150 Santalka: Filologija, Edukologija 2011, t. 19, nr. 2. ISSN 1822-430X print/1822-4318 online

In memoriam of Professor G. Česnys

ANATOMICAL TERMS IN J. BASANAVIČIUS’ MANUSCRIPT anatOMIJOS IR MEDICInOS VaRDYnO MEDŽIaGa

Nijolė Litevkienė

Šiauliai State College, Aušros al. 40, LT-76241 Šiauliai, Lithuania E-mail: siauliukolegija@hotmail.com

The historical evolution of anatomical terms dates to antiquity, to the writings of Hippocrates. The historical development of Lithuanian anatomical terminology goes back to the seventeenth century. Anatomical termino-logy, as a comprehensive system of the names of human body parts is being compiled gradually. The originator of Lithuanian medical terminology was J. Basanavičius. The research paper aims to analyze anatomical terms used in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga (further BM) and to compare them with the terms in the Dictionary of Medical Terms ( Medicinos terminų žodynas 1980). The research focuses on the analysis of some aspects of differentiation and congruity of simple and multi-word anatomical terms of the manuscript and the dictionary. About 270 Lithuanian anatomical terms with Russian and Latin equivalents were collected by J. Basanavičius. The results show that the major part of the terms are different, the lesser part of the terms are identical.

Keywords: language of medicine, anatomical terms, Lithuanian anatomical terminology, originator of ana-tomical terminology.

http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cpe.2011.16

Historical development of anatomical terms

Anatomy is the science of morphology and structure of organisms. The history of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examina-tions of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. The field of Human Anatomy has a prestigious history and is considered to be the most prominent of the biological sciences of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The word Anatomy is derived from the Greek ana- up, and -tome – a cutting. Anatomy, wrote Vesalius in the preface of his De Fabrica (1543), “should rightly be regarded as the firm foundation of the

whole art of medicine and its essential prelimi-nary” (O’Rahily ).

Anatomical terminology is a base for medical communication. It is elaborated into a nomenclature in Latin. Its history goes back to 1895, when the first Latin anatomical nomen-clature was published as Basilensia Nomina Anatomica. It was followed by seven revisions (Jenaiensia Nomina Anatomica 1935; Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica 1955; Nomina Anatomica 2nd to 6th edition 1960–1989). The first revi-sion, Terminologia Anatomica, (TA) created by the Federative Committee on Anatomical

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Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, was published in 1998 (Kachlik et al. 2008: 459–466).

The oldest written sources of Western medi-cine are the Hippocratic writings from the 5th and 4th centuries B.C., which cover all aspects of medicine at that time and contain numerous medical terms. This was the beginning of the Greek era of the language of medicine, which lasted even after the Roman conquest, since the Romans, who had no similar medical tra-dition, imported Greek medicine. Most of the doctors practicing in the Roman Empire were Greek, and the works by Galen of Pergamum, from the 2nd century A.D., were for centuries valued as highly as the Hippocratic ones (Wulff 2004: 187).

At the beginning of the first century A.D., when Greek was still the language of medicine in the Roman world, an important development took place. At that time a Roman aristocrat from Narbonensis (now Narbonne in the South of France) by the name of Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote De Medicina, which was an ency-clopedic overview of medical knowledge based on Greek sources. He is sometimes called Cicero medicorum (the Cicero of doctors) on account of his elegant Latin. Celsus faced the difficulty that most Greek medical terms had no Latin equivalents, and the manner in which he solved this problem is of considerable interest from a linguistic point of view. First, he imported a few Greek terms directly, even preserving their Greek grammatical endings. Secondly, he Latinized Greek words, writing them with Latin letters and replacing Greek endings by Latin ones. Thirdly, and most importantly, he retained the vivid imagery of the Greek anatomical ter-minology by translating Greek terms into Latin (Wulff 2004: 188).

