ANCIENT ROMEANCIENT ROME

AN INTRODUCTIONAN INTRODUCTION

DIVISIONS OF DIVISIONS OF ROMAN ROMAN

HISTORYHISTORY

THE REPUBLICTHE REPUBLIC509 BC-28 BC509 BC-28 BC

THE ROMAN THE ROMAN EMPIREEMPIRE

27 BC-476 AD27 BC-476 AD

MAJOR MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS CONTRIBUTIONS

OF ROME TO OF ROME TO WESTERN WESTERN

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

LATIN LANGUAGELATIN LANGUAGE JULIAN CALENDAR- 365 ¼ JULIAN CALENDAR- 365 ¼

days a yeardays a year NAMES OF THE MONTHS – NAMES OF THE MONTHS –

July and August named for July and August named for Roman emperorsRoman emperors

ROMAN NUMERALSROMAN NUMERALS ROMAN ALPHABETROMAN ALPHABET

LITERATURE- major writers and LITERATURE- major writers and poetspoets

PUBLIC WORKS AND CIVIL PUBLIC WORKS AND CIVIL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

REPUBLICAN MODEL OF REPUBLICAN MODEL OF GOVERNMENT (ELECTED SENATE)GOVERNMENT (ELECTED SENATE)

CIVIL LAW CODE (JUSTINIAN CIVIL LAW CODE (JUSTINIAN CODE)CODE)

INSTITUTION OF THE CHRISTIAN INSTITUTION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCHCHURCH

GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY MILD CLIMATEMILD CLIMATE FERTILE PLAINS- good for farmingFERTILE PLAINS- good for farming HILLS HILLS SMALLER RIVERS USED FOR TRADE, SMALLER RIVERS USED FOR TRADE,

COMMUNICATION AND COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

NATURAL BARRIERSNATURAL BARRIERS MOUNTAINS TO THE NORTH (THE ALPS)MOUNTAINS TO THE NORTH (THE ALPS) SURROUNDED BY WATER ON THREE SURROUNDED BY WATER ON THREE

SIDES (PENINSULA) SIDES (PENINSULA)

ALPSALPS

COASTCOAST

GEOGRAPHY DID GEOGRAPHY DID NOT PREVENTNOT PREVENT

POLTICAL UNITY POLTICAL UNITY IN ITALYIN ITALY

EARLY PEOPLE EARLY PEOPLE OF ITALYOF ITALY

LATINSLATINS

SETTLED ALONG THE SETTLED ALONG THE TIBER RIVERTIBER RIVER

FOUNDED ROME IN 753 BCFOUNDED ROME IN 753 BC RELATED TO THE ANCIENT RELATED TO THE ANCIENT

GREEKSGREEKS

EARLY SETTLEMENT EARLY SETTLEMENT ALONG THE TIBERALONG THE TIBER

ETRUSCANSETRUSCANS APPEARED IN ITALY APPEARED IN ITALY

AROUND 800 BCAROUND 800 BC GAINED CONTROL GAINED CONTROL

OF THE LATINSOF THE LATINS RULED BY KINGSRULED BY KINGS SOPHISTICATED SOPHISTICATED

AND ARTISTIC AND ARTISTIC CULTURECULTURE

ETRUSCAN ARTETRUSCAN ART

CARTHAGINIANSCARTHAGINIANS A A MAJOR TRADING POST MAJOR TRADING POST IN NORTH IN NORTH

AFRICAAFRICA ROME’S GREATEST RIVAL ROME’S GREATEST RIVAL IN THE IN THE

WESTERN MEDITERRANEANWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROME WOULD FIGHT ROME WOULD FIGHT THREE WARS THREE WARS

WITH CARTHAGE OVER CONTROL OF WITH CARTHAGE OVER CONTROL OF THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION –THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION –TRADE AND MILITARY DOMINANCE TRADE AND MILITARY DOMINANCE PUNIC WARSPUNIC WARS CARTHAGE WAS DEFEATED CARTHAGE WAS DEFEATED BY BY

ROMEROME

LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUSREMUS

TWIN BROTHERS TWIN BROTHERS UNCLE ATTEMPTED TO KILL THEMUNCLE ATTEMPTED TO KILL THEM

FEARED THEY WOULD THREATEN HIS POWER FEARED THEY WOULD THREATEN HIS POWER AS RULERAS RULER

HE HE TOSSED THE BABIES INTO THE TOSSED THE BABIES INTO THE TIBER RIVERTIBER RIVER

LEGEND SAYS LEGEND SAYS THE BABIES WERE THE BABIES WERE RESCUED AND RAISED BY A FEMALE RESCUED AND RAISED BY A FEMALE WOLFWOLF

