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Ancient History

I. Peopling the Earth

● Asia and North America were joined by land bridges, where hunters crossed looking for animals.

● As population grew and climates grew warmer migration occurred into South America

I. Peopling the Earth

● Human civilization started in Africa and spread through the middle east and Asia.

● We talked about how these civilizations survived last year in Ancient History.

● The people of Mesopotamia and the many contributions that were made such as: Levees, dams, the shift from nomads to settlers who could grow their own crops.

I. Peopling the Earth

● Many civilizations in North America that you should know:○ Aztecs- Took over most of Mexico,

warlike group○ Mayan- Astronomy, time & calendar○ Olmecs- First civilization in

MesoAmerica○ Incas- South America

I. Native Americans

● Eastern Woodland● Southeast● Plains● Great Basin● Southwest● Great Basin● Northwest Coast● Mexico ● Caribbean● These are the main groups of Indians - Many

contributions

II. Colonization & Settlement

● 1492 Christopher Columbus landed in the caribbean looking for the Indies

● French, Spanish, and English were the majority of the colonizers of the Americas○ Cortez & Pizarro amongst the Spanish

conquistadors who settled in America. ● First Explorers:

○ English- Cabot○ French- Cartier○ Dutch- Hudson

III. Impact on the Natives

● Columbian Exchange- people, goods, items, diseases, slave that moved west with Columbus.

● Many natives died off from Malaria and smallpox, no immunity

● They were also killed, enslaved, and displaced.● Natives taught Europeans how to survive in many

areas but were still killed off.

M-STEP BOOKLET

A) Jamestown & the 13 Colonies

● First english settlement● Started by the Virginia Company (they

payed for it)● Named after King James I ● Settlers came for religious, economic &

adventure.● Companies wanted land in America to

make a profit

B) Declaration of Independence

● Approved by all 13 states on July 4th 1776● Explained why the colonists were leaving Britain.

C) Mayflower Compact

● Governing Document of Plymouth Colony ● Previous colonies failed due to lack of

government● paved the way for the American Revolution ● Government did not hold allegiance to the

King

D) Creation of Government in the 13 colonies

● Representative government - allows people to choose their leaders

● Each colony chose a representative● Colonists wanted to be heard, king ignored

them● Wanted a system of checks and balances● King George III was tyrannical (explain)

E) 13 States v Louisiana purchase

● 13 states on the East Coast ● Next to the water

○ Import/ Export○ Resources ○ Growing Crops

● Louisiana purchase is the midwest good prairie farmland

● Except for Louisiana area

F) Causes of the American Revolution

● Increased frustration with the policies of Britain● After the French & Indian War Britain needed

money ● More taxes● Proclamation of 1763 & no representation● Proc.1763 halted westward expansion● John Locke argued that government should be

subject to the people and if they take away rights

of the people, they then have the right to rebel.

G) Geographic Advantage of the Colonists v British

● When troop and supply levels were low,new shipments had to come from Britain.

● Colonists had a numerical advantage ● Fighting on their soil with heart ● Knew the land ● Food supply by local sources● Outdated orders for Britain

H) Ben Franklin

● Founding Father● Went to Europe to secure French support ● Without Fance the revolution may have

been in favor of the British ● Helped draft the declaration ● Inventor

I) Contribution to the American Revolution

● Thomas Paine Father of the American revolution

● Pro-independence pamphlet ● Promote American revolution &

democratic government● King George III Responsible for American

Revolution● Marquis de Lafayette French General who

was at Yorktown when British surrendered

J) Articles of Confederation

● First Constitution of the USA● Strengths

○ Created union○ declare war○ Negotiate

● Weaknesses○ Federal government could not tax○ Large v Small states given one vote ○ Large states have to pay more money

K) Plantation System & growth of slave trade

● Main Method of agricultural production● Free labor due to having slaves allowed for

labor intensive cash crop growing● Rice, cotton, tobacco, sugar● Became part of southern economy

L) French and Indian War

● Spanish power declined after British defeated their armada

● Last of 4 wars between the British and the French

● Ended France's reign in the colonies ● William Pitt’s leadership aided the British

win despite French & Indian alliance. ● The cost of the war was one factor that led

to the American revolution.

M) Virginia House of Burgesses

● First elected legislative body ● Founded by the Virginia Company

N) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

● Structured the government of the Connecticut Colony.

● First written constitution in the west ● Many principles used in the constitution

O)Samuel Adams

● Leaders of the American Revolution● Convinced Continental Congress to issue

the declaration ● used influence to stir anger about the

British treatment● led to Boston Massacre and tea party

A)Arguments for & against ratification of Constitution

● Federalist:○ Supported ratification (approval)○ Thought constitution would protect freedom

& rights● Anti- Federalist:

○ Too Centralizing ○ Too much federal government power

B)Northwest Ordinance ---> Expansion of the USA

● Allowed governments to be set up in western territories

● Allowed for territories to join USA● How:

○ When 5,000 males moved into the territory they made an assembly

○ 60,000 people they could make a constitution

○ Approval = state

C) Territories

● Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio were acquired by the USA from Britain though the treaty of Paris.