The historical development of Lithuanian anatomical terminology from the seventeenth century to the modern can be divided into stages. The initial stage is represented by the Dictionarium trium linguarum by K. Sirvydas (rarely referred as Konstantinas Širvydas;

Latin: Constantinus Szyrwid; Polish: Konstanty Szyrwid) (1579–1631). The first folk names are found in his dictionary. The second stage is rep-resented by J. Basanavičius’ (1851–1927) pub-lished medical dictionary named Medega mūsų tautizskai vaistininkystei, where 277 terms1 were described. In his manuscript Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga (The Material of Anatomical and Medical Nomenclature) he collected and published near 270 Lithuanian and Russian anatomical terms, chose their Latin equivalents. The third stage of the deve- lopment in the early 20th century was marked by significant work of J. Žilinskas (1885–1957). The fourth stage began with some anatomical textbooks and the Dictionary of Medical Terms (Medicinos terminų žodynas 1980).

Lithuanian medical terminology is not old, but rather accordant. The development and perfection of medical terminology is a long and near work initiated at the beginning of the century by P. Avižonis, V. Lašas and further by – V. Astrauskas, S. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius, A. Vileišis (Molytė 1997: 134). Anatomical terminology is being compiled gradually. The first folk names are found in K. Sirvydas’ work Dictionarium trium lingua- rum (1979), edited in 1620 (Pavilonis 1993: 100). Jonas Basanavičius collected and pub-lished near 270 Russian and Lithuanian medical terms, chose their Latin equivalents. He was the father of Lithuanian medical terminology. According to G. Česnys, Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927) is the originator of the professional nomenclature as the system of denotates. The manuscript of Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga (The Material of Anatomical and Medical Nomenclature) is still extant in the Institute of Lithuanian literature and Folklore (Česnys 2002: 57). It is considered to be a draft of medical dictionary in which 700 terms are collected. The list of medical terms in the manuscript can be divided into three parts. The

1 A term – a word or a collocation, which names a spe-cial concept of a certain field of science, art or any other sphere of life (Kvašytė 2005: 65).

152 Nijolė Litevkienė Anatomical terms in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript...

first part of the manuscript presents Russian and Latin medical terms written in alphabeti-cal order. He used some Russian dictionary of medical terms or the words were collected in an encyclopedia. In the second part Lithuanian anatomical terms, their explanations, transla-tions into other languages are presented. The third part includes lists, extracts from his publications or heard words (Česnys 2001: 16). This not published material is considered to be a draft of Lithuanian medical terminology, store-house of our terminology. Some of the terms are still used by doctors (Valančiūtė 2002: 107). 170 Russian, Lithuanian, Latin anatomical terms are listed in Basanavičius’ manuscript (further BM) The Material of Anatomical and Medical Nomenclature. Lithuanian anatomical terms can be grouped into the following groups:

Simple Lithuanian anatomical terms iden- −tical to the terms of the Medicinos termi-nų žodynas Dictionary of Medical Terms (further MTŽ, 1980).Simple Lithuanian anatomical terms dif- −ferent from the terms of the MTŽ.Compound Lithuanian anatomical terms −identical to the terms of the MTŽ.Compound Lithuanian anatomical terms −different from the terms of the MTŽ.

Simple Lithuanian anatomical terms

One third of all the terms of the manuscript make simple Lithuanian anatomical terms identical to the terms of the MTŽ. For ex-ample, antakis – supercilium (BM) – antakis (MTŽ: 522); ausis – auris (BM) – ausis (MTŽ: 65); bamba – umbilicus (BM) – bamba (MTŽ: 565); branduolys – nucleus (BM) – branduolys (MTŽ: 382); burna – os, oris (BM) – burna (MTŽ: 398); kaulas – os (BM) – kaulas (MTŽ: 398); kirkšnis – inguien (BM) – kirkšnis (MTŽ: 272); kraujas – sanguis (BM) – kraujas (MTŽ: 491); kremzlė – cartilago (BM) – kremzlė (MTŽ: 92); liežuvis – lingua (BM) – liežuvis (MTŽ: 311); mazgas – nodus (BM) – mazgas (MTŽ: 379); nosis – nasus (BM) – nosis (MTŽ: 364);