ROMULUS ROMULUS LATER KILLED REMUS LATER KILLED REMUS BECAMEBECAME THE THE SOLE RULER OF SOLE RULER OF ROMEROME

ROMAN SOCIETYROMAN SOCIETY

TWO MAJOR TWO MAJOR SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSES

PATRICIANSPATRICIANSUPPER CLASS- WEALTHYUPPER CLASS- WEALTHYCONTROLLED THE LAND CONTROLLED THE LAND

HAD HAD POLTICAL POWERPOLTICAL POWERCOULD COULD VOTE VOTE AND HOLD AND HOLD

POLITICAL OFFICEPOLITICAL OFFICE

PLEBEIANSPLEBEIANS COMMONERS (NOT NOTILITY) COMMONERS (NOT NOTILITY)

ARTISANSARTISANS WORKING CLASSWORKING CLASS FARMERS FARMERS MERCHANTSMERCHANTS

LOWER CLASS - POORLOWER CLASS - POOR DID NOT USUALLY OWN LANDDID NOT USUALLY OWN LAND HAD HAD LITTLE POLITICAL POWERLITTLE POLITICAL POWER

PATERFAMILIASPATERFAMILIASTHE FATHERTHE FATHER

HEAD OF THE FAMILYHEAD OF THE FAMILY MALE DOMINATED SOCIETYMALE DOMINATED SOCIETY FATHER HELD ABSOLUTE POWER FATHER HELD ABSOLUTE POWER

OVER HIS WIFE AND CHILDRENOVER HIS WIFE AND CHILDREN STRESSED STRONG FAMILY STRESSED STRONG FAMILY

VALUESVALUES SERIOUSNESS SERIOUSNESS DIGNITYDIGNITY LOYALTYLOYALTY

PATERFAMILIASPATERFAMILIAS

PATERFAMILIASPATERFAMILIAS

ROMAN RELIGIONROMAN RELIGION

ROMAN RELIGION WAS CLOSELY ROMAN RELIGION WAS CLOSELY RELATED TO THERELATED TO THE FAMILY FAMILY ORIGINALLY INVOLVED ANCESTOR ORIGINALLY INVOLVED ANCESTOR

WORSHIPWORSHIP ROMAN GODS OFTEN RELATED TO ROMAN GODS OFTEN RELATED TO

ASPECTS OF NATUREASPECTS OF NATURE BLENDEDBLENDED (syncretism) (syncretism) ROMAN ROMAN

GODS WITH GREEK AND GODS WITH GREEK AND ETRUSCAN GODS AND GODDESSESETRUSCAN GODS AND GODDESSES 12 MAJOR ROMAN GODS12 MAJOR ROMAN GODS

ROMANS ROMANS SACRIFICED TO THEIR SACRIFICED TO THEIR GODS GODS TO APPEASE THEM AND GAIN TO APPEASE THEM AND GAIN FAVOR IN THIS LIFEFAVOR IN THIS LIFE

LITTLE EMPHASIS AN THE LITTLE EMPHASIS AN THE AFTER-LIFEAFTER-LIFE

ROMAN RELIGION ROMAN RELIGION DID NOTDID NOT PROVIDE ANY REAL MEANING OR PROVIDE ANY REAL MEANING OR PURPOSE FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE- PURPOSE FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE-

NOR DID IT PROVIDE THE MORAL NOR DID IT PROVIDE THE MORAL BASIS FOR ROMAN SOCIETY BASIS FOR ROMAN SOCIETY

ROMAN GODSROMAN GODS

JUPITERJUPITER

EDUCATIONEDUCATION ROMAN EDUCATION ROMAN EDUCATION CENTERED ON MENCENTERED ON MEN SONS WERE USUALLY SONS WERE USUALLY TAUGHT AT HOME TAUGHT AT HOME ROMAN MOTHERS TAUGHT THEIR ROMAN MOTHERS TAUGHT THEIR

DAUGHTERS ABOUT RUNNING A DAUGHTERS ABOUT RUNNING A HOUSEHOLD- LITERACY WAS TAUGHTHOUSEHOLD- LITERACY WAS TAUGHT

WEALTHY FAMILES HIRED AN EDUCATED WEALTHY FAMILES HIRED AN EDUCATED GREEK SLAVE (GREEK SLAVE (PEDAGOGUEPEDAGOGUE))

