ana-blood report

8/7/2019 ANA-Blood Report

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BLOODBLOOD



General

Functions of Blood

General

Functions of Blood



General Functions of BloodGeneral Functions of Blood

�Transportation�Regulation

�Protection

�Transportation�Regulation

�Protection



Materials

Transportedby Blood

Materials

Transportedby Blood



Materials Transported by BloodMaterials Transported by Blood

�Nutrients

�Waste Products

�Gases�Hormones

�Nutrients

�Waste Products

�Gases�Hormones



Characteristics

of Blood

Characteristics

of Blood



� Amount±A person had 4 to 6 liters of

blood, depending on his/her size

±38%-48% of blood volume:composed of various blood

cells, also called formed

elements±52%-62% of blood volume:

plasma

� Amount±A person had 4 to 6 liters of

blood, depending on his/her size

±38%-48% of blood volume:composed of various blood

cells, also called formed

elements±52%-62% of blood volume:

plasma



�Color ±Arterial blood is bright

red because it containshigh levels of oxygen

±Venous blood hasdarker, dark red color

�Color ±Arterial blood is bright

red because it containshigh levels of oxygen

±Venous blood hasdarker, dark red color



� pH±7.35 to 7.45

±Slightly alkaline

� Venous blood normally has

lower pH than does arterial

blood because of thepresence of more carbon

dioxide.

� pH±7.35 to 7.45

±Slightly alkaline

� Venous blood normally has

lower pH than does arterial

blood because of thepresence of more carbon

dioxide.



� Viscosity±Blood is about three to five

times thicker than water

� Viscosity is increased by the

presence of blood cells and

the plasma proteins, and this

thickness contributes to

normal blood pressure.

� Viscosity±Blood is about three to five

times thicker than water

� Viscosity is increased by the

presence of blood cells and

the plasma proteins, and this

thickness contributes to

normal blood pressure.



PLASMAPLASMA



PlasmaPlasma

� Plasma is the liquid part of

blood and is approximately91% water.

� The solvent ability of water

enables plasma to transport

many types of substances.

� Plasma is the liquid part of

blood and is approximately91% water.

� The solvent ability of water

enables plasma to transport

many types of substances.



PlasmaPlasma

� Plasma Proteins

± The proteins that circulate inplasma: include albumin, globulins,

and clotting factors.

� Albumin ± most abundant plasma

protein; contributes to the colloid

osmotic pressure of blood, which pulls

tissue fluid into capillaries.

� Plasma Proteins

± The proteins that circulate inplasma: include albumin, globulins,

and clotting factors.

� Albumin ± most abundant plasma

protein; contributes to the colloid

osmotic pressure of blood, which pulls

tissue fluid into capillaries.



BLOOD

CELLS

BLOOD

CELLS



Blood CellsBlood Cells

�RedB

loodC

ells�White Blood Cells

�Platelets

�RedB

loodC

ells�White Blood Cells

�Platelets




� Blood cells are produced from

stem cells in hemopoietictissue. After birth, this is

primarily the red bone marrow,

found in flat and irregular bones such as the sternum,

hip bone, and vertebrae.

� Blood cells are produced from

stem cells in hemopoietictissue. After birth, this is

primarily the red bone marrow,

found in flat and irregular bones such as the sternum,

hip bone, and vertebrae.




� Lymphocytes mature and

divide in lymphatic tissue,found in the spleen,

lymph nodes, and thymusgland.

� Lymphocytes mature and

divide in lymphatic tissue,found in the spleen,

lymph nodes, and thymusgland.



Red BloodC

ells

Red BloodC

ells(Erythrocytes)(Erythrocytes)



Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

� Biconcave disks

� Only human cells without nuclei� Normal RBC count ranges from 4.5 to

6.0 million cells per microliter (L) of

blood

� Hermatocr it ± way to measure

amount of RBCs

� Biconcave disks

� Only human cells without nuclei� Normal RBC count ranges from 4.5 to

6.0 million cells per microliter (L) of

blood

� Hermatocr it ± way to measure

amount of RBCs



FunctionFunction



FunctionFunction

� Hemoglobin ± gives the RBCs

the ability to carry oxygen.±Each RBC contains

approximately 300 million

hemoglobin molecules, each of which can bond to four oxygen

molecules

� Hemoglobin ± gives the RBCs

the ability to carry oxygen.±Each RBC contains

approximately 300 million

hemoglobin molecules, each of which can bond to four oxygen

molecules



FunctionFunction

� In the pulmonary capillar ies,

RBCs pic up oxygen andoxyhemoglobin is formed.