padas – planta (BM) – padas (MTŽ: 440); pirštas – digitus (BM) – pirštas (MTŽ: 149); sąnarys – articulatio (BM) – sąnarys (MTŽ: 58); sėkla – sperma (BM) – sėkla (MTŽ: 504); siūlė – sutura (BM) – siūlė (MTŽ: 523); skliau-tas – fornix (BM) – skliautas (MTŽ: 210); smakras – mentum (BM) – smakras (MTŽ: 334); širdis – cor (BM) – širdis (MTŽ: 121); šonkaulis – costa (BM) – šonkaulis (MTŽ: 124); vartai – porta (BM) – vartai (MTŽ: 452); vi-duriai – viscera (BM) – viduriai (MTŽ: 592); vokas – palpebra (BM) – palpebra (MTŽ: 409); žarna – intestinum (BM) – žarna (MTŽ: 276).

Some Latin terms have several Lithuanian equivalents. The author’s efforts to find the most suitable terms were not successful. In some cas-es the author put a question mark alongside the terms that were unclear. For example, blužnis, kasa – lien, splen (BM) – blužnis (MTŽ: 303, 506); gerklė, stemplė (?) – trachea (BM) – gerklė (MTŽ: 547); makštis, žiedas (?) – vagina (BM) – makštis (MTŽ: 573); mentė, lopeta – scapula (BM) – mentė (MTŽ: 493); revelis, griovelis, vaga (?), grabutė – sulcus (BM) – vaga, vagelė (MTŽ: 519).

It is worth mentioning that J. Basanavičius denominated generalities of vestibular appa-ratus (antkaulis, kremzlė, raumuo, sausgyslė), points related to the relief of bones (vaga, skiauterė, antis, siūlė, momuo, skliautas), some of the bones (šonkaulis, mentė, noragas, prieka-las), some points of internal organs (raukšlė, vartai, šnervės, plaučiai, liežuvėlis, stemplė, tiesioji žarna, taukinė, makštis, varpa) perfectly (Česnys 2001: 16).

The following part of the paper will focus on several most interesting aspects of different simple Lithuanian anatomical terms. One third of anatomical terms in J. Basanavicius’ manu-script are simple Lithuanian anatomical terms different from the terms in the MTŽ (Fig. 1)2. Most of the terms of this part have not rooted in the present anatomical terminology. For ex-ample, gomurė, gomurė, nasrai, – skiltis (MTŽ:

2 The Fund of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore

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316); gerklės – bronchi (BM) – bronchas (MTŽ: 81); gomurė, nasrai, gerklė – pharynx (BM) – ryklė (MTŽ: 433); glitesos, glytys – mucus – (BM) – gleivės (MTŽ: 348); gurklis – struma (BM – gūžys (MTŽ: 81); krūtinė – thorax (BM) – krūtinės ląsta (MTŽ: 541); maumo-nys – fonticulus (BM) – momenėlis (MTŽ: 209); nasrai, gomurė – fauces (BM) – žiotys (MTŽ: 200); petys – humerus (BM) – žastikaulis (MTŽ: 249) pėda – tarsus (BM) – čiurna (MTŽ: 531); perklodai – diaphragma (BM) – perdanga (MTŽ: 147); petys – humerus (BM) – žastikaulis (MTŽ: 249); raukinys, raukšlė – plica (BM) – klostė (MTŽ: 444); viršūgalvis – vertex (BM) – momuo, viršūnė (MTŽ: 588); žandas – maxilla (BM) – viršutinis žandikaulis (MTŽ: 327).

