anchoring seminar - pbps.org
TRANSCRIPT
USPS University – Seminar Series
Seminar Series
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AnchoringUnited States Power Squadrons®
Seminar Series
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Objective
Increase recreational boater’s knowledge of and use of anchoring equipment, concepts, and capabilities.
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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Types of Anchors Burying anchors
• Plough• Claw• Spade• Large Area Pivoting Fluke (LAPF)
Hooking anchors• Fisherman• Northill
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Plow Anchor - CQRProven old design
• Best in firm sand, thick mud, rock, coral, weeds• Hinged shank• Trip line eye• Awkward to stow
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Plow Anchor - Delta Fixed shank Large area flanks Trip line eye Modern metals
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Claw Anchor – Bruce, Lewmar One piece construction Best in sand, rock, weed, coral Good resetting characteristics Holding power
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Burying Anchor - Spade Sharp plough with concave blade and weighted tip Proven performance Can be dismantled for stowing
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LAPF Anchors Commonly found Sand or soft mud Holding power
• Excellent when dug in• More susceptible to tripping under changing conditions• Excellent when pull direction doesn’t change
Easy to stow>>
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LAPF Anchors – Danforth Three types
• Standard• Hi-Tensile• Deepset® II
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LAPF Anchor - Fortress High tensile aluminum Dismantles for stowing Adjustable shank angle High holding power to weight ratio >>
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Hooking Anchor - Fisherman a.k.a. Traditional Good in weeds and rocks Heavier Can be dismantled for stowage Not common today
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Hooking Anchor - Northill Stainless steel Arms and stock hinged – folds Sold as KB Ultralight Danforth Utility version made of galvanized cast steel Good working anchor on light displacement boats >>
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Hooking Anchor - Grapnel Good on coral or rock Use as dinghy anchor
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Where Common Anchors Work Best
AnchorType
Bottom ConditionsSand/Clay Mud Gravel Coral/Rock Weed
Plow X X X LAPF X XClaw X X X
Fisherman X X X XGrapnel X
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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What Size Anchor? Use charts/tables found in many different books Match an anchor to your boat Remember to consider current load
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Typical Anchor Size TableBoat Length
(feet)CQR
Delta
Bruce
Danforth HT
Fortress
10 20 30 40 50 60
25 lb 35 lb 45 lb 15 lb
9 lb 14 lb 22 lb 35 lb 44 lb
11 lb 16 lb 22 lb 33 lb 44 lb
5 lb 12 lb 20 lb 35 lb 60 lb
4 lb 7 lb 5 lb 21 lb 32 lb 47 lb10 lb
66 lb
60 lb
For medium displacement boats, and 30 kts of wind >>
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Calculate Anchor SizeUse formulae for rode tension and anchor holding power
In addition to calculating anchor size by using a table, there are formulas that allow more accuracy. These will be taught at the end of the seminar for those who want to use them.
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Summary of Anchor Matching Assume worse case conditions likely to be encountered Estimate maximum horizontal pull Select optimum anchor type(s) Calculate anchor weights Select anchor within range
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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Anchor Rode ComponentsTypical rode
100 ft nylon line
Height 5 ft above surface
Depth 15ftScope = (100+20)/(5+15) = 6 or 6:1 Sentinel
Line to sentinel
20 ft chain
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Anchor Rode Design Goals
• Maintain zero lead angle• Provide elasticity to absorb shock loads in swells• Keep weight to a minimum• Keep chafe to a minimum
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Rode Types
All chainAll lineCombination line-chain
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All Chain Rode Attributes Positive
• 0° lead angle can be achieved• Scope is minimized• No chafe
Negative• No elasticity• Heavy• Windlass highly desirable
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Anchor Chain Chain
• Proof Coil• BBB• High Test
5/16 in Chain TypeWorking Load Test Load Breaking Load
Proof 1,300 lbs 2,600 lbs 5,800 lbs
BBB 2,400 lbs 4,800 lbs 7,000 lbs
High Test 3,900 lbs 6,800 lbs 12,000 lbsRepresentative Values
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All Nylon Rode Attributes Positive
• Elasticity absorbs shock load• Minimal weight• Easy to stow
Negative• 0° lead angle never achieved• Greater scope• Chafing
3-strand nylon
Braided nylon
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Breaking Strengths
Size (in) 3-strand Braid BBB Chain5/16 7,0001/2 6,100 8,300 10,0005/8 9,350 17,0003/4 n/a 21,000
Working strengths are approximately 30% of the breaking strength. >>
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Chain-Nylon Combination Rode Compromise Minimum
• 6 feet of chain at anchor Recommended
• 30 to 60 feet chain>>
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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ScopeRatio of rode length to depth of water + height of bow roller above waterNeeds to be just sufficient to maintain 0° lead angle under worst conditions forecast0° lead angle not achieved with all lineNon-zero lead angle reduces holding power
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Rode Lead AngleCritical Angles of a Set Anchor
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Reduction of Holding Power with Rode Lead Angle
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0° Lead Angle with all Chain Rode
Chain forms a catenary Chain length can be calculated for 0° lead angle Need to estimate horizontal pull
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Catenary - Line
Natural catenary – provides cushion Straightens under wind and wave conditions>>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
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Catenary - Chain