STUDENTS WERE TAUGHT STUDENTS WERE TAUGHT BOTH LATIN BOTH LATIN AND GREEKAND GREEK

STRESSED RHETORIC, LITERATURE, STRESSED RHETORIC, LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY

ROMAN SCHOOLROMAN SCHOOL

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

FROM 753-509 BC ROME WAS FROM 753-509 BC ROME WAS RULED BY RULED BY ETRUSCAN KINGSETRUSCAN KINGS

KINGS WERE SELECTED FROM KINGS WERE SELECTED FROM POWERFUL POWERFUL PATRICIANSPATRICIANS IN THE IN THE ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY CARREID OUT ASSEMBLY CARREID OUT GOVERNMENT DUTIESGOVERNMENT DUTIES

SENATESENATE (ELECTED LEADERS) (ELECTED LEADERS) WHO WHO ADVISED THE KINGADVISED THE KING

THE BEGINNING THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN OF THE ROMAN

REPUBLIC REPUBLIC ((RES REPUBLICARES REPUBLICA))

THE REPUBLICTHE REPUBLIC509 BC509 BC

IN IN 509 BC509 BC THE ETRUSCAN THE ETRUSCAN KING, TARQUIN THE PROUDKING, TARQUIN THE PROUD WAS OVERTHROWNWAS OVERTHROWN

A REPRESENTATIVE (ELECTED) A REPRESENTATIVE (ELECTED) FORM OF GOVERNMENT WAS FORM OF GOVERNMENT WAS ESTABLISHEDESTABLISHED REPUBLICREPUBLIC CITIZENS VOTED FOR LEADERS CITIZENS VOTED FOR LEADERS

(SENATE) (SENATE)

LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIPDURING THE REPUBLICDURING THE REPUBLIC

CONSULSCONSULS POWER WAS POWER WAS

DIVIDED DIVIDED BETWEEN TWO BETWEEN TWO CONSULS CONSULS CO-LEADERSCO-LEADERS ONE YEAR TERM ONE YEAR TERM OVERSAW OVERSAW

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AND MILITARY AND MILITARY

DICTATORDICTATOR

DURING A TIME DURING A TIME OF CRISIS A OF CRISIS A DICATOR DICATOR (SINGLE LEADER) (SINGLE LEADER) WOULD BE WOULD BE APPOINTED TO APPOINTED TO LEADLEAD

LIMITED TO A SIX LIMITED TO A SIX MONTH TERM MONTH TERM

ROMAN SENATEROMAN SENATE

MOST POWERFUL GOVERNING BODY MOST POWERFUL GOVERNING BODY WAS THE SENATEWAS THE SENATE 300 MEMBERS 300 MEMBERS

MADE LAWS AND GUIDED THE MADE LAWS AND GUIDED THE GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT

SENATORS SENATORS WERE LAND OWNING WERE LAND OWNING WEALTHY PATRICIANS- UPPER WEALTHY PATRICIANS- UPPER CLASS CLASS

SERVED IN THE SENATE FOR LIFESERVED IN THE SENATE FOR LIFE

SENATESENATE

TRIBUNETRIBUNE

PLEBEIANSPLEBEIANS HAD BEEN HAD BEEN BARRED BARRED FROM FROM HOLDING ELECTED OFFICEHOLDING ELECTED OFFICE

493 BC AN 493 BC AN OFFICIAL OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL OFFICE FOR PLEBEIANSPLEBEIANS WAS ESTABLISHED WAS ESTABLISHED

THE TRIBUNE- ELECTED THE TRIBUNE- ELECTED PLEBEIAN OFFICIALS PLEBEIAN OFFICIALS POWER OF VETO POWER OF VETO

ROMAN LAWROMAN LAW

IN 450 BC ROME ESTABLISHED A IN 450 BC ROME ESTABLISHED A WRITTEN LAW CODE FOR ITS WRITTEN LAW CODE FOR ITS CITIZENSCITIZENS

LAW OF THE TWELVE TABLESLAW OF THE TWELVE TABLES ROMAN LAW FOR ROMAN LAW FOR ALL ALL CITIZENS CITIZENS

PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS NOW HAD ACCESS TO ROMAN NOW HAD ACCESS TO ROMAN LAW AND ITS PROTECTIONS LAW AND ITS PROTECTIONS

