and antibiotic stewardship · infection control and antibiotic stewardship philip sloane, md, mph...

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6/1/2016 1 INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Key Issues in Infection Control Common errors in infection diagnosis and management Key aspects of infection control Surveillance Resident infection prevention and monitoring Employee infection prevention and monitoring Precautions and Isolation Outbreak control Antibiotic stewardship Does this person need antibiotics? 82 yearold man; two weeks of increased swelling in both legs, that often goes down at night. One week history nontender, red rash on his right leg, which has been gradually growing in size and redness. Temperature 98.1; leg has mildly indurated, nontender, scaly bright red inflammation on the anterior and medial shin. Pulses palpable; no calf tenderness; Homan's sign negative; WBC 5,800 without a left shift; venous Doppler examination normal. Antibiotics for this wound? Does this need antibiotics? One week later Antibiotic Prescribed Empirically (% of the time) Percent Resistant (% of isolates) Escherichia Coli (44%) Proteus (13%) Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%) Ciprofloxacin (26%) TMPSMX (16%) Nitrofurantoin (12%) Ceftriaxone (11%) Levofloxacin (7%) Empirically Chosen Antibiotics for UTI - Data from 75 prescriptions and 1,580 positive cultures in 31 NHs - Recommended Duration of Antibiotic Therapy (nonhospitalized patients) Type of infection Sanford Guide, 2015 ID Society ID Specialist YOUR Program Simple UTI (cystitis) 3 days 1 3 days 1 3 days ? COPD exacerbation 310 days 2 ‐‐ 35 days ? Pneumonia without sepsis Until afebrile for 3d >5 days 4 >5 days Cellulitis (lower extremity) 10 days 3 5 days 57 days ? 1 TMPSMX – 3 days; Nitrofurantoin – 5days; 2 Varies with drug, No therapy required in most cases; 3 Not diabetic; 4 Minimum 5 days (should be afebrile 4872 hours);’ nonambulatory treat as HCAP; assess using score for severity

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Page 1: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

1

INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP

Philip Sloane, MD, MPHPiedmont Health Senior Care 

andthe Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Key Issues in Infection Control

• Common errors in infection diagnosis and management

• Key aspects of infection control– Surveillance–Resident infection prevention and monitoring

–Employee infection prevention and monitoring 

–Precautions and Isolation–Outbreak control–Antibiotic stewardship

Does this person need antibiotics?

82 year‐old man; two weeks of increased swelling in both legs, that often goes down at night.  One week history nontender, red rash on his right leg, which has been gradually growing in size and redness.  Temperature 98.1; leg has 

mildly indurated, nontender, scaly bright red inflammation on the anterior and medial shin.  Pulses palpable; no calf tenderness; Homan's sign negative; WBC 

5,800 without a left shift; venous Doppler examination normal.

Antibiotics for this wound?

Does this need antibiotics? One week later

Antibiotic PrescribedEmpirically

(% of the time)

Percent Resistant (% of isolates)

Escherichia Coli(44%)

Proteus(13%)

Klebsiellapneumoniae

(13%)

Ciprofloxacin (26%) 57% 69% 11%

TMP‐SMX (16%) 42% 45% 14%

Nitrofurantoin (12%) 4% 98% 23%

Ceftriaxone (11%) 17% 7% 11%

Levofloxacin (7%) 58% 63% 8%

Empirically Chosen Antibiotics for UTI

- Data from 75 prescriptions and 1,580 positive cultures in 31 NHs -

Recommended Duration of Antibiotic Therapy  (non‐hospitalized patients)

Type of infectionSanford 

Guide, 2015ID 

SocietyID 

SpecialistYOUR 

Program

Simple UTI (cystitis)

3 days 1 3 days1  3 days ?

COPD exacerbation

3‐10 days 2 ‐‐ 3‐5 days?

Pneumonia without sepsis

Until afebrile for 3d

>5 days 4 >5 days

Cellulitis (lower extremity)

10 days 3 5 days  5‐7 days ?

