ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF HUMAN BODY (be health and safe in your

workplace)

dr. NURUL HIDAYATI, M.Sc

Department of Anatomy-HistologyFaculty of MedicineUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

Demands of work duties and environment

Safety and Health issue at work

Learning Objectives

Understand roles of anatomy structure and function of human body in a working area in term of safety and healthy at work

Be able to optimize the role of anatomy and function of human body to improve someone’s performance at work

For specific reason, applying knowledge of anatomy and function of human body in relevant field of areas as the professional practice

Complex structures and function to live

From simple to complex …

Levels of Organization

Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs System Level Organismic Level

Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level - atomic and molecular level Cellular level - smallest living unit of the body Tissue level

Group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task

4 basic tissue types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve

Organ level - consists of two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function

Example: Stomach○ Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue○ Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle○ Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion○ Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together

System - collection of related organs with a common function, sometimes an organ is part of more than one system

Organismic level - one living individual

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

HUMAN BODY

SYSTEMS

Anatomy structures of human body

nervous system

respiratory system

excretory system

muscular system

endocrine system

lymphatic (immune) system

integumentary system

digestive system

skeletal system

circulatory system

reproductive system

Body Systems

Body Systems

Basic mechanism to survive / live

“The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment within a dynamic state of equilibrium when outside conditions change

Internal conditions change/vary within narrow limits.

•Body systems must respond to changes quickly and in the right way.

•Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells

Homeo – unchanging Statis – standing Homeostasi

s

Keeping the Balance

What can go wrong with homeostasis?

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• A problem in one body system may cause problems in other body systems.

• Lack of food and the presence of toxins or pathogens may disrupt the proper functioning of body systems.

• Problems with cells, tissues, or organs can cause problems in the body.

• If cells cannot get energy or necessities, they cannot work properly.

• When the body cannot maintain homeostasis, it is easier for pathogens to invade the body

Control systems are grouped into two classes Intrinsic controls

○ Local controls that are inherent in an organ

Extrinsic controls○ Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ○ Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

Two mechanisms Autoregulation – when a tissue, organ or organ

system responds automaticallyExtrinsic regulation – when response results from the

action of one of the two organ systems that control or adjust the function of many other systems simultaneously

Homeostatic Control Systems

Feedforward - term used for responses made in anticipation of a change

Feedback - refers to responses made after change has been detected

Homeostatic Control Systems

Negative feedback loop original stimulus reversed most feedback systems in the body are negative used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

Positive feedback loop original stimulus intensified seen during normal childbirth

Negative Feedback Loop

Receptor - structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changes

Control center – determines next action

Effectorreceives directions from

the control centerproduces a response that restores the

controlled condition

Negative Feedback LoopNegative Feedback Loop

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

LOOP

Homeostasis – Negative Feedback Loop Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal (the

stimulus), the hormone insulin is released and it speeds up the transport of glucose out of the blood and into selected tissues (the response), so blood glucose concentrations decrease (thus decreasing the original stimulus).

Homeostasis of Blood Pressure Baroreceptors in walls of

blood vessels detect an increase in BP

Brain receives input and signals blood vessels and heart

Blood vessels dilate, HR decreases

BP decreases

Positive Feedback during Childbirth Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to

the brain Brain induces release of hormone (oxytocin) into

bloodstream Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully More stretch, more hormone, more contraction

etc. Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in

stretch

Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis

THANK YOU …..