Fig. 1. Facsimile of J. Basanavičius’ manuscript

J. Basanavičius did not find Lithuanian terms to denote some organs, body structures. For ex-ample, gelaža – glandula (BM) – liauka (MTŽ: 225); keblas (?) – skeleton (BM) – griaučiai (MTŽ: 502); gyvgyslė – arteria (BM) – arterija (MTŽ: 50); klepas, atlapas, lopas – valvula (BM) – vožtuvėlis (MTŽ: 575); kulė – scrotum (BM) – kapšelis (MTŽ: 495); lenta (krūtinės) – sternum (BM) – krūtinkaulis (MTŽ: 511); liežuvėlis (?) – epiglottis (BM) – antgerklis (MTŽ: 180); ropė (kaulas) – patella (BM) – girnelė (MTŽ: 421); sietuolė – retina (BM) – tinklainė (MTŽ: 482); vieta, namai – placenta (BM) – placenta, nuovala (MTŽ: 439); viliokas – clitoris (BM) – varputė (MTŽ: 110); ryšelis – ligamen-tum (BM) – raištis (MTŽ: 304).

As far as the use of Lithuanian term gerklė is concerned it can be noted that the author

of the manuscript could not find the precise Latin equivalent. For example, gerklė, stemplė – trachea (BM) – gerklė (MTŽ: 547); gomurė ar nasrai, gerklė – pharynx (BM) – ryklė (MTŽ: 433). The Latin terms trachea and pharynx de-noted gerklė. J. Basanavičius did not succeed in choosing the names of foot, hand, meninx, the term of throut was still indefinite, the spleen and pancreas were confused, thought over Lithua- nian terms of eye structure, which were origi-nated by P. Avižonis in his famous book Akių ligų vadovas (The Guide of Eye Diseases), pub-lished after the author’s death (1940) (Česnys 2001: 16). Several Lithuanian terms kiaušinukas, inkstukas, poutas, inkariukas were chosen for the Latin term testiculus (testiculus (testis) sėklidė MTŽ: 536). The Lithuanian terms koserė (larynx – gerklos MTŽ: 296), raukinys, raukšlė (plica – klostė MTŽ: 444), sietas (cribrosum s. ethmoideum – retinis, akytas MTŽ: 126) have not rooted in the present anatomical terminology. J. Basanavičius did not manage to translate some Latin terms, which were further rooted in as ląstelė, sraigė, kriauklė, kiaušidė. To name glands he suggested several words – gelaža, grumulas, žirniukas, virukas. He was of the opinion that liauka is pig‘s organ (Česnys 2001: 17).

Anatomical terms terpvietis (tarpvietė), speniukas (spenelis), skiautiukė (skiauterė) and some other terms of J. Basanavičius come near to present usage.

In conclusion of this part it could be re-marked that a certain part of simple Lithuanian anatomical terms of J. Basanavičius‘ manuscript different from the terms of the MTŽ were the beginning of the present anatomical termino- logy.

Furthermore, in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript we find twenty Lithuanian words without Latin equivalents. The author attempted to form some derivatives with prefixes pa- , ant-, per-. For example, bulis – pabulys; gerklė – pagurklis; kaklas – pakaklė, ankaklė, perkaklė; kiaušė – pakaušis; kinka – pakinkis; liauka – paliaukys; nagas – pernagė; slėpsnis – paslepsnis; šonas – antšonė, pašonė; petys – papetė; pirštas – antpirštis; žandas – pažandė (Figs 2–3).

154 Nijolė Litevkienė Anatomical terms in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript...

Fig. 2. Facsimile of J. Basanavičius’ manuscript

This may be understood as an attempt at forming Lithuanian anatomical terminology using well-known word formation methods. On the other hand, J. Basanavičius tried to use Lithuanian words, and did not try to use borrow-ings. Only some of the derivatives of this list are used in present terminology: pagurklis, pakaklė, pakaušis, pašonė. Some anatomical terms are given with the names of people, who used these words. For example: Juknevičius and Bruožienė from Pilviškiai, Žemaitienė from Vilkaviškis circuit, Vaišnys from Bartninkai and Žemaitė (1845–1921), doctor K. Grinius (1866–1950), priest J. Žiogas (1869–1935). J. Basanavičius used F. Kuršaitis’ Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, published in 1883 (Česnys 2001: 17). He had doubts on how to use some terms. For example: to use the term petys (as it was used by Kuršaitis and Grinius) or petkaulis.