Chain contours bottom Peels from bottom under wind and wave conditions >>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
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Holding Power with Chain
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0° Lead Angle for a Chain – Nylon Rode
Chain forms a catenary Nylon line (light in weight) is nearly a straight line Assume fixed length of chain (e.g.60 ft) Line length can be calculated for 0° lead angle if horizontal pull is known
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Chain–Line Combination Rode
01020304050
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Distance from Anchor (ft)
Heigh
t abo
ve Bo
ttom
(ft) Water Surface
60 feet BBB chain
Horizontal Pull = 50 lbs
Horizontal Pull = 200 lbs
14 ft Line102 ft Line
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Effectiveness of Line-Chain Rode
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Snubbers
Nylon line between chain and samson post or mast Attach line to chain by chain hook, devil’s claw, or rolling hitch
Snubber
Devil’s Claw
>>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
Line
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Summary of Rode Design All chain rode can be used in sheltered anchorages (no swell) Chain has no elasticity when “Bar Taut” All line rode not recommended Use combination rode especially when surge is present Deploy lengths of chain and line to maintain 0° lead angle
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Rode Connectors – Chain to Anchor
Chain Hook
Swivel
Shackle with Swivel
Shackle
Thimble
>>© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Combination Rode Connections Thimbled eye splice and shackle
Splice line to chain – necessary for certain windlasses
>>© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Anchor Windlass
SwitchLock
>>© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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Choosing an Anchorage Choose a sheltered location Check weather and sea conditions Other boats Emergency departure
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Make sure you have room to swing around
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Anchoring
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Scope
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Anchor Recovery
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Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks
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Tips and Tricks Sentinel Riding Sails Trip Line Multihulls Kedging
Chafe Protection Marking the Rode Line Ashore Setting two Anchors Hand Signaling
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Anchor Sentinal or Kellet
Sentinal – weight deployed on anchor rode• Alters catenary to flatter position• Reduced swinging circle• Sentinal suspended and held in place by line: “Preventer” (red)• Must be 40 pounds or more to be effective
>>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
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Riding Sails
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Trip Line Line attached to anchor Attach a float to the line Helps to free snagged anchor Float indicates anchor position to other boaters
>>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
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Multihulls Sailing around anchors can be minimized by using a bridle attached to outer hulls
>>© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Kedging
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Row out anchor and rode Drop anchor Move boat by hauling in anchor Useful when aground
© Powerboat Handling Illustrated
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Chafe Protection
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• Fire hose best• Can also use plastic water pipe of simply rags
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Marking the Rode Chain
• Paint 3 - 4 links with different colors• Use cable ties or plastic markers
Line• Use plastic marked tapes threaded through strands• Use waterproof black marker
Mark predetermined points>>
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Setting Two Anchors Fore and Aft
• Use in restricted waters where wind and current are steady• To keep boat pointing into swell • Use in crowded anchorages if other boats follow
Bahamian Moor• Use when mooring in reversing current
Mediterranean Moor• Use in crowded marinas
Tandem• Use when holding is poor or high winds are forecast
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Fore and Aft
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Bahamian Moor
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© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Tandem Mooring
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Mediterranean Moor Commonly used in• Europe• Caribbean Islands Works well • confined anchorages• along bulkheads
Commonly used in• Europe• Caribbean Islands Works well • confined anchorages• along bulkheads
>>Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated
© Quick Guide - Anchoring
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Hand Signaling
Used to communicate between foredeck and helm during anchoring
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Anchoring References Greé, Alain, “Anchoring and Mooring Techniques Illustrated” (1984) Hinz, Earl, “The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring,” (1986) Smith, Robert A. “Anchors, Selection and Use” (1996) Van Dorn, William G., “Oceanography and Seamanship,” 2nd Edition, (1992) United States Power Squadrons, “The Ensign,” Jan/Feb 2007 Samson Rope Web Site: www.samsonrope.com USPS “Seamanship” course Sweet, Robert, “Powerboat Handling Illustrated,” McGraw-Hill (2007) >>
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General References Good Cruising, 1997, Aiken Zora and David, McGraw-Hill Good Boatkeeping, 1995, Aiken, Zora and David, McGraw-Hill Boatman’s Guide to Light Salvage, 1979, Reid, G., Cornell Maritime Press Bluewater Handbook: A Guide to Cruising Seamanship, 1992, Dashew, Steve and Linda, Beowulf Publishing Sailor’s Secrets, 1997, Badham, M and Robinson, R., ed, McGraw-Hill
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This concludes our seminar
Do you have questions? Following will be the discussion on calculating by formulas.