1 TMP‐SMX – 3 days; Nitrofurantoin – 5‐days; 2 Varies with drug,  No therapy required in most cases; 3 Not diabetic; 4 Minimum 5 days (should be afebrile 48‐72 hours);’ non‐ambulatory treat as 

HCAP; assess using score for severity

Page 2: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

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Reducing Antibiotic Overuse Works:Impact of fluoroquinolone restriction on rates

of C. difficile infection in a Community Hospital

2005 2006

Month and Year

HO

-CD

AD

cas

es/1

,000

pd

2007

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;30(3):264-72.

Options Available to Reduce C Diff Post Hospitalization

1. Try to Reduce Antibiotic Burden– Re‐evaluate need for antibiotics in the first place

– Re‐evaluate duration of antibiotic treatment

– Re‐evaluate choice of antibiotic

2. Probiotics– Cochrane review (2013):  “moderate quality evidence suggests that probiotics are both safe and effective for preventing Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea”

Source:  Goldenberg, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.  2013 May 31;5:CD006095. 

• Mr. Leonard, 76 year old non‐smoker

• 5 days of nasal congestion, sore throat and sneezing 

• Hacking cough worse at night• Decreased appetite, more tired• Temp 99.4, other vitals normal, pulse ox 97%

• Placed on antibiotics

Case DescriptionCommon Respiratory Tract Infections

Infection Type Common Cause

Common Symptoms Distinguishing Features

Common Cold Viral Nasal congestion/sneezingSore throatDry cough+/‐ fever

Nasal symptomsNormal vitals (+/‐ fever)Unchanged lung exam

Acute bronchitis Viral Cough (+/‐ sputum)+/‐ Fever

Normal chest X‐rayNormal vitals (+/‐ fever)

Pneumonia Bacterialor Viral

Cough (+ sputum)Pleuritic chest painFever

Abnormal vital signs Abnormal lung exam  Infiltrate on chest X‐rayMental status changes

Influenza‐like illness Viral Sore throatDry coughFever

ChillsBody achesMalaise

Another Case History

• Mrs. Jenkins, a 79 year old with stroke, incontinence

• Wet incontinence pad has odor• No complaints• Normal vital signs

What would you do and why?

Is Cloudy or Smelly Urine a Reason To Give Antibiotics?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Yes NoGeriatr Nurs. 2005 Jul‐Aug;26(4):245‐51.

Nurses

Geriatricians

Percent

Page 3: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

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What Causes Changes in Urine Color or Odor?

•Diet•Medications•Dehydration•Bacteria in urine

• If person is not sick, it’s asymptomatic bacteriuria

Yes, Bacteria Are Often Normal in the Bladder of Older Persons

Changes in:

• Anatomy 

• Hormones

• Immunity

• Personal hygiene

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Leaving the situation alone does NOT increase risk of illness, hospitalization, or death…..but antibiotic treatment DOES.

How Common is Asymptomatic Bacteriuria?

Diabetic Adults CommunityElderly

LTC Elderly IndwellingCatheter

Percentage

with positive culture

FEMS Microbiol Lett 346; 1‐10, 2013.

Up to 30%

Up to 50%

Up to 75%

Nearly 100%

What should you do for Mrs. Jenkins?

Should you get a urine culture ‘just in case’?

Mrs. White• 84 year old with arthritis 

and moderate dementia• Uncooperative with dressing• Irritable• Eats half of breakfast• Says she’s tired

Two Case Descriptions

• 34 year old nurse• Divorced, alone this weekend• You were going to have lunch 

with her, but she cancels• Low energy; not hungry• Doesn’t want to get dressed• Doesn’t want to deal with 

people

Ms. Blue

The Big Seven

• Dehydration

• Medication side effect

• Coming down with a virus

• Didn’t sleep well

• Pain

• Constipation

• Stress / anxiety / depression

Page 4: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

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Active Interventions for Non‐Specific Symptoms

Assess hydration status (and encourage fluids) Review current medications Look for signs of a respiratory or GI virus Think about sleep problems Ask about pain / discomfortAsk about constipation Look for sources of stress, anxiety or depressionMonitor symptoms and vital signs (especially temperature)

Use nursing interventions where appropriate

Should we get a urine culture “just in case”

