analysis, presentation, interpretation
DESCRIPTION
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION. OF DATA. - Process of breaking up the whole study into constituent parts of categories. - To focus the essential features of the study. ANALYSIS. of data. { }. QUALITATIVE. Having the same quality or kind. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ANALYSIS,PRESENTATION,
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
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- Process of breaking up the whole study into constituent parts of categories.
- To focus the essential features of the study
ANALYSISof data
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-Having the same quality or kind
{ }
QUALITATIVE
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{ }
QUANTITATIVE
-Grouped according to their quantity
-example: grouped into ages of 10-14, 15-19, etc.
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{ }
GEOGRAPHICAL
-Classified according to their location
-example: schools may be groupedby their district or division
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{ }
CHRONOLOGICAL
- Classified according to the order of their occurrence
-example: classified according toschool years ‘01-’02, ‘02-’03, etc.
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{ }
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Descriptive Statistics:- Measures of central tendency, measures
of variability- Frequency distribution
Inferential Statistics:-Probability, hypothesis testing, statistical
significance
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- organizing data into logical, sequential and meaningful categories for study and interpretation.
- Intelligible and interpretable
PRESENTATIONof data
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TEXTUALTABULARGRAPHI
CAL
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Uses statements with numerals or number to describe data.
Focus to important data
TEXTUAL
Supplement tabular presentation
DISADVATAGES:o Boring to read,
especially if long
oReader may skip statements
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Systematic arrangement of related data.
Rows and columns present the relationship of numerical facts
TABULAR
Facilitate study and interpretation
AdvantagesoConciseo easily read and
compared
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Important Parts of Tables and Graphs:1. Table/Graph Number
- Used for reference purposes, preferably in Arabic2. Title
- The subject matter that the table deals with3. Prefatory note
- Explains unclear items in the table3.Footnote
-Explain, clarifies or qualifies some items in the table4. Source note
- The origin or source. Not necessary if the sources of the data are the respondents to a questionnaire or interview.
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A chart representing the quantitative changes of a variable. May be in comparison with other variables
Most attractive and appealing way to present data
GRAPHICAL
May be in pictorial or diagrammatic form.
Advantages:o Attracts more
attention, less likely to be overlooked
o Comprehensive view of quantitative data
o Grasp essential facts quickly.
Disadvantages:o Not as accurate as
tableso Require more skill
and time
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1. Bar Graphsa. Single Vertical Bar Graphb. Single Horizontal c. Grouped bar Graphd. Duo-directionale. Component Bar Graphf. Histogram
TYPES OF GRAPHS
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2. Linear Graphsa. Time Series or Chronological line chartb. Composite Line Chartc. Frequency Polygond. Ogivee. Band Chart
TYPES OF GRAPHS
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3. Hundred percent Graphs or chartsa. Subdivided barb. Circle or Pie Graph
4. Pictograms
TYPES OF GRAPHS
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a. Single Vertical Bar Graph
Bars are constructed vertically Bars portray the magnitudes of the
categories Usually used to depict time series
data
BAR GRAPHS
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a. Single Vertical Bar Graph
BAR GRAPHS
1985-1986
1986-1987
1987-1988
1988-1989
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No. of students
No. of students
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b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph
Bars are constructed Horizontally
Usually used to compare magnitudes of different categories
BAR GRAPHS
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b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph
BAR GRAPHS
IV
III
III
I
0 50 100 150 200 250
Series 1
Series 1
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c. Grouped Bar Graph Used to compare two or more
categories of a variable during a specific period of time
Subgroups of the categories have common attributes
BAR GRAPHS
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c. Grouped Bar Graph
BAR GRAPHS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
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d. Bilateral Bar Graph
Present data in forms of assets, profits and positive numbers, liabilities,
losses and negative numbers
Presence of positive and negative values
BAR GRAPHS
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d. Bi-lateral Bar Graph
BAR GRAPHS
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e. Component Bar Graph
Shows variation or changes of the components parts of a whole and the whole itself
BAR GRAPHS
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f. Histogram Bars placed side by side, heights
indicate the magnitudes of their classes
