalpark
Swamp
PrivateParcel
? ? ? ?
Kohat
Peshawar
SELECTION OF SUITABLE ROUTE BETWEEN PESHAWAR AND KOHAT
Bara River
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Spatial Analysis
Overlay function creates new “layers” to solve spatial problems
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Thank you
Any Question