● Louisiana purchase was a purchase from France that included 14 present day states in the plains area.

D) Separation of Power

● 3 branches: legislative, executive, judicial● Article I- outlines powers of congress.● Article II- executive branch powers● Article III- Judicial power to the supreme

court

E) Republicanism In the Constitution

● Emphasizes individual liberties, inalienable rights, and sovereignty.

● Rejects inherited power and gov. corruption

● Different from democracy● Democracy can remove rights from a

minority● In a republic inalienable rights cannot be

taken

F) Constitution forcing republicanism

● Created a senate controlled by states● Electoral college instead of popular vote● preserve state power● Supermajority to amend constitution● Rights held by citizens in bill of rights

G) Process of changing constitution

● Constitution can be changed that's the genius of the document

● The bill must pass both houses of congress○ senate & house of reps

● win by ⅔ majority● then goes to approval by states

H) Bill of rights

● First 10 amendments to the constitution ○ only 27 total

● Rights include ○ Free speech, religion, press, assembly,

petition. Bear arms. Quartering soldiers. Search & seizure. Double trial. Speedy trial. Civil trial. Cruel & unusual punishment, excessive bails/fines. Rights not mentioned. Rights of states.

I) Free speech

● Crucial to a free society because this is the first step of voicing displeasure with the government, officials, or the policies that are in place.

J) Ratification Process

● Federalists in favor of constitution○ wanted strong federal government

● Anti-federalists ○ thought the constitution would take

away states rights ● Superior organization of the federalists led

to the ratification by ¾ of the states

K) General Structure of government

● Virginia plan- Representation in congress should be based on state population

● New Jersey plan- each state should have equal representation

● Connecticut Compromise (great compromise)-o Equal Rep- 2 senatorso House of Rep- based on population ➢ Handle finances

L) 3/5ths compromise

● North said slaves should be counted toward taxes not population

● South said slaves should count towards population not taxes (more representation)

● They would be counted as 3/5’s of a person for both taxes and population

M) Major Federalists and Anti-Federalists

● Federalistso Alexander Hamiltono James Madison

● Anti- Federalistso Thomas Jefferson o Patrick Henry

● Compromise was strong central government with checks and balance and bill of rights

N) Mercy Otis Warren

● Female political writer ● Wrote under an alias until she printed

books under her real name

O) Philadelphia Convention of 1787

● This convention was responsible for the Great compromise, signing of the constitution, ⅗ compromise.

● George Washington served as leader and James Madison (father of the constitution) as secretary.

P) Constitution

● Constitution has three parts ○ Preamble○ 7 articles explaining the powers of each

branch ○ Bill of rights- first ten amendments

A) Louisiana Territory

● acquired from France for $15 Million ● Included the area from the Mississippi to

the Rockies ● Initiated between Jefferson (USA)

Bonaparte (FRA)

B) Monroe Doctrine

● Statement of foreign policy ● Created by John Quincy Adams and James

Monroe● Stated that Europe should not interfere

with issues of the USA, vise versa.

C) Manifest Destiny

Belief that the USA was destined to take over the land from Atlantic to Pacific.

D) Temperance Movement

● Led by women to decrease the consumption of alcohol.

● Led to an amendment that prohibited alcohol

● It was later repealed or removed

E) Susan B. Anthony

● Campaigned across the country for women's right to vote

● abolition or removal of slavery ● women's rights ● Her contributions led to the 13th, 14th, and

15th amendments

F) Marbury v. Madison

● Established judicial review ● Judiciary can determine a law to be

unconstitutional● New laws can be declared unconstitutional

G) Elizabeth Cady Stanton

● Wrote declaration of women's rights● Organized Seneca Falls convention

○ with Mott, first ever womens rights meeting in the USA 1848

H) Washington’s Farewell

● Decided he was too tired to continue as president

● Said the USA should avoid ○ Permanent alliances○ political parties○ Sectionalism- loyalty to a person’s

group rather than the country as a whole

I) Federalist Period

● Richard Hamilton created the national bank & treasury system

● Payed off the national debt

J) Marshall Court

● Supreme court Chief Justice John Marshall credited with granting the federal government power over the states

K) McCulloch V Maryland

● When congress chartered a national bank (second one) Maryland wanted to tax the bank

● John Marshall said that the federal bank and federal government could not be taxed by the states

L) Indian Removal Act 1830

● Relocated Indians ● more than 4,000 Cherokee Indians died ● Known as the trail of tears● This treaty system between the indians

and the new American government was forced, many times the indians did not know what they were signing

M) Education

● Horace Mann believed public schooling could help children stay away from crime, prevent poverty, and help American society become more unified.