For grouped or class frequency distributions
BAR GRAPHS
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f. Histogram
BAR GRAPHS
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A. Time series linear chart
Depict variations of a variable over a period of time
LINE GRAPHS
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B. Time series composite charts
comparisons made between or among two or more categories
LINE GRAPHS
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B. Time series composite charts
LINE GRAPHS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Num
ber o
f clin
ician
s
Clinic 1
Clinic 2
Clinic 3
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C. Frequency Polygon
Graph class or grouped frequency distribution
Counterpart of histogram Connecting the midpoints of the
classes
LINE GRAPHS
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C. Frequency Polygon
LINE GRAPHS
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D. Ogive
Graph of the cumulative frequencies
Either upward or downward
LINE GRAPHS
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D. Ogive
LINE GRAPHS
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E. Band Chart
Proportional variations of the component parts of a whole over a period of time
LINE GRAPHS
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a. 100% bar graph or rectangular chart
Division of a 100% graph where the parts are divided per segment
Largest segment at the bottom
ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
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b. Pie chart or Circle Graph Equated to 100% 1% of the graph is equated
to 3.6 degrees
ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
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b. Pie chart or Circle Graph
ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
Develops skills & talents56%Finds it interesting
31%
Parents chose for them3%
Their friends are there8%
High GIFT grade3%
Factors why 4th year students enrolled in their GIFT
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Portray data by means of pictures or symbols.
Vivid comparison of magnitude
PICTOGRAMS
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PICTOGRAMS
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USE THE RIGHT TYPE OF GRAPHIC!!BAR GRAPH
- Comparison-Categories of
data
Vertical Portray magnitudeHorizontal Compare magnitudeGrouped Compare categoriesBilateral Positive negative values
Component Proportions of a wholeHistogram Frequency distribution
LINE GRAPH
- Display trends over time
Time series Time periodComposite line Different categories
Frequency polygon Frequency distributionOgive Cumulative frequency
Band Chart Components of a whole
100% GRAPHS- Show percentages
and proportion
Rectangular bar graph Proportions of a 100%
Pie Graph Proportion of a 100%
PICTOGRAMS Pictorial display of data
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- Discuss the summary of the implications of the findings
- Possible meaning, probable causes and effects, suggestions to a situation or condition from the findings.
INTERPRETATIONof data
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-Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons
Condition or situation
Probable cause
Probable effect
Suggestion or recommendatio
n
Entity or area affected
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Are there any outliers or discrepancies in the data?
A significant finding discovered in the research
May be favorable or unfavorable
A generalization formed from the findings
EXISTENCE OF A CONDITION
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- A logical and valid relationship between the condition and the cause.
- Causes may be inferred from other researches and studies
PROBABLE CAUSE OF
CONDITION
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- Logical and valid relationship between the condition and its possible effects
- May be good or bad
PROBABLE EFFECT OF
CONDITION
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• Possible solutions to remedy the unsatisfactory condition.
• Suggest to continue practice and to strengthen it.
SUGGESTION OR RECOMMENDATION
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- Who or what will be affected by the possible effects brought by the conditions / situations in the findings of the study?
AREA OR ENTITY
AFFECTED
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Develops skills & talents
56%
Finds it interest-
ing31%
Parents chose for them
3%
Their friends are there
8%
High GIFT grade3%
Factors why 4th year students enrolled in their GIFT
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1. CONDITION- 56% of the sample select their GIFT class to develop their talents and skill
2. CAUSES-The students were given enough orientation about the program- Students intend to develop their skills
3. EFFECTS- By the end of the program, the students would have enhanced their skills
4. SUGGESTION- Continue the implementation of the program
5. AFFECTED-SPCP students who are enrolled in GIFT
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GROUP ACTIVITY!!1. What are the 3 general ways of presenting
data? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
2. Construct a graph for this data:Enrolment of High School Student, 1990-1991
Year Level Boys GirlsI 124 141II 115 139III 109 128IV 98 115
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3. Why did you choose to use this graph
4. What are the similarities and differences of the ff: frequency polygon, histogram and ogives?
5. Give a 3-7 sentence interpretation of the data from # 2