visual anatomy & physiology first edition martini & ober chapter 4 connective tissues...
TRANSCRIPT
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Visual Anatomy & PhysiologyFirst Edition
Martini & Ober
Chapter 4
Connective Tissues
Lecture 10
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Lecture Overview
• General composition and function of connective tissue
• Components of connective tissue– Cells– Fibers
• Classification of connective tissue
• Discussion of types of connective tissue
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Connective Tissues
Functions - bind structures together - provide support and protection - serve as frameworks - fill spaces - store fat (energy) - produce blood cells - protect against infections - cells help repair tissue damage
General Composition - Cells - Matrix - Ground substance - Fibers
Comprise much of the body and are the most abundant tissues by weight (~7.6 Kg for adult male)
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Classification/Origin of Connective Tissues
• Embryonic (embryo and fetus)– Mesenchyme (gives rise to all other connective tissue)
– Mucous (Wharton’s jelly; umbilical cord)
• Adult (Mature) (present in the newborn and later)– Loose (fibers are loosely woven, many cells)
– Dense (more numerous, thicker fibers, fewer cells)
– Bone
– Cartilage
– Blood
– Lymph
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Classification of Mature Connective Tissues
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Distinguished by the relative proportion of cells, fibers, and ground substance
Less diverse cell population and matrix; more densely packed fibers
Good summary overview chart that you should know!
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Components of Connective Tissue
Ground substance - Exists between the fibers and cells - Varies from semisolid to liquid - Composed of large molecules, many of which are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins
Table from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Overview of Connective Tissue
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
= STEM
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Some Cellular Terminology
• “-cyt(e)” means a fully differentiated cell
• “-blast” (blast cells)– derived from progenitor cells– means an early stage of a differentiated cell– Active in synthesis– Example: osteoblast, fibroblast, chondroblast
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Connective Tissue - Major Cell Types
Fibroblasts• fixed cell• most common cell; always in CT proper • large, star-shaped• produce fibers• produce ground substance
Macrophages• wandering cell• phagocytic• important in defense• derived from circulating monocytes
Figures from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Connective Tissue FibersCollagenous fibers
• thick• composed of collagen• great tensile strength • hold structures together• abundant in dense CT• tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers• bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin• fibers branch• elasticity• vocal cords, air passages
Reticular fibers• very thin collagenous fibers• highly branched• form supportive networks
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Collagen FibersSynthesized intracellularly as a collagen precursor, procollagen
Collagenase, an extracellular enzyme, converts procollagen to collagen
Currently about 19 different types of collagen known
Synthesized by fibroblasts (CT proper) and osteoblasts (bone)Figure from: Alberts et al., Essential Cell Biology, Garland Press, 1998
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Clinical Application - Collagen Disorders
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type I
Table/figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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The “Ground Substance” of CT
Figures from: Alberts et al., Essential Cell Biology, Garland Press, 1998
VERY hydrophilic!
Very active in controlling passage of substances through this portion of the matrix and keeping CT hydratedGAGs = glycosaminoglycans (negatively charged
polysaccharides); a major molecule in ground substance
glucosamine
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Areolar (loose) CTAreolar loose connective tissue
• cells = mainly fibroblasts• fluid to gel-like matrix• collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• bind skin to underlying structures• beneath most epithelia• between muscles
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Adipose CTAdipose loose connective tissue
• adipocytes• cushions• insulates• store fats• produces hormones (!)• beneath skin• behind eyes• around kidneys and heart
Figures from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Reticular CTReticular (loose) connective tissue
• composed of reticular (thin collagen) fibers• supports• walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
Interwoven 3-D network of reticular fibers is called a “stroma”, which supports the cells of various organs (called the parenchyma).
