and innovation conference

ndTHE 2 EAC REGIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND INNOVATION CONFERENCE

PRE-CONFERENCE BOOKOF ABSTRACTS

27th-29th October 2021

Burundi-Bujumbura

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS……..........................................................................................................................1

ABOUT THE CONFERENCE…...................................................................................….........................…3

SPEAKERS AND PRESENTERS…..............................................................................................................4

AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY ...............................................7 AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Characterization of passion fruit breeding lines…......................................................................................7

Prevalence, distribution and relative importance of the six major potato viruses in

Kenyan potato cultivars...................................................................................................................................8

Accomplishments of Tea Research in Uganda in the Year 2019…............................................................9

Comparing sustainability performance of organic and conventional farms in Kenya: the cases

Of Kirinyaga, Murang'a and Machakos Counties…..................................................................................10

Evaluation of plantain varieties on yield parameters in Murang'a county, Kenya…...........................11

Characterization of Provitamin A Status and Distribution in Commercial Grown

Maize Varieties in Tanzania…….............................................................................................................….12

Nutritional quality of porridge from enriched bitter cassava our (manihotesculentacrantz)

for feeding infants and young children (6-23) months in South Sudan…............................................13

Functional characteristics and properties of winged termite (isoptera termitidae),

lake-y (diptera) and their suitability for processing food items……...................................................14

Screening for resistance to emerging strains of Potato Virus Y (PVY) in Kenyan

potato cultivars……....................................................................................................................................…15

Conservation of indigenous tree species in silvicultural and agroforestry programs:

An overview from Burundi national seed bank data……...................................................................….16

Management of agromyzid leafminer on passion fruit….…....................................................................17

Integrating management of shoot y pest and weed in sorghum production for

higher yield…………......................................................................................................................................18

Beekeeping: a livelihood diversication strategy in pastoral dry areas of Kenya….............................19

Optimization of biofertilizers on potato blight, performance and farm returns using

biochar and manure in combination with fertilizer……...........................................................................20

HEALTH AND WELLBEING SCIENCES.................................................................................................21

Modeling spatial distribution of plant species reported as anti-malaria and mosquito

repellents in Burundi…..............................................................................................................................…21

Phytochemical Studies and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Barteria

nigritiana Ste m Bark Hook .f (Passioracea) …..........................................................................................22

Formulation and evaluation of an antidiabetic polyherbal juice using

avonoids and terpenes from Myrothamnus abellifolius and Lippia javanica…..................................…23

Effectiveness of kenyaemr in patients' viral load suppression: a case study of

wanjohi health centre – nyanda rua county…...................................................................................…….24

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2

Formulation and evaluation of a herbal shampoo using avonoid glycosides

from Dic erocaryum senecioides…...............................................................................................................….25

Ethnobotanical study of pesticidal plants against human harmful insects in Central

Burundi………………….................................................................................................................................26

INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT............................................27

Benchmarking of Electricity Sector in East Africa, an Assessment of Efciency……...........................27

Performance of maxpan slab under horizontal load representing seismic action in

Uganda………..............................................................................................................................................…28

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT.................................................29

Climate crisis: the case of Nyando catchment…….................................................................................…29

Land Use and Land Cover Change Inuence on Soil Organic Carbon Content for a

Pastoral Area: Use of GIS……........................................................................................................................30

Ecosystem services from mountain forests: Local communities' views in Kibira

National Park, Burundi…...............................................................................................................................31

Comparison of temperate and ...tropical versions of Biological Monitoring Working

Party (BMWP) Index for assessing water quality of River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda….........…32

Kibira national park forest, pool of carbon and oristic diversity ……..................................................33

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY...........................................................34

Analysis of E-Exams performance under COVID-19 Pandemic at Kabale

University, Uganda……….............................................................................................................................34

Factors affecting e-government adoption in the democratic republic of CONGO.........................…..35

Low Cost and Energy Efcient Automated Health Recognition and Monitoring

Systems of Patient's Prominence Based on IoT……...................................................................................36

Air Pollution Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud

Computing….............................................................................................................................................…...37

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICAS (STEM)............................38

Nuclear po laritons: Mössbauer source and resonant absorber by the coherent paths

Model…............................................................................................................................................................38

Optimization of the eccentricity of the pyriform diagram for balancing electrical

power systems loading…...........................................................................................................................…39

Optimization of adsorption parameters for effective removal of lead(ii) in aqueous

Solution…....................................................................................................................................................….40

Preparation and characterization of chemical activated carbon from Polyalthia

longifolia seeds…………..............................................................................................................................…41

Formulation and evaluation of a herbal shampoo using avonoid glycosides

fromDice rocaryum senecioides…...................................................................................................…….....….42

EXHIBITORS...................................................................................................................................................43

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ABOUT THE CONFERENCE

The 2nd East African Community Regional Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Conference is setto be held from 27 th to 29 th October, 2021 in Bujumbura, Burundi and virtually.

The main theme of the event is : The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in EAC RegionalIntegration and Socio -Economic Development in the phase of Covid -19 Pandemic.

The objective of the 2nd EAC Regional STI Conference is to provide platform for information sharingand networking among scientists, technologists, innovators and industrialists and other STIstakeholders from a wide range of sectors including the academia, industry, the public and the privatesector.

The Conference is expected to stimulate the establishment and strengthening of strategic alliancesamong stakeholders; build collaborations and networks; and harness partnerships to promote thegeneration, dissemination and translation of research ndings in the region.

CONFERENCE SUB- THEMES

· Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development · Health and wellbeing · Natural Resources and Environment · Infrastructure · Energy and Industrial Development · Information and Communication Technology (ICT) · Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

The Conference is organized by the East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)and the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) in collaboration with stakeholders of STI in theregion including, Ministries responsible for STI, National Councils/Commissions of Science andTechnology in Partner States, universities, and research institutions among other stakeholders withfundingsupport from GIZ-Tanzania.

EASTECO and IUCEA are institutions of the East African Community (EAC), an intergovernmentalregional organization composed of six Partner States including the Republic of Burundi, the Republicof Kenya, The Republic of Rwanda, The Republic of Uganda, the Republic of South Sudan, and theUnited Republic of Tanzania. The two institutions are mandated to promote and coordinate thedevelopment, management and application of science, technology, technology, human resource andhigher education in the region.