Compound Lithuanian anatomical terms

Compound Lithuanian anatomical terms in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript make the fifth part of all the amount of anatomical terms. As far as the identity and differentiation of J. Basanavičius’ terms and the terms of the MTŽ is concerned it could be noted that only some compound terms are identical. For example, miego arteria – a. carotis (BM) – a. carotis (communis) – (bendroji) miego arterija (MTŽ: 51); minkštasis gomurys – palatum molle (BM) – minkštasis gomurys (MTŽ: 407); pirmutiniai dantys, pieniniai, pirmaeiliai dantys – dentes lactei s. decidui (BM) – pieniniai dantys (MTŽ: 140); uoslės nervas – n. olphactorius (BM) – n. olphactorii – uoslės nervas (MTŽ: 369).

Fig. 3. Facsimile of J. Basanavičius’ manuscript

Different compound terms make the major part of all the terms of the manuscript. For example, balsinės striunos – chorda vocalis (BM) – plica vocalis – balso klostė (balso styga) (MTŽ: 445), kylinis kaulas – os sphenoideum

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(BM– os sphenoidale – pleištakaulis (MTŽ: 399), pažandinis gelažonis – glandula submaxillaris (BM) – glandula submandibularis – pažandinė liauka (MTŽ: 225), trynikinis nervas – n. trigeminus (BM) – nervus trigeminus – trišakis nervas (MTŽ: 373), storoji žarna – colon (BM) – gaubtinė žarna (MTŽ: 114). J. Basanavičius did not misuse adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, he used nouns in genitive (Česnys 2001: 17). According to the principles of international ter-minology, the preference to the forms of genitive of a noun should be given, not adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė. The genitive is more suitable to determine dependency or to define the origin (Gaivenis 1994: 16 ). For example, alkūnės kau- las – os ulnae (BM) – ulna – alkūnkaulis (MTŽ: 564), kulšies kaulas – os femoris (BM) – femur – šlaunikaulis (MTŽ: 201), lyties intaisos – organa genitalia (BM) – lytiniai organai (MTŽ: 396), moteriški lyties intaisai – org. genitalia feminae (BM) – moteriškieji lytiniai organai (MTŽ: 396), pilvo vidurinė plėvė (pilvinė plėvė) – peri-toneum (BM) – pilvaplėvė (MTŽ: 428), piršto kauliukas – phalanx digiti (BM) – phalanx – pirštakaulis (MTŽ: 431), sėdėjimo kaulas – os ischii (BM) – sėdynkaulis (MTŽ: 398), širdies kamaraitė – ventriculus cordis (BM) – širdies skilvelis (MTŽ: 586). The genitive of a noun is more sapid, can express more aspects than the equivalent adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė. Adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė and attribu-tive genitives of a noun are so close in their meanings, that it becomes not clear which of them should be used” (Skardžius 1935: 84).

As far as the word order of compound terms of the manuscript is concerned an inverse word order prevails (lat. Inversion – inversion, reversion, permute places; inversio verborum – conversion of (ordinary) order of words). For example, baltymas akies – sclera (BM) – (akies) odena (MTŽ: 494), duobė akies – orbita (BM) – akiduobė (MTŽ: 496), dantų smegens – gingiva (BM) – dantenos (MTŽ: 224), inkstas vidu-rinis – ren (BM) – inkstas (MTŽ: 480), kopėčios bubnelio – scala tympani (BM) – būgninis laip-tas (MTŽ: 493), puslinkis sėklinės – vesiculae seminales (BM) – sėklinės pūslelės (MTŽ: 590),