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Dense Regular CTDense regular connective tissue
• packed collagenous fibers• some elastic fibers• few fibroblasts• bind body parts together• tendons, ligaments, dermis• poor blood supply
Most of the volume of dense CT is occupied by fibers
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Tendons and Ligaments
Tendons: Connect muscle to boneLigaments: Connect bone to boneAponeuroses: Broad, fibrous sheets; usually attach muscle to muscle (or bone)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Dense Irregular CT
Dense irregular connective tissue• unordered collagenous fibers• useful for stress from all directions• few fibroblasts• capsules of visceral organs, dermis• periostea, perichondria• nerve and muscle sheaths
Nucleus of fibroblast
Collagen fibers
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Elastic CT
Dense elastic connective tissue• abundance of elastic fibers• some collagenous fibers• fibroblasts• attachments between vertebrae• walls of large arteries, airways, heart
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Cartilage - OverviewCartilage (a supporting CT)
• rigid matrix• chondrocytes in lacunae• poor/no blood supply
- Antiangiogenesis factor - How are nutrients exchanged?
• perichondrium separates from surrounding tissues (hyaline/elastic)• three types
• hyaline• elastic• fibrocartilage
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Formation and Growth of Cartilage
Interstitial Growth (from within) – during embryonic development
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Formation and Growth of Cartilage
Appositional Growth (from outside) – during early development and childhood
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Adds to width of cartilage from the outside
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Hyaline Cartilage
Covered by a dense perichondrium except inside joint cavities
Hyaline cartilage• most abundant• closely packed collagen fibers• ends of bones• nose, respiratory passages• embryonic skeleton
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Elastic CartilageElastic cartilage
• flexible• numerous elastic fibers• external ear (auricle, pinna), larynx
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FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
• very tough• shock absorber• little ground substance• lots of densely interwoven collagen fibers• intervertebral discs• pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Bone (osseous tissue)• solid matrix (Ca2+ salts)• collagen fibers• vascular• supports and protects• forms blood cells• attachment for muscles• forms skeleton
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Blood
Blood (fluid CT)• fluid matrix called plasma• red cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes)• platelets• transports nutrients• defends• clotting
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Formed Elements of the Blood
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Review of Connective Tissues
• Connective tissue (CT) is composed of cells and matrix
• Cells of CT– Fibroblasts– Mast cells– Macrophages
• Matrix of CT– Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)– Ground substance (glycosaminoglycans that are
highly hydrophilic)
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ReviewNAME OF CT DESCRIPTION LOCATION FUNCTION
MESENCHYME Embryo gives rise to all other CT’s
AREOLAR gel-like matrix with fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers
beneath ET (serous membranes around organs & lining cavities)
diffusion, cushioning organs
ADIPOSE closely packed adipocytes with nuclei pushed to one side by fats
beneath skin, breasts, around kidneys & eyeballs
insulation, energy store, protection
RETICULAR network of reticular fibers in loose matrix
basement membranes,lymphatic organs
support
DENSEREGULAR
dense matrix of collagen fibers
tendons, ligaments attachment (high tensile strength)
DENSEIRREGULAR
loose matrix of collagen fibers
dermis of skin strength in several directions
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ReviewNAME OF CT DESCRIPTION LOCATION FUNCTION
ELASTIC CT matrix of elastic fibers
lung tissue, wall of aorta
durability with stretch
HYALINECARTILAGE
chondrocytes in lacunae in amorphous matrix
embryonic. skeleton, costal cart, tip of nose, trachea, larynx
support
FIBRO-CARTILAGE
less firm than above intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
tensile strength, shock absorber
ELASTICCARTILAGE
above plus elastic fibers
external ear, epiglottis
shape maintenance plus flexibility
BONE concentric circles of calcified matrix
Bones support, protection, movement, Ca ++ storage, hematopoiesis
BLOOD red cells, white cells and platelets in liquid plasma
in heart and blood vessels
transport of nutrients, wastes & gases
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Summary Table from Study Guide
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General Type of CT
Types
Main types of cells present
Main types of fibers present
Consistency of matrix, e.g., solid, liquid, semisolid.
Examples of Locations
CT Proper(Be sure to
list all 7 subtypes)
Cartilage(Be sure to
list all 3 subtypes)
Bone
Blood