ANATOMICAL POSITION & DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Sports Medicine 1

Anatomic Position

Body erect Arms to side Palms forward Head & neck forward

Body Planes

Sagittal

Medial/Mid-sagittal

Coronal/Frontal

Transverse

transversetransverse

midsaggitalmidsaggitalcoronalcoronal

Primary Functions of Bone

Supports the soft tissues of the body so that the form of the body and an erect posture can be maintained

Protects delicate structures Blood cell production- RBC, WBC, &

platelets produced in red marrow Storage for calcium & phosphorus;

reserve lipid in yellow marrow Lever system with muscles-directs

forces generated by muscles

Classified by Shape

Long bones: longer than wide, shaft with 2 ends (femur, humerus)

Short bones: length equals width (carpals, tarsals)

Flat bones: thin and flat (cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula)

Irregular bones: complex shapes (vertebrae, middle ear bones)

Sesamoid bones: small bones formed in tendons (patella)

The Skeleton

The average human adult skeleton has 206 bones joined to ligaments and tendons

Forms a protective and supportive framework for the attached muscles and the soft tissues which underlie it.

Minor differences between male and female skeletons: men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than corresponding women's bones, and a woman's pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth.

Joint Types Ball and Socket

The greatest range of joint movement is provided by a "ball-and- socket" joint, in which the spherical head of one bone lodges in the spherical cavity of another

Joint Types: Hinge

The simplest type of joint is the "hinge," as found in the elbows and the joints of the fingers and toes.

Hinge joints allow movement in only one direction.

Elbow

Joint Types: Pivot

A pivot joint allows two bones to move in a rotational motion by twisting against each other

The radio-ulnar joint in the elbow, or atlas/axis in the neck do this

Joint Types: Gliding

Gliding" joints permit a wide range of mostly sideways movements - as well as movements in one direction

The bones in the wrists and ankles slide against each other in a gliding motion

The spine is a series of gliding joints

Joint movement: Extension

When two bones move away from each other, the action is known as EXTENSION

This would occur for example with straightening of the elbow or knee

Joint movement: Abduction

When a joint moves away from the vertical centreline of the body, it is known as abduction.

This movement occurs when the arm is raised to one side

Joint movement: Adduction

When a joint moves towards the vertical centreline of the body, it is known as adduction.

This movement occurs when the arm is lowered

Joint movement: Rotation

This occurs when a bone rotates, either in a socket or relative to another bone.

It can occur at ball & socket or gliding type joints

Lowering (blue arrow) is internal rotation. Raising is external

Joint movement:

Forward movement is flexion, (except the knee and elbow) Rearward

movement is extension

Anatomical directions

Superior: nearer the head Inferior: nearer the feet Lateral: away from the midline Medial: towards the midline

Anatomical directions

Anterior: toward the front Posterior: toward the rear or back Proximal: nearer to the center Distal: farther from the center

Head

Skull Frontal Parietals Temporals occipital

Maxilla (top jaw and face)

Mandible (Lower Jaw)

Head - Cranium

Spine

C1 – Atlas C2 – Axis Common HNP (slipped disc): L4/L5,

L5/S1

LumbarLumbar

CervicalCervical

Back Muscles (Superficial)

Back Muscles (Deep)

Thorax

Ribs SC joint –

danger if clavicle fracture

AC joint

Thoracic Muscles

Shoulder – Bony Anatomy

Shoulder - Muscles

Rotator Cuff

S – Supraspinatus

I – Infraspinatus

T – Teres minor

S - Subscapularis

Shoulder Muscles

Anterior View

Shoulder Injuries

Shoulder Injuries

Elbow

Elbow Musculature

Tennis ElbowWhat causes tennis

elbow???

Wrist and Hand

27 bones in the hand: the carpals or wrist account for 8; the metacarpals or palm contains 5; the remaining 14 are digital bones

Carpal Bones Carpal Bones (wrist)(wrist)

Extensor and Flexor Muscles

Lower Extremity

Femur – longest bone in body

Patella – knee cap Tibia – bears ~ 80%

weight Fibula

Hip Joint

Hip Flexor mm’sHip Flexor mm’s

Quadriceps

• Rectus Femoris

• Vastus Intermedialis

• Vastus Lateralis

• Vastus Medialis

Knee

ACL PCL MCL LCL Medial & Lateral

Menisci

Knee Injuries – True “Knee” dislocation

Knee injuries – Patella dislocation

Lower Leg

Gastrocnemius Medial and

Lateral heads Soleus

Foot & Ankle

26 bones in foot (28 if count sesamoids) Hindfoot: Calcaneus, Talus Midfoot: Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms (med, middle, lat) Forefoot: metatarsals (5), phalanges (2, 3, 3, 3, 3 = 14)

Ankle Dislocation