4

SPEAKERS AND PRESENTERS

H.E Evariste

NdayishimiyePresident

Republic of Burundi

Hon Dr. Peter

MathukiSecretary General

EASTECO

Hon. Christophe

BazivamoDeputy Secretary General

East African Community

CP Jimmy

HatungimanaMayor

City of Bujumbura

Hon Dr. Monica

MuseneroMinister, STI

Republic of Uganda

Fortunate MuyambiAg. Executive Secretary

EASTECO

Prof. François

HavyarimanaMinister, Scientific Research

Republic of Burundi

Hon. Ken OburaChief Administrative Secretary

Ministry of EAC Affairs and

Regional Cooperation

Prof. Gaspard

BanyankimbonaExecutive Secretary

IUCEA

Dr. Sylvance OkothAg. Deputy Executive Secretary

EASTECO

Prof George GitauProfessor & Researcher

University of Nairobi

Hon. Rebecca KadagaFirst Deputy Prime Minister

East African Community

Affairs- Uganda

Hon. Amb. Ezechiel

NibigiraMinister for EAC, Youth Sports

Republic of Burundi

Gertrude NgabiranoFormer Executive Secretary

EASTECO

Prof. Saidi KibeyaProfessor

University of Burundi

Dr. Amos NunguDirector General

Commission for Science and

Technology (COSTECH),

Tanzania

5

Prof. Walter O.

OyawaDirector General

National Commission for

Science Technology &

Innovation, Kenya

Arthur MakaraCommissioner

STI Advancement and

Outreach-Ministry of Science,

Technology & Innovation,

Uganda

Dr. Damien

HanyurwimfuraActing Director

University of Rwanda

Prof. Emmanuel

MutebileGovernor

Bank of Uganda

Chris LukolyoDigital Country Lead

UNCDF - Uganda

Mukami KariukiCountry Manager

World Bank

Vivienne Yeda ApopoDirector General

EADB

Hermann Alex

LampalzerPolitical Affairs Officer

UN Office for Disarmament

Affairs

Simon HochsteinProject Director

GIZ-Tanzania

Dr. Matthews

MtumbukaCEO

Ubuntu Net Alliance

Prof. Peter Waiganjo

WagachaProfessor

University of Nairobi

Prof. Joseph NyandwiDirector General

National Public Health

Institute (INSP)

Badru NtegeCEO & Co-Owner

NFT Consult

Dr. Charles KwesigaUganda Industrial Research

Institute

Dr. Christian Sekomo

BirameNational Industrial Research

Development Agency-

Rwanda

Dr. Erastus GatebeChief Research Scientist

Kenya Industrial Research

Development Agency- Kenya

Prof. Mkumbukwa

MtamboDirector General

Tanzania Industrial Research

Development Organization

Leo Okwahi LoleMinistry of Trade & Industry -

South Sudan

Prof. Hulda SwaiProfessor

Nelson Mandela-African

Institutions of Science and T

echnology

Francis NanaiExecutive Director

Tanzania Private Sector

Foundation

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Dr. Casim Umba ToloDirector of Pharm-

Biotechnology and Traditional

Medicine

Mbarara University of Science

and Technology

Prof. Evaristo LiwaVice Chancellor

Ardhi University

Prof. Ambrose KipropCenter Leader

Center of Excellence of

Phytosanitary, textiles and

Chemicals (PTRE) Moi

University

Prof. Emmanuel

LuogaVice Chancellor

AIST - Arusha

Prof. Sanctus NiragiraVice Chancellor

University of Burundi

Prof. Venansius

BaryamureebaChairman Board of Directors

Uganda Tech & Mgt University

Prof. Victoria

Wambui NgumiVice Chancellor

Jomo Kenyatta University of

Agriculture and Technology

John Bosco KalisaExecutive Director/ CEO

East African Business Council

(EABC)

Hon. Olivier SuguruChairman

Association of Burundi

Industrialists

Francis Kisirinya

Acting Executive Director

Private Sector Foundation-

Uganda

Stephen RuzibizaCEO

Private Sector Foundation-

Rwanda

Carole KariukiCEO

Kenya Private Sector Alliance

(KEPSA)

Dr. Bugwesa KataleDirector

Commission for Science and

Technology, Tanzania

Dr. Eugene MutimuraExecutive Secretary

NCST, Rwanda

Dr. Tatien Masharabu

Permanent Executive Secretary

CNSTI - Burundi

Dr. Julius EcuruProgramme Manager

BioInnovate Africa

Programme/ICIPE

7

Characterization of passion fruit breeding lines

1*KAHINGA J N., 2WAIGANJO MM2, 1NJUGUNA JK1, 1MUGII P

1Kenya Horticultural Research Institute, PO Box 220-01000 Thika, KENYA. 2Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, PO Box 57811 Nairobi, KENYA.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Collection of different Passiora

germplasm by Horticulture Research Institute had resulted in establishment of the material as potential breeding parents for passionfruit cultivar improvement. Inter-specic hybridization resulted in several passionfruit breeding lines from which ve of the best selections, with unique characteristics useful in plant improvement, were bulked for further yield and

fruit quality evaluation. An on-station experiment was set up at the Institute, using a Randomized Complete Block Design with the ve passionfruit breeding lines and a local check, purple passionfruit (Passiora edulis

Sims). The six cultivars (Treatments) were replicated six times among six blocks in the orchard. A block had six (6) plots each with the eight (8) central plants being used for both yield and vegetative data evaluation. Four of the treatments were signicantly different to purple on yield at p<0.0001. Mky2 had the highest yields (53.5kg) but not different from J3-KPF12

(51.8kg), J1-KPF4 (44.5kg) and J5-C5

(36.6kg).

The local purple had signicantly lower weight (10.0kgs). Tests on total soluble sugars indicated that J1-KPF4

and J5-C5 had 17%, the purple 15.5%, MKY2

15% and KPF12

14%. J5-C5 and J4-KPF21

had the poorest graft-compatibility with the local yellow rootstock (Passiora edulis

avicarpa) while purple passion fruit had the best take of 93%. Selection of these cultivars has expanded the areas where passionfruit can now be grown successfully, the highlands to the coastal lowlands. J3KPF12, J1-KPF4, MKY2

and J5-C5

have been adopted for production in the warmer areas of the country and are planted without grafting onto root stock. The local purple is a predominantly highland crop and is grafted onto the yellow rootstock which is tolerant to the soil-borne Fusarium

wilt disease. Purple

passionfruit, J1-KPF4 and MKY2 are ideal for the fresh market and juice extraction. J3-KPF12 and J5are recommended for juice extraction.