To learn more about boating and have fun too - join your local USPS squadron.
Check out USPS University! >>
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Calculate Anchor Size
Use formulae for rode tension and anchor holding power
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Matching an Anchor to your Boat Assumptions
• Yaw angle up to 30 degrees• Wind gusts 50% greater than average speed
Use simple approximate equations
Wind Velocity Wind Pressure10 kts 13 lbs30 kts 1200 lbs60 kts 10,800 lbs
100 kts 32,000 lbsBoat area 45 square feet
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Anchor Rode TensionHorizontal force on anchor rode
Fh = 0.18 x V2 x W2/3 Sail boat Fh = 0.21 x V2 x W2/3 Power boat
WhereFh = horizontal force on anchor rodeV = wind speed in knotsW = displacement of boat in long tons**Definition: One long ton = 2240 pounds
Hint – use logarithm or yx function on calculator>>
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Rode Tension Examples 35 ft Sailboat
Displacement W = 16,000lbs or 7.1 long tons
W2/3 = 7.12/3 = 3.7Maximum wind speed V = 40 knotsFh = 0.18 x V2 x W2/3 Sail boat Fh = 0.18 x 40 x 40 x 3.7 = 1065 lbs
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Rode Tension Examples 38 ft Trawler
Displacement W = 36,000 lbs or 16.1 long tons
W2/3 = 16.12/3 = 6.4Maximum wind speed V = 40 knotsFh = 0.21 x V2 x W2/3 Power boatFh = 0.21 x 40 x 40 x 6.4 = 2150 lbs
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Catenaries for 5/16” BBB Chain
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400 500Horizontal Pull (lbs)
Chain
Leng
th (ft)
Depth = 20 ftDepth = 30 ftDepth = 40 ftDepth = 50 ft
5/16" BBB Chain
Chain Length for 0o Lead Angle
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Catenaries for 3/8” BBB Chain
050
100150200250300
0 200 400 600 800 1000Horizontal Pull (lbs)
Chain
Leng
th (ft)
Depth = 20 ftDepth = 30 ftDepth = 40 ftDepth = 50 ft
3/8" BBB Chain
Chain Length for 0o Lead Angle
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5/16” Chain-Line Combination Rode
0
100
200
300
400
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Horizontal Pull (lbs)
Line L
ength
(ft) Depth = 20 ft
Depth = 30 ftDepth = 40 ftDepth = 50 ft
Chain = 5/16" BBB
Line Length for 0o Lead Angle
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3/8” Chain-Line Combination Rode
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Horizontal Pull (lbs)
Line L
ength
(ft) Depth = 20 ft
Depth = 30 ftDepth = 40 ftDepth = 50 ft
Chain = 3/8" BBBLength = 60 feet
Line Length for 0o Lead Angle
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Anchor Holding PowerAnchor holding power:
Fh = 2.3 x Cs x Ka x w2/3 lbsWhere: Cs = bottom coefficient
Ka = Anchor coefficientw = weight of anchor
Hint – use logarithm or yx function on calculator>>
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Anchor Holding PowerSelecting Anchor to match need:
w2/3 = (Fh ÷ 2.3 ÷ Ks ÷ Cs)or w = (Fh ÷ 2.3 ÷ Ks ÷ Cs) 3/2
Where: Cs = bottom coefficientKa = Anchor coefficientw = weight of anchor
Hint – use logarithm or yx function on calculator>>
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Anchor and Bottom CoefficientsType of Sediment CsSilty clay 1Silt with shells 2Coral sand 4Sand with clay 6Sticky clay 8Stiff clay & sand 10
Type of anchor Ks
Fortress 19Danforth HT 10Plow 7Claw 6Fisherman 2
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Calculate Anchor Weight
35 ft Sailboat – Plow in coral sand Fh = 1065 lbs, Ks = 7, Cs = 4w = (Fh ÷ 2.3 ÷ Ks ÷ Cs)3/2w = (1065 ÷ 2.3 ÷ 7 ÷ 4)3/2 = 67 lbs
Hint – use logarithm or yx function on calculator>>
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Calculate Anchor Weight
38 ft Trawler – Bruce in sticky clayFh = 2150 lbs, Ks = 6, Cs = 8w = (Fh ÷ 2.3 ÷ Ks ÷ Cs)3/2w = (2150 ÷ 2.3 ÷6 ÷ 8)3/2 = 85 lbs
Hint – use logarithm or yx function on calculator
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Summary of Anchor Matching Assume worse case conditions likely to be encountered Estimate maximum horizontal pull Select optimum anchor type(s) Calculate anchor weights Select anchor within range
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