ROMAN EXPANSIONROMAN EXPANSION MILITARY CONQUEST MILITARY CONQUEST GAINED GAINED

NEW TERRITORY NEW TERRITORY

TRADE WITH OTHER REGIONS TRADE WITH OTHER REGIONS SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE AND INFLUENCEAND INFLUENCE

POLTICAL AGREEMENTS AND POLTICAL AGREEMENTS AND ALLIANCES EXPANDED ALLIANCES EXPANDED ROME’S INFLUENCE ROME’S INFLUENCE

ROME OFTEN OFFERED ACCESS TO ROME OFTEN OFFERED ACCESS TO BENEFITS TO ENCOURAGE BENEFITS TO ENCOURAGE COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCE OFFERED OFFERED ROMAN CITIZENSHIP ROMAN CITIZENSHIP

AND ACCESS TO ROMAN LAW AND ACCESS TO ROMAN LAW GAVE ACCESS TO GAVE ACCESS TO MILITARY MILITARY

SERVICE SERVICE MEN COULD SERVE IN THE LEGIONSMEN COULD SERVE IN THE LEGIONS

EARN MONEY AND POSSIBLY LAND EARN MONEY AND POSSIBLY LAND CHANCE TO BE A PART OF ROME’S GLORY CHANCE TO BE A PART OF ROME’S GLORY

OFTEN ALLOWED CONQUERED OFTEN ALLOWED CONQUERED REGIONS TO REGIONS TO KEEP THEIR KEEP THEIR RELIGION RELIGION AND CUSTOMSAND CUSTOMS

ROME COULD ALSO BE ROME COULD ALSO BE CRUEL CRUEL

TOOK WHAT IT WANTED FROM THE PROVINCESTOOK WHAT IT WANTED FROM THE PROVINCES TOOK LANDTOOK LAND TOOK WEALTHTOOK WEALTH TOOK GOODSTOOK GOODS TOOK AGRICULTURE/FOOD TOOK AGRICULTURE/FOOD

ENSLAVED PEOPLE ENSLAVED PEOPLE WHO RESISTEDWHO RESISTED FORCED MANY INTO SLAVERY AND HARD FORCED MANY INTO SLAVERY AND HARD

LABOR LABOR KILLED OPPOSITION-KILLED OPPOSITION-

USED TORTURE AND PUBLIC EXECUTION AS A USED TORTURE AND PUBLIC EXECUTION AS A WARNING TO ANY WHO CHALLENGED ROME’S WARNING TO ANY WHO CHALLENGED ROME’S AUTHORITY AUTHORITY

ROMAN SLAVESROMAN SLAVES

ROMAN SLAVESROMAN SLAVES

ROMAN GLADIATORS ROMAN GLADIATORS WERE OFTEN SLAVESWERE OFTEN SLAVES

GLADIATORSGLADIATORS

PUNIC WARSPUNIC WARS

THREE WARS FOUGHT WITH THREE WARS FOUGHT WITH CARTHAGE FOR CONTROL OF CARTHAGE FOR CONTROL OF THE MEDITERRANEANTHE MEDITERRANEAN

218 BC-146 BC218 BC-146 BCMILITARY SUPREMACYMILITARY SUPREMACYCONTROL OF TRADECONTROL OF TRADECONTROL OF TERRITORY CONTROL OF TERRITORY

HANNIBAL AND THE HANNIBAL AND THE SECOND PUNIC WARSECOND PUNIC WAR

THE CARTHAGINIAN GENERAL THE CARTHAGINIAN GENERAL ATTEMPTED TO INVADE ITALY ATTEMPTED TO INVADE ITALY

TOOK ELEPHANTS OVER THE ALPS TOOK ELEPHANTS OVER THE ALPS

ROME DESTROYED ROME DESTROYED CARTHAGE IN THE THIRD CARTHAGE IN THE THIRD

PUNIC WARPUNIC WAR

IMPACT OF ROMAN IMPACT OF ROMAN EXPANSIONEXPANSION

GROWING WEALTHGROWING WEALTH EXPANSION OF GREEK AND ROMAN EXPANSION OF GREEK AND ROMAN

CULTURECULTURE EXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATION OF THE OF THE