Keywords: Higher yielding; passionfruit cultivars; Kenya

AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Joseph Kori Njuguna

Senior Research Scientist, KALRO

8

Prevalence, distribution and relative importance of the six major potato viruses in Kenyan potato cultivars

1,2, *ONDITI J., 2RENÉ V D V

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Horticultural Research Institute, KALRO Tigoni, P.O.Box 338 Limu r u 00217 Kenya;

2Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708PB Wageningen,

The Netherlands. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Knowledge of virus prevalence and distribution in cultivars grown in a particular region is essential in

setting priorities for virus control. To investigate the present status of six potato viruses and their patterns of distribution in the cultivars grown in ve major potato growing regions in Kenya, 354 potato leaf samples were randomly collected and tested for six viruses, namely; potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), potato

virus Y (PVY), potato virus X (PVX), potato virus M (PVM), potato virus A (PVA) and potato virus S (PVS) in a DAS-ELISA assay. The viruses were detected in 72.9% of the samples. PVX was the most prevalent virus (54.8%) followed by PVS (47.5%), PVM (13.0%), PVY (8.2%), PLRV (6.8%) and PVA (2.5%). Multiple infections occurred in 55.9% of the samples. Virus distribution maps were used to locate viruses occurring

only in particular geographic regions indicating that any effective approach in virus control should be region specic. Among the 13 cultivars grown, four cultivars, Sherekea, Shangi, Kenya Karibu and Asante were identified with the lowest average ELISA absorbance (OD) values of the six viruses which was used as an indication of eld resistance to the viruses. Prevalence surveys can be a useful tool for getting quick

information on virus resistance and can provide a ready solution to virus problem because the cultivars are already being grown by farmers. This study demonstrated that knowledge of prevalence can be used to identify and recommend virus resistant cultivars to replace virus susceptible cultivars in regions identied with high virus prevalence.

Keywords: Potato; virus; prevalences

Dr. John Onditi, Research Scientist, KALRO

9

Accomplishments of Tea Research in Uganda in the Year 2019

1*KAWOOYA R

1National Agricultural Research Organisation. Rwebitaba Tea Research Station. Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Uganda.


Abstract

Introduction: Tea is Uganda’s third most important export earner and oscillates between coffee and sh. The current production in the country is 59,000 tonnes of made tea per year, earning 104 million United States Dollars to the Uganda’s economy. Despite its importance to Uganda, the tea sector is faced with a

number of constraints that include rising production costs, age of tea bushes, poor agronomic agricultural practices, pests and diseases, low genetic potential, poor seed system, low labour productivity, and climate change. This review paper, highlights the current tea research accomplishments made with the help of government of Uganda Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Service (ATAAS) and

National Agricultural Research Organisation Competitive Grants (CGS Project) funding. Materials and methods: A total 110 tea accessions of which 90 were from clonal eld trials, and 20 from seed barie (SB) were sampled and genotyped with 10 microsatellite markers. Furthermore; Eleven biochemical descriptors (Color, crude bre, dry mater, fermentation, avonoids, polyphenol, tannins, amino acid, brightness, caffeine, catechin) were used to score 51 accessions. Different fertilizer application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180 g per tea bush was investigated against different tea clones. Results and Discussion: The research endeavors include; a) Genetic structure of tea diversity in Uganda has been determined. Results indicate that tea accessions were broadly grouped into two main clusters, cluster C I (68 accessions) and cluster C II (39 accessions), and an out-group made of two accessions. This research has given better understanding of the level of tea diversity available in the country. b) Characterization of tea clones with desirable attributes initiated. The following Tea clones selected based on Tea Quality Index 100/15, 108/78, 11/56, 141/262, 144/17, 144/3, 31/11, 6/8 and will be further used for tea breeding purposes. c) Soil nutrient up take of tea clones has been determined. Results indicate that tea clones 6/8, 6/10, 108/82, 100/5, 144/23, 112/2, 108/43, 31/11, 141/34 & 144/3 were better at acquisition of nutrients. In addition, 60g per tea bush (NPK 25:5:5) was the best rate as it gave the most yield an average of 0.3Kg per bush (Although the rates 120 and 180 g per bush also gave high yields, they were uneconomical). Conclusion: This paper further spells out the future perspective and strategic intervention of tea research in Uganda.

Keywords: Tea; Research; Achievements; Intervention; Uganda

10

Comparing sustainability performance of organic and conventional farms in Kenya: the casesof Kirinyaga, Murang’a and Machakos Counties

1,2,*NDUNGU J M., 1BIBER-FREUDENBERGER L., 3BLOCKEEL J., 2MURIUKI A W1BORGEMEISTER C., 3SCHADERC., 3KADZERE I., 3HEIDENREICH A

1Centre for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn, Germany 2Kenya Agricultural and livestock Research Organization Nairobi Kenya 3Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL) Switzerland


Abstract

The concept of sustainable agricultural systems is centered on the need to develop techniques and practices

that have low effects on the environment, improvements in productivity, and positive side effects on

agricultural goods and services. The study aimed at evaluating the sustainability performance of organic

and conventional farming systems at farm level in Kenya (Murang’a, Kirinyaga and Machakos Counties).

We used an indicator based SMART farm-tool in 849 farms for the sustainability assessment where degree

of achievement scores for the 58 sub themes calculated and a mixed effect regression model used to test for

signicant differences for the farming system at county level. Overall, the results show that organic farms

had a higher sustainability performance at subtheme level compared to conventional farms in

environmental integrity, economic resilience and governance dimensions. There were also similarities in

the subtheme scores between organic and conventional farms. At county level the performance overall for

farms in Kirinyaga were more sustainable followed by Murang’a and Machakos. The studies also identied

some sustainability hotspot challenges among the smallholder farms that require to be addressed at

different stakeholder levels. The SMART-farm tool approach used in this study gives a prompt way in

benchmarking farms across farm types and regions at subtheme level. Thus adds to a growing need for

sustainability assessment tools offering support to decision-makers, policy, development experts and

provides a different alternative for farmers as to how they manage their resources. This study recommends

the strengthening of the capacity of farmers to implement sustainability measures and decisions that help

to improve the future status of their farms based on the identied sustainability gaps.

