ANCIENT INDIAN GROUPS• I. THE FIRST DISCOVERERS• A. THE BEGINNINGS

– When? Who?? From where?? Why?

• 1. ARCHAIC CULTURE GROUPS• (PRE-COLUMBIAN ‘before 1492’)

– A. North American (North of the Rio Grande):– Anasazi, Hohokam– Mississippi Mound builders: Hopewell-Adena, Mississippian

-- B. Central American and South American:– Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca

Location of Native American Culture regions

• 2. 1492• CULTURE REGIONS

• Far North• Pacific Northwest• California• Great Basin• Desert Southwest• Plains• North Eastern Woodlands• South Eastern Woodlands

• NATIVE AMERICAN GENERALIZATIONS:

NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE GROUPSCULTURE

GROUP

LOCATION TRIBES FOOD RELIGION CLOTHING SHELTER GOVERN-

MENT

MISCELLANEOUS

FAR NORTH

PACIFIC NORTH-

WEST

CALI-

FORNIA

GREAT BASIN

DESERT

SOUTH-

WEST

GREAT

PLAINS

NORTH-EAST

WOOD-LANDS

SOUTH-EAST

WOOD-LANDS

DISCOVERIES: THE EUROPEAN INVASION• II. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland

(Newfoundland)– Skrellings– Sagas

• III. Backdrop for Southern European Discovery– 1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism– Crusades—opened up a new way of life– Renaissance– Commercial Revolution– “middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants– Age of Discovery– 1. Portuguese Exploration– United, at peace, perfect location– Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School”– Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral– 2. Christopher Columbus (Spain)– Theory, the Voyages, results– Inter Caeteras , Treaty of Tordesillas– Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”—Martin Waldseemuller

(1507)

CONQUEST AND CATASTROPHE• SPANISH CONQUEST:• “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE• Conquistadores and Missionaries

– Balboa, de Leon, Cortes, – Magellan’s voyage, Pizarro,– De Soto, Coronado, Mendoza

• Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain”

• New Global Economy– ENCOMIENDAS, MITA, HACIENDAS

• PROTESTANT REFORMATION

FRENCH AND DUTCH EXPLORATION• France

– 1520s—King determined Treaty of Tordesillas did not apply to France.

– Giovanni de Verrazano– Jacques Cartier

• War with Spain, War of Religion—Catholics and Huguenots

– Samuel de Champlain• Quebec and his vision for the colony• Coureurs de bois v. Jesuits• Jean Baptiste Colbert’s mercantilism• Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette• Robert LaSalle

• The Netherlands (The Dutch)– 1609 Henry Hudson– 1624 Ft. Orange (Iroquois)– 1626 Peter Minuit “Dutch West Indies Co.”, New Amsterdam– Peter Stuyvesant– Kiliean Van Rensselaer (Privileges of Patroons)

• SWEDEN– SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY (Peter Minuet, Samuel

Blommaert)– 1630 NEW SWEDEN--FT. CHRISTIANA (Delaware)

• Log Cabins

• Tobacco

• 1655 absorbed into New Netherlands

• THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO THE OLD

• GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW

THE BRITISH

• 1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION– John Cabot--1496

• 2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES SPAIN (MOTIVES) QE I.

• 3. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION ALL FAILED. [Newfoundland, Roanoke I and II]

• 4. WAR WITH SPAIN– Spanish Armada 1588

• 5. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA

– Monarchy--Mercantilism– Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India Tea

Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606– Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to 1700s

• 6. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter, royal)– 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary charter

from King James I– Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3 ships.

JAMESTOWN• Location of the settlement and orders:• Problems:• John Smith’s Rule• 1609 Charter Revised:

– Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr

– Sold more shares in London Company– Company Servants

• 1609-1611—”Starving Time”– Thomas Dale 1611

• Tobacco—John Rolfe• 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt.

– Head right– Indentured servants– House of Burgesses– Introduction of African Slavery– Massacre of 1622– Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony

THE PILGRIMS (PLYMOUTH)

• Their story:– Dissenters– Reactionaries– Radicals

• 1619—Company Servants• 1620 Mayflower • Mayflower Compact

– Plymouth Colony struggled.– Settled in Nov., Squanto, disease, decent

relations with the Massasoit and the Wampanoag Confederacy and hard work allowed them to survive.

– By 1670s Indian relations erupted into King Philip’s War.

• Thanksgiving Day

THE PURITANS• 1. Religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of

England of Catholic ritual.• 2. Generally upper class with a high degree of political

efficacy. As a result by the late 1620s they had become a powerful voice in Parliament.

• 1629 forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of Right.

• But during this same time period they were persecuted against.• 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created.

– Granted a self-governing charter. – Create a society that the rest of the world will look up “ the city on

the hill”.--Boston• Left in 1630: • 11 ship convoy• >1,000 settlers• 1 year of supplies• Government organization:

– Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop.– Legislature= General Court, made up of 100 stockholders

(freeman)

• COVENANT THEOLOGY• Covenant of Works-

– When man was created God promised that man would never die but Adam broke God’s covenant—all men deserve damnation.

– Led to Moral Codes– Led to “National Covenant”—the destiny of nation was based on

the actions of the people. God’s grace shed on those places that obeyed God’s Covenant.

• Covenant of Grace-– By God’s good grace, a chosen elect would be saved.

– Based on this Massachusetts society was devoted to the common welfare for the good of all.

– 1631 several communities around Boston.– 1641 15-20,000 had settled in Massachusetts Bay and had

absorbed Plymouth.– NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY

• Hard work (Protestant work ethic)• Fear of God• Trade—Lumber, grain, shipbuilding, fishing

13 colonies