plėvė raumenų – fascia (BM) – jungiamojo au-dinio plėvė (MTŽ: 198), skliautas kiaušo – fornix (BM) – skliautas (MTŽ: 210), slankstukas nos-ies – septum narium (BM) – septum nasi – nosies pertvara (MTŽ: 498), šeiva blauzdos – fibula (BM) – šeivikaulis (MTŽ: 204), šeiva rankos – radius (BM) – stipinkaulis (MTŽ: 471), tuštuma bubnelio – cavum tympani (BM) – būgninė ertmė (MTŽ: 96). Usually, components of Lithuanian two-word terms are: attribute + modifier, of Latin two-word terms: modifier + attribute. In this aspect Lithuanian terminology of anatomy, botany, zoology differs from Latin terms, where specific attributes are after modi-fiers (Gaivenis 2002: 31).

Conclusion

The paper offers a new view of the develop-ment of Lithuanian anatomical termino- logy. It is concerned in greater detail with the originator of Lithuanian anatomical termino- logy J. Basanavičius. His original manuscript Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga be-came a new stage in the evolution of Lithuanian anatomical terminology. Medical terms of the manuscript can be divided into three parts. The first part presents medical terms written in alphabetical order. The second part consists of Lithuanian medical terms and their equivalents in Russian, German and Latin. The third part includes different heard words or words used in his prior publications. The majority of the terms of the writing make simple terms. One third of all the terms of the manuscript make simple Lithuanian anatomical terms identical to the terms of the MTŽ. Compound Lithuanian anatomical terms in J. Basanavičius’ manuscript make the fifth part of all the amount of ana-tomical terms. Different compound anatomi-cal terms make the majority of all the terms of the manuscript. As follows from the review of J. Basanavičius’ manuscript Anatomijos ir medi-cinos vardyno medžiaga a part of Lithuanian anatomical terms deep-rooted in the present anatomical terminology. A certain part of the

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terms came into the Dictionary of Medical Terms. Some anatomical terms changed only their grammatical forms. In any case, it can be confirmed that the material of the manuscript was the basis for the process of the evolution of Lithuanian anatomical terminology.

Resources

BM

J. Basanavičius’ manuscript / Basanavičius, J. Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga.

MTŽ

Medicinos terminų žodynas / Dictionary of Medical Terms (Astrauskas et al. 1980).

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ANATOMIJOS TERMINAI J. BASANAVIČIAUS RANKRAŠTYJE „ANATOMIJOS IR MEDICINOS VARDYNO MEDŽIAGA“

Nijolė Litevkienė

Anatomijos terminijos raida prasideda nuo Hipokrato raštų antikoje. Lietuviškosios anatomijos terminijos formavimas prasidėjo XVII amžiuje. Anatomijos terminija, išsami žmogaus kūno dalių pavadinimų sistema buvo kaupiama palaipsniui. Lietuviškosios medicinos terminijos pradininkas buvo J. Basanavičius. Straipsnyje analizuojami J. Basanavičiaus rankraščio Anatomijos ir medicinos vardyno medžiaga anatomijos terminai. J. Basanavičius surinko apie 270 lietuviškų ir rusiškų anatomijos terminų, parinko lotyniškus atitikmenis.

157Santalka: Filologija, Edukologija 2011, 19(2): 150–157

Straipsnio tikslas yra aptarti vienažodžių ir daugiažodžių J. Basanavičiaus rankraščio ir Medicinos terminų žodyno anatomijos terminų sutapties ir skirties aspektus. Daroma išvada, kad dalis rankraščio terminų su-tampa su Medicinos terminų žodyno terminais, jie prigijo šiuolaikinėje anatomijos terminijoje, tačiau didžioji dalis terminų skiriasi.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: medicinos kalba, anatomijos terminai, lietuviškoji anatomijos terminija, anatomijos terminijos pradininkas.

Įteikta 2011 05 14; priimta 2011 09 14