Keywords: sustainability performance; organic vs conventional farming systems; subtheme level indicators

Mr.JohnM.

Ndungu

11

Evaluation of plantain varieties on yield parameters in Murang’a county, Kenya

1NJUGUNA J K., 1GATHAMBIRI C., 1WEPUKHULU S., 1MUNIU F., 1KINAGA P., 1MUGII P. AND 1KATANA J

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization. P.O Box 57811-00200 Nairobi Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Plantains are commonly grown in the coastal region of Kenya. However, their demand in urban areas

particularly in Nairobi has been increasing thus triggering demand for suitable varieties by farmers in

medium altitude areas. A study was therefore initiated to determine the suitable varieties for this zone in

order to meet the requirements of the producers and consumers. The objective of this study was therefore

to evaluate the performance of various plantain varieties in medium altitude zone in Kenya. Consequently,

three plantain varieties locally known as Mkono wa Tembo, Bokoboko and Kampala were sourced from

Kili, Busia and Tharaka Nithi Counties respectively and evaluated at KALRO HRI ((1450m asl), in

Muranga County using RCBD with 3 replicates. Data on bunch weight, ngers per bunch, nger length

and nger width were collected at full maturity stage. Mkono wa Tembo variety had signicantly (P=

0.0006) higher mean weight (43kg) than Kampala (16.6kg) and Bokoboko (24.5kg). Similarly, Mkono wa

Tembo variety had signicantly more ngers per bunch (119) than Kampala (85) and Bokoboko (59). For

nger length, Mkono wa Tembo variety had signicantly (P=0.0027) longer ngers (25.9 cm) compared to

Bokoboko (20.1) but not Kampala (25.8 cm). On the other hand Bokoboko variety had signicantly thicker

ngers (17.8cm) than Mkono wa Tembo (13.0cm) and Kampala (13.6cm). Mkono wa Tembo outperformed

other varieties in all parameters considered apart from nger width which indicates its superior

adaptability in this zone. Consumers normally prefer varieties with long ngers thus Mkono Wa Tembo

and Kampala go very well with consumers. In conclusion, Mkono wa Tembo variety was the most

promising variety followed by Kampala variety in medium altitude zone of Murang’a. The two are

therefore recommended for promotion in these areas.

Keywords: Plantain; adaptation; yield; variety

12

Characterization of Provitamin A Status and Distribution in Commercial Grown Maize Varieties in Tanzania

1,2,*MSUNGU S., 3MUSHONGI R., 1PAVITHRAVANI B., 1VENKATARAMANA

1School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering (LiSBE), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447 , A rusha, Tanzania

2Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere University of Agriculture and Technology P.O. Box 976, Mara, Tanzania3Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) -Ilonga Centre, P.O. Box 33, Kilosa, Morogoro 67409, Tanzania

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Provitamin A carotenoids are important precursors for vitamin A essential for stronger immune systems and eyesight in humans. The easy and affordable source of vitamin A is by consumption of plant-based

vitamin A rich food such as provitamin A maize as animal sources are expensive. The majority of the commercially grown maize varieties in Tanzania are white whose provitamin A status is uncertain and undocumented. The little existing information on white maize varieties suggests that they have low provitamin A, an active form of vitamin A, thus putting the majority of the consumers of such maize at risk of vitamin A deciency (VAD). Characterization of provitamin A status in commercial maize varieties in Tanzania is important to provide baseline information required for vitamin A rich-maize improvement programs. Therefore, this study was conducted to map the status of provitamin A in commercial maize varieties to accrue the information needed to improve maize nutrition quality toward controlling VAD in the country. The study involved 14 commercial yellow and white maize kernels from three regions of Tanzania. The extraction of carotenoids was conducted based on Kurilich and Juvik (1999) procedures. The concentration of beta carotene (BC), beta-cryptoxanthin (BCX), alpha-carotene (AC) were determined by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The fractions BC, BCX) and AC was used to compute the provitamin A. The study found the concentration of provitamin A and associated carotenoids signicantly differed (p<0.001) among varieties studied. The mean concentration in μg/g for provitamin A and its components; provitamin A (2.64-6), BC (1.91-4.66), BCX (0.649-1.21), and AC (0.819-1.46). Concentrations of provitamin A studied variety were far below the recommended levels (15 μg/g). The low concentrations of provitamin A among commercial maize varieties signify the need for introgressions provitamin A in the adapted maize genotypes for ensured intake of vitamin A.

Keywords: Beta-carotene; Provitamin A; Carotenoids; Commercial maize varieties; Tanzania

E R., 1MBEGA

SellyDaudMsunguAssistant Lecturer (Crop Science/Crop Improvement)

13

Nutritional quality of porridge from enriched bitter cassava our (manihot esculentacrantz) for feeding infants and young children (6-23) months in South Sudan

1*OPENZI K B., 2HEDWIG A., 3KAAYA A N

1Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Applied and Industrial Sciences (SAIS), University of Juba, Juba, South

Sudan, 2 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 3 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda


Abstract Micronutrient deciencies impair about 40-60% of infants (6-11) and 20-40% of young children (12-23) months in developing countries. In South Sudan, 25% of whom are vitamin A decient and more others iron decient. Among other triggers is consumption of foods that contain low content of such micronutrients like cassava, especially the bitter high cyanide varieties and cereal-based high phytate diets. Iron deciency (ID) in infancy and early childhood is associated with neurocognitive, motor, and behavioral defects and several features such as xeropthalmia and impaired resistance to infections due to vitamin A Deciency (VAD). This study therefore sought to enhance the nutritional quality of our of the indigenous bitter cassava “Lenga Tome” with micronutrient rich ingredients for feeding infant and young children (IYC) 6-23months in South Sudan. Using plain our of unfermented cassava roots as control, porridge composites (F3, F4, F8 and F9) were formulated in the ratio of cassava our: green grams: spinach: carrots: of 40:25:05:30%; 55:30:10:05%; 30:30:15:25%; and 25:25:25:25%; respectively. Their percentage contribution to iron and provitamin A were determined per two servings of 125mL and 250mL of porridge for infants (6-11) and young children (12-23) months; respectively. Bioavailability of iron and provitamin A were also determined. Results indicated that Cyanide content of the plain cassava our was signicantly (P<0.05) low (<10 ppm). The percent contribution to recommended dietary allowance for iron for infants