PROVINCESPROVINCES ROMAN SOCIETY BECAME MORE ROMAN SOCIETY BECAME MORE

DIVIDED- DIVIDED- SOCIAL TENSIONS SOCIAL TENSIONS AND AND UNRESTUNREST RICH RICH POORPOOR

ROME AND THE TIBER ROME AND THE TIBER RIVERRIVER

ROMAN AQUADUCTS BROUGHT FRESH ROMAN AQUADUCTS BROUGHT FRESH WATER TO THE CITIESWATER TO THE CITIES

ROMAN BATHSROMAN BATHS

THE ROMAN FORUMTHE ROMAN FORUM

ROMAN CHARIOT ROMAN CHARIOT RACESRACES

ROME STRUGGLED TO MAINTAIN ITS ROME STRUGGLED TO MAINTAIN ITS REPUBLIC AS POWERFUL MILITARY REPUBLIC AS POWERFUL MILITARY GENERALS MANUEVERED FOR GENERALS MANUEVERED FOR GREATER CONTROL GREATER CONTROL

FIRST TRIUMVERATE – 3 RULERS FIRST TRIUMVERATE – 3 RULERS JULIUS CAESARJULIUS CAESAR CRASSUS CRASSUS POMPEY POMPEY

STRUGGLE FOR POWER STRUGGLE FOR POWER BETWEEN THE BETWEEN THE THREE GENERALS THREE GENERALS

ROMAN SENATE BEGAN TO FEAR JULIUS ROMAN SENATE BEGAN TO FEAR JULIUS CAESAR’S POWER AND LEGIONS CAESAR’S POWER AND LEGIONS

CAESAR CAESAR DEFIED THE SENATE’S DEFIED THE SENATE’S ORDERS AND ORDERS AND BROUGHT HIS LEGIONS BROUGHT HIS LEGIONS INTO ROME- “CROSSING THE INTO ROME- “CROSSING THE RUBICON” RUBICON”

CAESAR WAS DECLARED SOLE RULER OF CAESAR WAS DECLARED SOLE RULER OF ROME –MADE ROME –MADE DICTATOR FOR LIFE DICTATOR FOR LIFE

FEARING CAESAR’S GROWING FEARING CAESAR’S GROWING POWER, POWER, 60 MEMBERS OF THE 60 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE PLOTTED TO SENATE PLOTTED TO ASSASSINATE HIM ASSASSINATE HIM – –

JULIUS CAESAR WAS STABBED TO JULIUS CAESAR WAS STABBED TO DEATH ON DEATH ON MARCH 15, 44 BC MARCH 15, 44 BC IN IN THE SENATE THE SENATE ““BEWARE THE BEWARE THE IDES OF MARCH” IDES OF MARCH”

ROME BECOMES AN ROME BECOMES AN EMPIRE EMPIRE

A STRUGGLE FOR POWER WOULD A STRUGGLE FOR POWER WOULD RESULT – RESULT – CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR

THE SECOND TRIUMVERATETHE SECOND TRIUMVERATE OCTAVIANOCTAVIAN MARK ANTONY MARK ANTONY LIPIDUS LIPIDUS

OCTAVIAN WOULD BECOME THE OCTAVIAN WOULD BECOME THE EMPEROR OF ROME (CAESAR EMPEROR OF ROME (CAESAR AUGUSTUS) AUGUSTUS) AFTER DEFEATING HIS AFTER DEFEATING HIS OPPOSITION OPPOSITION

The base of statue The base of statue includes the image of includes the image of the Greek god Cupid the Greek god Cupid riding a dolphin. riding a dolphin. This expresses This expresses Augustus’ supposed Augustus’ supposed ancestry to the ancestry to the goddess Venus goddess Venus (Cupid's mother) by (Cupid's mother) by way of his adopted way of his adopted father Julius Caesar.father Julius Caesar.

THE END OF THE THE END OF THE REPUBLIC REPUBLIC

ROME WAS ROME WAS WEAKENED BY INTERNAL WEAKENED BY INTERNAL CONFLICTS CONFLICTS

THE THE SENATE’S LEADERSHIP AND POWER SENATE’S LEADERSHIP AND POWER DECLINEDDECLINED

POWERFUL POLITICIANS WERE WILLING TO POWERFUL POLITICIANS WERE WILLING TO USE USE VIOLENCE TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALSVIOLENCE TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS

LEGIONS BECAME LEGIONS BECAME LOYAL TO INDIVIDUAL LOYAL TO INDIVIDUAL COMMANDERS RATHER THAN TO ROME COMMANDERS RATHER THAN TO ROME

POVERY GREWPOVERY GREW THERE WAS A THERE WAS A DECLINE IN TRADITIONAL DECLINE IN TRADITIONAL

VALUES AND ROMAN VIRTUES VALUES AND ROMAN VIRTUES