● Common school journal was his idea of the importance of education

N) Abigail Adams

● Second first lady of the USA● Advocate of women's rights

A) Tariffs

● Are taxes that a government levies on imported goods

● North favored gave them an advantage ● South didn't because they were given

foreign credit for the crops sold so they got less items due to the tax.

B) Issues of states rights

● Each state felt that it was sovereign (powerful) over their citizens which led to succession( leaving) the US

● Led to civil war

C) Protective Tariffs

● Another issue between the North & South because ○ North had a domestic economy ■ Didn’t have to pay taxes because

they didn’t import goods ○ The south imported and exported many

goods■ They paid tariffs and taxes on these

goods

D) Robert E. Lee

● Commander of the confederate army (South)

● Was offered the lead of the Union Army but declined because Virginia (home state) seceded from the union

● Surrendered to the north at Appomattox courthouse in 1865

E)Battle at Fort Sumter

● South Carolina ● First battle ● Confederate (southern) troops beat Union

(north) troops and forced surrender

F) Battle of Gettysburg

● Major Civil War battle ● largest number of deaths● tide turned in favor of the North

G) Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

● Final Battle ● General Robert E. Lee (south) surrendered

to General Ulysses S. Grant (north)

H) Ulysses S. Grant

● General of the Union troops (north) ● Later elected 18th president ● on the $50 bill

I)Gettysburg Address

● Speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln ● Gettysburg, Pennsylvania ● Speech topic:

○ Democracy, liberty, freedom for all. ● Reiterated all men are created equal● Reminded government was built by the

people, of the people, for the people

J) Confederate States (11 States)

● Virginia● Georgia● North & South Carolina ● Mississippi● Florida● Alabama● Louisiana● Texas ● Arkansas● Tennessee

K)Abolitionist

● Social Movement to end slavery and emancipate the slaves

● Called slavery a moral disease● Mostly Northerners ● Used underground railroad to help slaves

escape (secret routes)

L) Missouri compromise

● Missouri asked to come into the USA as a slave state

● Slavery was already outlawed ● Henry Clay said that Missouri will be a slave

state- but in order to keep the number of slave v.s. non-slaves states even

● Massachusetts and Maine would separate into two states

● Everything south of Missouri was slave state

M) Transcontinental Railroad

● purpose was to transport Easterners to California

N) Ostend Manifesto

● The USA tried to buy Cuba from Spain for $120 Million the USA threatened to take over by force but never did.

O)Kansas- Nebraska Act

● Allowed this Kansas Nebraska territory to decide whether they wanted slavery or not

● This was meant to repeal the Missouri compromise

● Fights happened but ultimately entered as free states

● Two factions fought known as Bleeding Kansas

P)Mexican- American war

● 1821 Mexico Revolted against Spain ● Texas also did ● President Tyler Annexed Texas ● USA provided money for mexico during

their war with Spain after they asked for Arizona and New Mexico

● Mexico attacked US troops at the Texas Border

● USA took the states

Q) Wilmot Proviso

● Stated that any land acquired from mexico would be a free territory

● Slavery still prohibited

R) Dred Scott Decision

● Dred Scott was a slave● Traveled with his owner from Missouri to

Illinois a free state ● Scott said now he was free since he had

lived in a free state ● Supreme court stated Scott was not a US

citizen so he could not have rights in court● Courts also determined Missouri

Compromise unconstitutional

S) Reconstruction Era

● Began after the civil war● Also determined how 11 states would

regain self government and their spot in congress (senate and house)

● Bringing the secession and slavery in the south to an end

T) Abraham Lincoln

● 16th president ● lead the USA through the civil war● Age 25 was elected to Illinois General

Assembly (lost the first time)● 1864 elected to the house of reps● 1860 elected president

U) Emancipation Proclamation

● Lincoln signed this document into effect ● Freed all slaves in seceded, rebelling states

not all states ● Lincoln did this to:

○ undermine the south○ Add more troops to his army ○ take another step toward freeing slaves

A) Major Crops in the South

● Cotton, tobacco BIG TWO● Rice ● indigo ● Sugar

B) Industrialization

● American manufacturing protected by tariffs

● This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steamships and railroads, that affected social, cultural and economic conditions.

● Known as the Industrial revolution

C) Transportation

● Due to the industrial revolution factories led to the creation of many cities

● Railroads and steamships built to support new economy

● Americans moved from farms to cities

D) Acquisition Of Mississippi River

● Largest river in North America● Provided water for agriculture and

transportation

E) Impact of Technology

● Cotton gin- separates seeds from the fiber ● Created by Eli Whitney ● May have been the most important

innovation● Sewing machine allowed the textile

industry to flourish

F) Industrial revolution

● Lasted from 1820-1870 ● Railroads expanded ● Agricultural to industrial economy ● Turned USA into Modern country

G) Homestead Act of 1862

● Due to industry expanding farming became more difficult and more scarce

● Farmers were sold 160 acres of land for $10 but they had to improve the land over a 5 year span.