(6-11) and children (12-23) months was 98.08-124.27 and 157.27-199.26%; respectively, while for provitamin A was 78.24-181.57 and 146.71-340.44%; respectively. Bioavailability of iron was signicantly higher with P: Fe mole ratio of 0.04-0.06 (< 1) as well as provitamin A, ranging from 0.04-0.10µmol/L. The low cyanide content, high percent contribution to Recommended Dietary Allowances and high bioavailability of iron

and provitamin A suggests that, the cassava “Lenga Tome” based porridge composites can solve deciencies of the concerned micronutrients among IYC in South Sudan. Key words: Indigenous Biter cassava “Lenga Tome”; Porridge composite; Micronutrients; Bioavailability; Infants and Young Children

14

Functional characteristics and properties of winged termite (isoptera termitidae), lake-y (diptera) and their suitability for processing food items

1AYIEKO I A., 2ONYANGO M., 3NGADZE R

1School Of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box, 210-40601 2School of Business & Economics, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 210-40601 3Department of Food Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe


Abstract

Edible insects are highly nutritious and thus represents a noteworthy alternative for food and feed. Knowledge on the functional properties of these edible insects is equally important today since this information can be useful in the development of new insect food products at a time where consumption of whole insect is still a challenge. This study investigated the nutrient composition and functional properties of two commonly consumed insects, Diptera (Lakey) and isoptera termitidae (winged termites) found in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya. Proximate analysis was done to determine the ash, dry matter, moisture content, crude fat and bre and crude protein. As for functional properties, foaming capacity, emulsication capacity, bulk density, and gelatinization capacity were evaluated. These properties were

chosen because they were going to be useful in the formulation of an insect based product to be included in a food menu for the purpose of promoting insect gastronomy. Lakey recorded a high percentage of crude proteins at 43.8% as compared to 30.3% recorded for the termites. The foaming capacity of the termite was found to be high at 41% while the lakey recorded 3%. Bulking density for the lakey was 30% while for termite was 29%. With time modications, the emulsication capacity of termites proved to be high at 13% as compared to that of the lakey at 7%. The water absorption capacity for the two samples with little time modication showed that the lakey at 6.0% had better water absorption capacity and oil absorption properties than the termite. The nutrient composition and characteristics of the two insects are ideal for formulating new insect products which can be included in our daily restaurant menu. These new insect products can be used to promote entomophagy especially within the food and beverage industry.

Keywords: Edible insects, food design, functional properties, processed products

15

Screening for resistance to emerging strains of Potato Virus Y (PVY) in Kenyan potato cultivars

1,2,* ONDITI J., 2RENÉ V D R

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Horticultural Research Institute, KALRO Tigoni, P.O. Box 338 Limuru 00217 Kenya; 2Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Potato virus Y (PVY) causes serious yield losses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops. Over the past decades, two traditionally known strains of this virus (PVYO and PVYN), have largely been replaced by two new strains (PVYN-Wi (Wilga) and PVYNTN) which are now considered the most widely distributed and rapidly spreading PVY strains all over the world. The new PVY strains have broken some of the known PVY resistance genes in commercial cultivars which implies a need for new resistant cultivars. PVYN-Wi was recently found to be the most prevalent strain in Kenya. To identify effective sources of resistance in the available potato germplasm in Kenya, we screened potato genotypes using a Kenyan isolate of the PVYN-

Wi strain and quantied the associated yield losses. Three cultivars; Kenya Karibu, Sherekea and Unica and two early generation clones CIP312284.737 and CIP313028.42 were identied as resistant because they were all found to be free of PVY infections over three seasons of both greenhouse and eld screening experiments. In susceptible cultivars Dutch Robyjn, Nyayo and in Kenya Mpya, PVYN-Wi infection caused yield losses of 21.6%, 39.0% 53.1% respectively after three seasons. Findings of this study are supported by other studies in Kenya on same cultivars indicating that the above cultivars could be having genes that confer PVY resistance. Three cultivars, Kenya Karibu, Sherekea and Unica identied with PVY resistance

can be useful in minimizing yield losses associated with PVY infections in potato crops in Kenya. This study demonstrated the necessity to screen for PVY resistance based on the current most prevalent PVY strains and to make an informed decision on the usefulness of current levels of resistance in potato cultivars. Key words: Potato; virus; resistance; PVY

16

Conservation of indigenous tree species in silvicultural and agroforestry programs: An overview from Burundi national seed bank data

1, *BUKURU A., 1MASHARABU T., 2MBARUSHIMANA D., 1AHISHAKIYE R., 1VYIZIGIRO T., 3NAHIMANA

G., EPIMERY NIBIZI

E., 1NKENGURUTSE J

1University of Burundi, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center in Natural and Environmental Sciences; P.O Box.2700 Bujumbura, Burundi;

2Burundian Ofce for the Protection of the Environment (OBPE) P.O Box 2757 Bujumbura, Burundi3University of Burundi,

Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering; P.O Box.2940 Bujumbura, Burundi;

*Corresponding author:

[email protected]

Abstract

In Burundi, natural ecosystems are found mainly in protected areas and indigenous species seem to be scarce in silvicultural and agroforestry programs. The indisputable enthusiasm of the population to use Eucalyptus has already completely transformed the Burundian landscape. The present study aims at analyzing the extent of the exotic species use versus indigenous by different stakeholders, among them the Government of Burundi. Sales statistics (2012-2021) from the Burundian Ofce for Environmental Protection seed bank were analyzed. The study reveals that out of 23 species, seeds of only three indigenous tree species are sold. The latter corresponds to 27% of the total seed weight, representing only 0.11% of the total seed number. Eucalyptus div. sp. are the most dedicated to silvicultural programs with 99.63% of total seeds; no indigenous tree species is known for silvicultural in Burundi. Concerning agroferestry, indigenous species are represented by Maesopsis emenii, Markhamia lutea and Polycias fulva totaling 29.03 % of total seed weight, equivalent to only 1.17 % of the total seed number. The most used species are exotic, namely Grevillea robusta, Calliandra calothyrsus and Cedrella serrulata, representing 57%, 25.43% and 11.36% of total seed number respectively). Likewise, the Government programs as well as other stakeholders are choosing seed species in the same way. This study showed the exclusive use of exotic species in silvicultural where Eucalyptus div.sp have won over foresters and the general population due to their rapid growth, high productivity and regeneration regardless soil quality. The present study conrms the quasi-exclusive

use of exotic tree species in silvicultural and agroforestry programs by different actors. Our ndings suggest the need to seek for alternative indigenous tree species to promote. Relevant policies should be revised and implemented accordingly for the soil conservation and ecosystem restoration as well as reforestation.