� In the systemic capillar ies,

hemoglobin gives up much oxygen and becomes reduced

hemoglobin

� In the pulmonary capillar ies,

RBCs pic up oxygen andoxyhemoglobin is formed.

� In the systemic capillar ies,

hemoglobin gives up much oxygen and becomes reduced

hemoglobin



FunctionFunction

� Iron ± mineral essential to the

formation of hemoglobin±Four atoms of iron in each

molecule of hemoglobin

±Bonds to the oxygen

±Makes RBCs red

� Iron ± mineral essential to the

formation of hemoglobin±Four atoms of iron in each

molecule of hemoglobin

±Bonds to the oxygen

±Makes RBCs red



Production

andMaturation

Production

andMaturation



Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation

� Red blood cells are formed

in red bone marrow in flatand irregular bones

� Stem Cells ± precursor cells within RBM

� Red blood cells are formed

in red bone marrow in flatand irregular bones

� Stem Cells ± precursor cells within RBM




� Hemocytoblasts ± stem cells of

the red bone marrow; constantlyundergo mitosis to produce all the

kinds of blood cells, many of

wh

ich

are RBC

s. The rate of production is very rapid, and a

major regulating factor is oxygen

� Hemocytoblasts ± stem cells of

the red bone marrow; constantlyundergo mitosis to produce all the

kinds of blood cells, many of

wh

ich

are RBC

s. The rate of production is very rapid, and a

major regulating factor is oxygen




� Hypoxia ± lack of oxygen

� Erythropoietin ± hormoneproduced by kidneys which

stimulates the RBM to

increase the rate of RBC

production

� Hypoxia ± lack of oxygen

� Erythropoietin ± hormoneproduced by kidneys which

stimulates the RBM to

increase the rate of RBC

production




�Normoblast ± last stage

with a nucleus

� Reticulocyte ± has

fragments of theendoplasmic reticulum

�Normoblast ± last stage

with a nucleus

� Reticulocyte ± has

fragments of theendoplasmic reticulum




� These immature cells are

usually found in the red bonemarrow, although a small

number of reticulocytes in the

peripheral circulation isconsidered normal.

� These immature cells are

usually found in the red bonemarrow, although a small

number of reticulocytes in the

peripheral circulation isconsidered normal.




� Large numbers of reticulocytes

or normoblasts in thecirculating blood mean that the

number of mature RBCs is not

sufficient to carry the oxygenneeded by the body.

� Large numbers of reticulocytes

or normoblasts in thecirculating blood mean that the

number of mature RBCs is not

sufficient to carry the oxygenneeded by the body.




� Protein and Iron ± necessary for

the synthesis of hemoglobin andbecome part of hemoglobin

molecules

� Copper ± part of some enzymesinvolved in hemoglobin synthesis

� Protein and Iron ± necessary for

the synthesis of hemoglobin andbecome part of hemoglobin

molecules

� Copper ± part of some enzymesinvolved in hemoglobin synthesis




� Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

± required for DNA synthesisin the stem cells of the RBM

� Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

± required for DNA synthesisin the stem cells of the RBM



Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation� Vitamin B12 is also called the

extr insic factor because its sourceis external, our food

� Parietal cells of the stomach liningproduce the intrinsic factor, a

chemical that combines with vitaminB12 in food to prevent its digestionand promote its absorption in thesmall intestine.

� Vitamin B12 is also called theextr insic factor because its sourceis external, our food

� Parietal cells of the stomach liningproduce the intrinsic factor, a

chemical that combines with vitaminB12 in food to prevent its digestionand promote its absorption in thesmall intestine.



AnemiaAnemia



AnemiaAnemia

� Anemia is a deficiency of

red blood cells, or insufficient hemoglobin

within the red blood cells.

� Anemia is a deficiency of

red blood cells, or insufficient hemoglobin

within the red blood cells.



