anatomy & physiology, ch. 4 tissues. 2 question of the day what are the levels of organization...
TRANSCRIPT
Anatomy & Physiology, ch. 4
Tissues
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Question of the Day
What are the levels of organization found in the human body?
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Levels of Organization
Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms
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Tissue
Groups of cells with specialized structure/function
4 major types Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
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Epithelial
Epithelia and Glands Important characteristics
free surface exposed to environment or some internal chamber/passageway
basement membrane attaches it to connective tissue
Avascular
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Function of Epithelia
Physical protection Controls Permeability Provides Sensations Produces specialized Secretions
glandular epithelium (exocrine and endocrine)
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Cell Junctions between Epithelia
Gap Junction connection via channel proteins cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue
Tight Junction interlocking proteins on the outer lipid layer
of membranes prevents loss of water and solutes between
cells Desmosome
protein filaments and intercellular cement7
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General Structure
Contain microvilli or cilia on exposed surface specialize in active and passive transport increases surface area
Basement membrane connects epithelium to connective tissue
Stem cells responsible for cellular division and replacement/renewal of epithelia
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Classification of Epithelia Cell Layers
simple ephithelium• Thin, areas of secretion or absorption• line chambers/passageways
stratified ephithelium• Thicker, areas of mechanical/chemical stresses
Cell Shape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar 9
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Simple Epithelial Simple Squamous
lining of body cavities, blood vessels, heart, surface of lungs, kidney tubules
Simple Cubodial Secrets enzymes and buffers in pancreas/salivary
glands, lines kidney tububles Simple Columnar
Stomach, digestive tract, excretory ducts
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Pseudostratified Epithelia
Appears to be many layers Nuclei at different levels
Respiratory tract Ciliated pseudostratified epithelia line the
nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and portions of male reproductive system
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Transitional Epithelium
Forms a barrier between waste Increase tension/pressure causes a
change in cell shape Lines Ureters and Urinary Bladder
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Stratified Epithelial Squamous
Epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal Cubodial
Sweat, salivary, mammary glands, pancreas, (lumen)
Columnar Superfical layer is columnar; basal are cubodial Pharynx, male reproductive
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Glandular Epithelia Produce and secrete substances into ducts or bloodstream Exocrine Into a duct
Apocrine-lose parts of cell during secretion Merocrine- water, protein-rich secretion via exocytosis Holocrine- entire cell lyses during secretion
Secretions Serous:watery solution containing enzymes Mucous: thick, mucous Mixed: more than 1 type of gland cell, 2 different exocrine secretions
or 1 exo/endocrine secretions Endocrine Into bloodstream/tissue
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Connective Tissue Never exposed to the environment
outside the body Basic Structure
Specialized cells Protein fibers Ground Substance
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Functions of Connective Functions
Support and Protection Transport Materials Stores Energy Immunity
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Classification of Connective
Based on physical properties of ground substance Connective Tissue Proper
• many types of cells and fibers Fluid Connective Tissue
• distinctive cells in watery ground substance Supporting Connective Tissue
• Matrix is dense and closely packed fibers• Cartilage and bone
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Connective Tissue Proper Adipocytes Mast cells
Near blood vessels (heparin & histamine) Macrophages
Scavenger/defense cells Fibroblasts
Most common and most numerous Star shaped and release 3 types of fibers
• Collagen• Elastic• Reticular
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Fibroblast Fibers
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Thick collagen fibers that are flexible but slightly elastic; great textile strength
Thin elastin fibers that stretch easily and resume shape
thin collagen fibers that are branched and form delicate supporting networks
Ligaments Tendons
Vocal cords various organs
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Loose Connective Tissue
Least specialized Binds skin to underlying tissues, fills
spaces between muscle, under most layers of epithelium
aka. Areolar Tissues
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Adipose Tissues
Formed when fat is deposited into cytoplasm of cells
Cushions joints and some organs, takes up space, insulator, energy storage Between muscles, beneath skin, around
organs and joints
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Dense Connective Tissue
Closely packed collagen and elastin fibers
Poor blood supply Extremely strong tissue
Binds body parts, tendons, ligaments, scalera of eye
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Blood & Lymph
Transports nutrients and other materials Maintains homeostasis Forms in the red bone marrow Comprised of red blood cells, white blood
cells, platelets, and blood plasma
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Cartilage Ridge form of connective tissue Matrix is comprised of collagenous fibers Chondrocytes are located within the matrix in
the lacunae Perichondrium surrounds cells and provides
nutrients Tissue repair is extremely slow Provides support/protection, framework,
structural models for bones 3 types
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Cartilage Types
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Fine collagen fibers; most common
Dense elastin fibers; flexibility
Tough collagen fibers
End of bones, respiratory passage, nose
Ears, larynx Spine, knee, pelvic girdle
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Bone
Ridgedness due to CaCO3 and Ca3PO4
Matrix has many collagenous fibers Osteocyte is in the lacunae forming a
lamellae which when added to matrix forms the osteon
Healing happens faster than cartilage Protection/support/framework
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Muscle Tissue
Has the ability to contract 3 types
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
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Muscle Tissue Types
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Voluntary; contains striations; stimulated by nerve impulse
Involuntary; lacks striations
Involuntary; striated; jointed cells via intercalated disc
Attached to bone
Walls of hallow organs
Heart only
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Nervous Tissue
Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions
Comprised of Neurons Neurological cells help to support
neurons
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