Keywords: Burundi; agroforestry; silviculture; exotic species; indigenous species

Anataole Bukuru

17

Management of agromyzid leafminer on passionfruit

1KAHINGA J N., 3KAMAU P A., 2WAIGANJO M M

1Horticulture Research Institute, PO Box 220-01000 Thika, KENYA.

2Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, PO Box 57811 Nairobi, KENYA. 3Kenya Methodist University, PO Box 267-60200 Meru, KENYA.

Correspondence:

[email protected]

Abstract

As an initial step in managing the passionfruit leafminer in the highland areas of Central Kenya a survey was conducted to establish the species of the pest associated with the crop. Two species of agromyzid leafminer; Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis had been identied as the pests damaging the crop.Liriomyza trifolii was a serious pest of purple passionfruit (Passiora edulis) whiles the latter, mildly, attacked both the purple and the sweet yellow (KPF4) passionfruits. A control strategy was developed using target-

pesticides (Sprays) that have minimal effect on the non-target organisms in the agro-ecosystem and by determining the pest-action-threshold point through trapping and recording(monitoring) the pre-oviposition adults as they emerged from the soil. The integrated-pest-management (IPM) compatible target-sprays used were Achook 0.15% EC (Azadirachtin 0.15% w/w), Patrol 4 EC (Pyrethrins 40g/L),

Tracer 480 SC (Spinosad 480g/L) and White Oil (Mineral oil). The rst three pesticide-sprays were applied when the adult numbers were at their peak in the orchard while the larvae were controlled with White Oil 4-6 days later. Efcacy of the three pesticides on the adult pest was analyzed using GLM in SAS and mean separated by Student Newman Keul’s Test. The main effect of treatment of the pesticides on the pest were the same but signicantly different from control, p<0.0001. The leafminer species have become serious pests of passionfruit and other crops but the conventional control methods using broad-spectrum pesticides have not been sustainable. Other crop protection measures such as cultural practices to optimize plant growth must be used to supplement the target-pesticides. The strategy diversies pest management options and conserves the environment. The developed control method should therefore be embraced and perfected in the local farming systems.

Keywords: Passionfruit; Kenya; Agromyzid-leafminer; Liriomyza trifolii; Liriomyza huidobrensis

John Kahinga

18

Integrating management of shoot y pest and weed in sorghum production for

higher yield

1MUTISYA D., 1WAMBUAJ., 1CHERAMGOI E., 1ASHIONO G., 1RAYMOND M R

1Kenya agricultural & Livestock Research Organization. P. O. Box 57811-00200 Nairobi


Abstract

With climate crisis leading to reduced rainfall amounts for most crop types, sorghum crop provides opportunity for continued food security with varied options for utilization. Nevertheless, pests like sorghum shoot y negatively impact crop establishment and development leading to 25 to 40% yield due to the pest. In addition, various weeds increase yield loss if no planned management strategy. A study on various shoot y pest management options was carried out in six farms in the Rift Valley and western Kenya to determine best management of the pests during the 2020-21 two main production seasons. Three insecticides of biological, broad spectrum, short duration types were evaluated alongside assumed legume repellent of shoot and a control of no insecticide application. Tied-ridge inclusion and fertilizer application was tested with the treatment to validate plant recovery from damage of shoot y. The results showed Short duration insecticide, Tied-ridge tillage and fertilizer application bore highest yield of sorghum in both western Kenya and Rift Valley regions of varied climatic conditions. Use of newly developed climate software Kenya Agricultural Observatory Platform (KAOP) informed right time for planting, weed control, application of insecticide and early harvest and drying of sorghum grain. As from the results farmers are advised to plan early for right time in management of both shoot y and weeds in sorghum production by employing use of informant platforms like KAOP of Kenya County weather prediction to enhance effective eld operations and management of sorghum major pests. These recommendations would a long way in sustainable high yield in sorghum production.

Keyword: shoot y; insecticide; right time; weed control; early harvest; drying.

Daniel L. Mutisya (PhD)Crop Health SpecialistKALRO-Katuman

19

Beekeeping: a livelihood diversication strategy in pastoral dry areas of Kenya

1*TOROITICH D., 1KIMITEI R

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization- Apiculture Research Institute P.O Box 32-

*Corresponding author Email address: [email protected]

Abstract. Beekeeping is fast becoming one of the agricultural enterprises that can be used in generating more income in rural communities. Land-use and livelihood patterns among pastoralists in Kenya have undergone dramatic change in recent decades. Climate variability and change is increasingly being recognized as a critical challenge to pastoral production systems in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of Kenya. Considering the economic and nutritional importance of honey and other beekeeping products which promotes the economic base of the rural community. This research paper focuses on the spread and intensication of honey production as an alternative livelihood strategy of pastoralists in Kenya. This

review was carried out to examine the potentials and extent of beekeeping diffusion among Kenyan pastoralists in rural development. Results indicates that most pastoralist have adopted beekeeping majorly to produce honey for food during drought period, for income generation, used as medicine and apitherapy and also used for cultural festivities. Bee-keeping contributes to food security and value addition of these hive products mitigate poverty and hence improve the livelihoods. Beekeeping is a viable option for diversication as it is less dependent on, or affected by climatic variations, and is not resource intensive.Bees are a natural resource, freely available in the wild. Beekeeping is possible in Arid and Semi-Arid areas and places where other crops have failed: the roots of nectar-bearing trees may still be able to reach the water table far below the surface. Beekeeping is feasible in marginal conditions: just the sort of activity that is needed where people have to restore their livelihoods, or to create new ones. There is great potential that beekeeping offers to pastoral communities as an alternative livelihood option in the expansive pastoral dry areas of Kenya. Keywords: Beekeeping; Rural Development; Potential; land-use; livelihood