Key Principles of Infection Control

Key Infections for SurveillanceInfection Type

Transmissible in LTC

Prevent‐able

V. Severe Morbidity

Feared Outbreaks

UTI X

Upper respiratory infection X at times

Bronchitis / COPE exacerbation X

Pneumonia X X

Influenza X X X

Sepsis X

Herpes zoster (shingles) X X

Skin infections  X

Scabies X X

Bedbugs X

Tuberculosis X X

Viral gastroenteritis (norovirus) X at times X

Bacterial gastroenteritis X at times

Hepatitis A X X X

C difficile X at times X

MRSA X

Other MDROs at times X

Key Issues

How to identify when an infection has been diagnosed?

–Antibiotic prescriptions

–Providers inform quality staff member

–Morning meeting

–Electronic health record

Defining when an infection is present

Modified McGeer Surveillance Definition of UTI(no indwelling device)

Reference:  Stone, et al  Infect Control Hosp Epid.  33:965‐977, 2012.  

Acute dysuria or acute pain, swelling, or tenderness of the testes, epididymis, or prostate

OR

Fever or leukocytosis and at least one of the following:  

acute CVA pain or tenderness; suprapubic pain; gross 

hematuria; new or marked increase in incontinence, urgency, or frequency

PLUS

Positive Urine Culture, defined as:

• >100,000 cfu/mL if voided specimen

• >1,000 cfu/mL if in‐and‐out cathspecimen

Reporting Surveillance Data:Rates

3.30

2.342.64

4.864.47

5.50

4.65

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Q4, 2013 Q1, 2014 Q2, 2014 Q3, 2014 Q4, 2014 Q1, 2015 Q2, 2015

Infections

Infections

Page 5: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

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Urinary Tract Infection37.5%

Skin/Soft Tissue Infection18.2%

Respiratory Infection36%

Gastrointestinal Infection6.8%

Prevention0.4% Unexplained 

fever0.4%

Other0.7%

Reporting Surveillance Data:Reasons Antibiotics Prescribed Standard Precautions

• Hand hygiene

• Gloves (when touching body fluids)

• Masks (when at risk for spray)

• Gowns (when contamination of clothing is likely)

• Avoidance of needlestick and other sharp injuries

• Surface disinfection

Hand Hygiene

• Most effective and least costly means of preventing infection transmission 

• Still have poor compliance of around 40% (range 30‐60%) 

5 Indications For Hand Hygiene

Soap and Water Versus Alcohol‐Based Rubs

• Alcohol‐based rubs:• More readily available• Faster to use• Effective against bacteria• Cause less dryness.

• Soap and water:• Better at removing dirt, debris, grease• Always use after care for diarrhea, handling food, or using 

the bathroom• More effective against viruses and C. difficile (C. diff)

Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette

Page 6: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

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Environmental Disinfection 

• What to disinfect:  Anything that people might touch

– Special attention to medical equipment

– Remember light switches, doorknobs, telephones, keyboards

• First step:  Remove obvious dirt and particles

• Next step:  Clean using a disinfectant registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency

• Don’t forget to rub

Source:  Annals of Long‐Term Care 19(10), 2011

Screening and Immunization

Staff Immunization

• Flu

• Hepatitis B (medical)

• Measles / mumps / rubella

Participant Immunization

• Flu

• Pneumonia

• Shingles

• Tdap

When Should Employees Be Excused From Work?

Symptoms

• Fever

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

• Jaundice

• Sores that are bleeding or contain pus

Diagnoses

• Salmonella

• Shigella

• Norovirus

• E coli

• Hepatitis A

Types of Precautions

1. Standard –

– Hand hygiene; gloves

– Key situations:  

2. Droplet

– Mask

– Key situations :  influenza, common cold, strep throat

3. Contact

– Gown and gloves, dedicated equipment, limited movement

– Key situations:  condition‐based and symptom‐based

Disease/Condition Duration of Isolation

Multi‐Drug Resistant Bacteria (MRSA, VRE, etc.)