AnemiaAnemia

� Iron-Def iciency Anemia ±

caused by lack of dietary iron, andthere is not enough of this mineral

to form sufficient hemoglobin

� Pernicious Anemia ± deficiencyof Vitamin B12; RBCs are large,

misshapen, and fragile

� Iron-Def iciency Anemia ±

caused by lack of dietary iron, andthere is not enough of this mineral

to form sufficient hemoglobin

� Pernicious Anemia ± deficiencyof Vitamin B12; RBCs are large,

misshapen, and fragile



AnemiaAnemia

� Sickle-Cell Anemia ± genetic

disorder of h

emoglobin, which causes RBCs to sickle, clog

capillaries, and rupture

� Ap

las

tic

Anemi

a - suppression of the RBM, with decreased production

of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

� Sickle-Cell Anemia ± genetic

disorder of h

emoglobin, which causes RBCs to sickle, clog

capillaries, and rupture

� Ap

las

tic

Anemi

a - suppression of the RBM, with decreased production

of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets



AnemiaAnemia

� Hemolytic Anemia ± any

disorder that causes rupture of RBCs before the end of their

normal life span.

� Hemolytic Anemia ± any

disorder that causes rupture of RBCs before the end of their

normal life span.



Life SpanLife Span



Life SpanLife Span

� Red blood cells live for

approximately 120 days. As theyreach this age they become fragile

and are removed from circulation

by cells of the t

issuemacrophage system

� Red blood cells live for

approximately 120 days. As theyreach this age they become fragile

and are removed from circulation

by cells of the t

issuemacrophage system



Life SpanLife Span� The organs that contain macrophages

are the liver, spleen, and red bone

marrow

� The old RBCs are phagocytized and

digested by macrophages, and the iron

they contained is put into the blood to bereturned to the red bone marrow to be

used for the synthesis of new hemoglobin

� The organs that contain macrophages

are the liver, spleen, and red bone

marrow

� The old RBCs are phagocytized and

digested by macrophages, and the iron

they contained is put into the blood to bereturned to the red bone marrow to be

used for the synthesis of new hemoglobin



Life SpanLife Span

� Excess iron is stored in the

liver � Jaundice ± sign caused by

excessive accumulation of

bilirubin in the blood

� Excess iron is stored in the

liver � Jaundice ± sign caused by

excessive accumulation of

bilirubin in the blood



Blood

Types

Blood

Types



Blood TypesBlood Types

� ABO group ± contains four blood

types: A,B

, AB

, andO

� The letters A and B represent

antigens (protein-

oligosaccharides) on the red bloodcell membrane

� ABO group ± contains four blood

types: A,B

, AB

, andO

� The letters A and B represent

antigens (protein-

oligosaccharides) on the red bloodcell membrane




� Circulating in the plasma are

natural antibodies for thoseantigens not present on the

RBCs

� Circulating in the plasma are

natural antibodies for thoseantigens not present on the

RBCs



Blood TypesBlood TypesType Antigens Present

on RBCs

Antibodies

Present in Plasma

A A Anti-B

B B Anti-A

AB Both A and B Neither anti-A nor anti-B

O Neither A nor B Both anti-A and

anti-B




� Rh Factor ± antigen (often called D)

th

at may be present on RBC

s� Rh positive ± people with Rh

antigen

� Rh negativ

e ± people without R

h antigen

� Rh Factor ± antigen (often called D)

th

at may be present on RBC

s� Rh positive ± people with Rh

antigen

� Rh negativ

e ± people without R

h antigen



Rh Disease of the

Newborn

Rh Disease of the

Newborn

Erythroblastosis FetalisErythroblastosis Fetalis



Rh Disease of the NewbornRh Disease of the Newborn� Erythroblastosis fetalis is the result

of an Rh incompatibility between

mother and fetus. During a normal

pregnancy, maternal blood and fetal

blood do not mix in the placenta,

However, during delivery of theplacenta, some fetal blood may enter

maternal circulation.

� Erythroblastosis fetalis is the result

of an Rh incompatibility between

mother and fetus. During a normal

pregnancy, maternal blood and fetal

blood do not mix in the placenta,

However, during delivery of theplacenta, some fetal blood may enter

maternal circulation.

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