Daniel Toroitich

20

Optimization of biofertilizers on potato blight, performance and farm returns using biochar and manure in combination with fertilizer

1KILONZI M., 1PWAIPWAI P., 1NYONGESA M

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Tigoni, P.O BOX 338-0217, Limuru, Kenya


Abstract Interaction of bio-fertilizers with soil ecosystem is valuable tool in improving crop yield despite inferior yield compared to inorganic fertilizers. Optimization of bio-fertilizer with carrier material and combination with inorganic fertilizer to minimize detrimental effects associated with chemicals is not fully comprehended. Manure and biochar (carrier) in combination with Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) applied at 50 %, 75% and 100% (500 kg ha-1) the recommended rate on growth, yield and farm income. A survey was also conducted to establish fertilizer usage in Nyandarua County. Results showed that, DAP was the

most common fertilizer and few farmers apply top dressing. Plots without fertilizer recorded the highest late blight severity (RAUDPC of 0.45), lowest height (39.37 cm), stem count (2.81) and yield (0.29 t ha-1) followed by plots with 50% DAP. Yield observed from DAP rates differed signicantly (P≤0.05). However, there was no signicant difference among combinations of biofertilizer with 75% and 100% of DAP. Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae increased yield by 74%, 70% and 71% respectively relative to control. On average, manure improved Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae effects on late blight, stem count and yield by 55%, 56% and 76% respectively while biochar improved by 50%, 51% and 75% respectively. Combination of DAP (75% and 100% rates) and biofertilizer proved signicant in net farm returns. Higher marginal rate of return was observed in plots with Mycorrhizae and manure. Improved yield and net income from biofertilizer plots is attributed to their low costs and less bulky. Manure as carrier material provides additional nutrients support, stable environment and more micro-organism resulting in building microbial consortium. The study concluded that bio-fertilizers with carrier material in combination with chemical fertilizers improved yield and farm net income, thereby could be an alternative to conventional production.

Keywords: Biofertilizer; Mycorrhizae; Trichoderma; Diammonium; Phosphate

Mr. Kilonzi Mutuku Jackson

Research Scientist;

Kalro- Kenya

21

Modeling spatial distribution of plant species reported as anti-malaria and mosquito repellents in Burundi

12*HAVYARIMANA C., 1NSABIMANA C., MANIRAKIZA J M V., 1NDAYIZEYE G, 1IRAMPAGARIKIYE R., 1,2MASHARABU T

1 Research Centre in Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Burundi, P.O. Box 2700 Bujumbura, Burundi

2Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burundi, P.O. Box 2700 Bujumbura, Burundi

3Center for Expertise, Research and Training in Environment and Sustainable Development (CERFED), Bujumbura, Burundi


[email protected]

Abstract

The conservation and sustainable management of plant species require knowledge of their potential distribution areas and of the factors driving this distribution. A study modeling the distribution of ten agship plant species reported as anti-malaria and mosquito repellents in Burundi was carried out, with a view to contributing to the establishment of conservation priorities in Burundi, which could also be a reference for other countries. The study was conducted in the four phytogeographic districts of Burundi. It was based on 98 samples from a eld data collection on anti-malaria and mosquito repellent plants from Burundi and plant specimens kept at the University of Burundi Herbarium. Potential distribution areas were determined using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) spatial interpolation tool in ArcGIS 10.5

software. The geographic distribution and the ecological factors likely to inuence this distribution were determined. The spatial interpolation shows that the ten-plant species reported as antimalarial and/or mosquito repellent in Burundi can be predicted in all the phytogeographical districts of Burundi. According to the available literature, seven of the ten species belong to the category of widely distributed species.There are some differences in terms of distribution especially for the Mosso-Malagarazi district. This could be explained by ecological conditions, typical of the lowlands. The distribution models obtained in this study will guide the sustainable plants management in Burundi and elsewhere. In order to increase the

production of essential oils and phytochemicals, we recommend the use of these models to identify potential growth sites of the ten anti-malaria and mosquito repellent plant species. Keywords: Potential distribution area; spatial interpolation; species distribution factors; anti-malarial plant; mosquito repellent plants

HEALTH AND WELLBEING SCIENCES

Havyarimana Célestin,

MSc

22

Phytochemical Studies and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Barterianigritiana Stem Bark Hook .f (Passioracea)

1*OBIOMA D E., 2NONYELUM O J

1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 41001 Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.


Abstract

High concentration of free radicals in normal cell breakdown is scientically believed to accelerate the progression of disease conditions including cancer and heart diseases. Natural antioxidants have capacity to deactivate free radicals and protect the cells from its harmful effect. The present study investigates the antioxidant property of Barteria nigritiana stem bark. Milling machine, Whatman lter paper, incubator, spectrophotometer, ascorbic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrayl hydrazine),

phosphomolybdate method, aluminum chloride method and folin ciocalteus reagents. The stem bark was pulverized and soxlet extracted with 99% methanol. The phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures. Free radical scavenging, nitric oxide inhibitory assays, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total tannin content (TTC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were screened using standard procedures. The Phytochemical constituents; phenols, terpenoids and tannins were found in high concentration. The in-vitro antioxidant activity is concentration dependent and shows lc50 value in DPPH radical scavenging assay as 63.17±0.01, nitric oxide assay (82.53±0.03), TAC (77.86 ± 0.02), TTC (0.43mg/g) and gallic acid equivalent. The standard (ascorbic acid) produced DPPH 80.10± 0.03mg/ml. The TPC expressed in gallic acid equivalent was (2.18mgGAE/g). Phenols were more abundant than terpenoids and tannins. The extract demonstrated high antioxidant activities at all doses tested, with highest inhibition found in nitric oxide assay. From the result above, the extract demonstrated high antioxidant potentials which justify its

traditional use. Further studies on toxicity, isolation, characterization of the extract is needed to determine the bioactive lead compounds for possible development of new drugs.