Until symptoms resolve

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) 24‐48 hours after symptoms resolve

Norovirus 48 hours after symptoms resolve

Scabies and Lice 24 hours after treatment started

Viral Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Until symptoms resolve

Condition‐BasedContact Precautions

Symptom‐Based Contact Precautions 

• Active symptoms of a contagious infection

• Nausea/vomiting

• New or worsening diarrhea

• New or worsening respiratory symptoms

• New, undiagnosed fever

• Precautions and restrictions are time limited

• Infection is ruled out and/or symptoms resolve

Page 7: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

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Policies should include 

guidelines for key infections

Definition of an “Outbreak”

• Threshold for declaring an outbreak should be low

– Influenza – one laboratory confirmed case or a sudden increase in acute febrile respiratory illness

– TB, Legionella, Salmonella, scabies – one case

– Viral gastroenteritis / norovirus – two cases

• Have case definitions for norovirus and influenza determined in advance

Antibiotic Stewardship:the New Mandate

“a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug‐resistant organisms.”

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology

“Using antibiotics responsibly: right drug, right time, right dose, right duration”

J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Nov;66(11):2441‐3.

“Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance”• Multi‐drug resistance increasingly common• Over 20,000 deaths annually in U.S.A. from multi‐drug resistant infections

• Projected 317,000 deaths per year by 2050

What’s Causing the Crisis?

2.  Resistant Strains Spread Rapidly

1.  Fewer New Antibiotics Being Developed

3.  Antibiotics Are Overused

Between 25‐75% of antibiotic prescriptions in long term care do not meet evidence‐based clinical guidelines

Prescribing antibiotics “just in case” was accepted in the past, but now antibiotics should be given after 

careful, evidence‐based consideration of risks and necessity.

Page 8: AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP · INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP Philip Sloane, MD, MPH Piedmont Health Senior Care and the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research

6/1/2016

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What will YOU prioritize when you add antibiotic stewardship to your quality goals?

1. Urine appearance and odor

2. Positive urinalyses and cultures

3. Nonspecific symptoms

4. Cough

5. Wounds

6. Red and swollen legs

7. Emergency departments and hospitals

8. Choice of empirical antibiotics

9. Length of antibiotic treatment

CDC’s Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship in Nursing Homes

Joint Accountability for Infection Control and Antibiotic Stewardship

Nursing Staff

LaboratoryData and QAPI

Medical Director and Providers

Pharmacy Staff

Quality / Infection Control

Suggested QAPI Measures

• Antibiotic prescriptions / 1,000 resident‐days• Percent of time on antibiotics• C difficile infection rate• Urine cultures:  multidrug resistance rate• Rate of hospitalization for sepsis

• Rate of fever among persons who had antibiotics initiated in the nursing home, by infection site

• Proportion of prescriptions that are “high C diff risk” antibiotics, by infection site

• Urine cultures per 1,000 resident‐days

Core Outcomes

Selected ProcessMeasures

Education and QI Works:  Results from Randomized Trial

‐ Antibiotic Prescriptions Per 100 Resident‐Days

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Intervention Group All IndicationsComparison Group All Indications

Follow‐Up ==><== Baseline

24% Reduction in Intervention 

Group

Intervention Begun

Home Medical Providers Nurses Nursing Assistants Residents and Families Contact Us

Promoting Wise Antibiotic Use in Nursing Homes

Why is this important?

Health and well‐being of nursing home residents is the goal of care.

Inappropriate overuse of antibiotics leads to serious complications. 

We need to change our thinking from “just in case” to “only when needed”

What you can do

NursesClick here to complete our 10‐module antibiotic stewardship training course and obtain up to 2 hours of CE credit.

Medical providersClick here to download our ”Infection Management in Nursing Homes” audiocasts, available for CME credit.

Residents and FamiliesClick here to download our educational brochure and fact sheet about antibiotic use in nursing homes.

Facts about Antibiotic Overuse in Nursing Homes

• Adverse effects such as clostridium difficile infection are increasing.

• Between 25‐75% prescriptions do not meet clinical guidelines.

• Few new antibiotics are being developed; so we need to preserve what we have.

nursinghomeinfections.unc.edu