Keywords: Phytochemicals; Barteria nigritiana; free radical scavenging; bioassay

23

Formulation and evaluation of an antidiabetic polyherbal juice using avonoids and terpenes from Myrothamnus abellifolius and Lippia javanica

1* DZOMBA P., 1 CHAUKURA E

1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of science education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe


Abstract

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is becoming a big problem worldwide. Current therapeutics are so effective however there are issues of cost, undesirable side effects and efcacy failure in some patients. In

the present study we sort to produce a low cost complimentary or alternative remedy for managing DMT2. Two phytochemical types, terpenes and avonoids from widely used local herbs, Myrothamnus abellifoliusand Lippia javanica were used as active components. The avonoids and terpenes were isolated using analytical and preparative TLC and formulated into a herbal juice. Anti DMT 2 activity was assayed using two model invitro studies, alpha amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibition assays and results benchmarked against standard drugs glucobay and orlistat. Quality characteristics of the juice was determined by monitoring pH changes, microorganisms, colour changes and presence of rancid ardors. The herbal juice showed a signicant inhibition range of 82.76 ± 0.23 to 89.45± 0.28% and 75.07 ± 0.33% to 77.44± 0.18% for

alpha amylase and pancreatic lipase respectively. DPPH antiradical activity ranged from 82.23% to 83.49%.surpassing that of ascorbic acid which had 81.62% at maximum concentration. Quality checks shows that pH of 6.51, red wine colour and fruity smell were maintained throughout the period of study. No microorganism or molds were found in the drink. The results obtained from this study showed that the polyherbal formulation made using Myrothamnus abellifolius and Lippia javanica avonoids and terpenes is a potential alternative management remedy for diabetes. Further invivo and structural elucidation studies are recommended. Key words: Myrothamnus abellifolius; Lippia javanica; Diabetes mellitus type 2; terpenes;avonoids

24

Effectiveness of kenyaemr in patients’ viral load suppression: a case study of wanjohi health centre – nyandarua county

1NDUNGÚ I M 1USAID Jamii Tekelezi project, Nyandarua.


Abstract KenyaEMR is an electronic medical record system for HIV patient care and management which was installed in Wanjohi health centre in 2013 by I-TECH with support from PEPFAR. To describe the role of EMR in increasing the viral load Suppression rate of patients on HIV care and Treatment. KenyaEMR system in Wanjohi HC is implemented in both Retrospective Data Entry (RDE) and Point of Care (POC). The facility is working towards strengthening of POC model to ensure timely clinical decisions for quality patient management. KenyaEMR modules include; patient management, pharmacy forms, Lab request forms, dash boards displaying patient viral loads, weight trends, agging of patients due for viral loads

testing, sputum testing and auto generating various HIV reports. Use of POC model ags and have various alerts such as patients due for viral loads, PMTCT mothers, TB Clients and missed appointments. The system helps in line listing clients that need interventions such as unsuppressed patients who need Enhanced Adherence counselling sessions. The Kenya EMR system populates a dashboard that displays a bar graph of total no of clients with valid viral loads, the number suppressed and those unsuppressed. This assists users to understand and calculate both viral load uptake and viral suppression rates. DATIM reports in the system provides a line list of unsuppressed clients and can be done in two minutes. EMR generated reports are accurate and free from indicator misinterpretation since the system has validated inbuilt

validation logic. Strengthen use of POC Model and Intensify EAC Sessions to help reduce the number of unsuppressed clients.

Benjamini Njeri

25

Formulation and evaluation of a herbal shampoo using avonoid glycosides from Dicerocaryum senecioides

1*ZHOU P., 1DZOMBA P., 1GOREDEMA M., 1GWATIDZO L

1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of science education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe

*Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract Trichophyton tonsurans affecting the scalp skin and hair shafts, is the most common public health problem in children in most countries. Multidrug T. tonsurans resistance has been observed leading to clinical treatment failure and relapse. In the present study, a herbal shampoo was formulated using avonoid glycosides from Dicerocaryum senecioides as active principal components. Flavonoids glycosides were isolated using a bioassay directed protocol, TLC p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet bio-autography. The formulated herbal shampoo efcacy was tested using the poisoned food assay with clinical strains isolated from patients showing resistance to conventional medicines that are marketed locally. Ten volunteers, 6 girls and 4 boys also participated in assessing the efcacy of the herbal shampoo. From the 10 participants, 3 were secretly given shampoos that did not consist of the avonoids glycosides. Quality characteristics of the shampoo was determined by monitoring pH changes, microorganisms, colour and viscosity changes, and presence of rancid ardors. The herbal shampoo showed signicant mycelial growth inhibitory activity of 93.2 ± 0.6% on the poisoned food assay. All the 7 participants administered with the experimental shampoo were healed by washing their scalp once per day and the condition did not appear again while for the 3 administered with the placebo the condition remained. The condition disappeared when they were administered the experimental shampoo later on. Sensory quality analysis shows that pH of 6.85, green leaf colour and smell were maintained throughout the period of study. The viscosity was also consistent. No microorganism or molds were found in the shampoo. The results obtained from this study showed that the herbal shampoo is an effective alternative option against T. tonsurans scalp skin and hair shafts infections. The avonoid glycosides maybe utilized to make herbal shampoo for scalp infections. Keywords: Trichophyton tonsurans; Dicerocaryum senecioides; herbal shampoo; Flavonoids glycosides; TLC

26

Ethnobotanical study of pesticidal plants against human harmful insects in Central Burundi

1*AHISHAKIYE R., NKENGURUTSE J., IRAMPAGARIKIYE R., NDAYIZEYE G., BUKURU A., VYIZIGIRO T., MASHARABU T

1University of Burundi, Faculty of sciences, Research centre in Natural and Environmental Sciences; P.O Box.2700 Bujumbura, Burundi.

*Corresponding authors: [email protected]

Abstract

Human harmful insects include mosquitoes, lice, eas, ea-biters, bedbugs, ies and re ants. Due to poverty, developing countries among them Burundi, are being challenged by chemical products access to control these insects. The present study aims to control human harmful insects with pesticidal plants based on ethnobotanical knowledge of Burundian. A survey on pesticidal plants was carried out using a questionnaire on 250 participants in Gitega province, Central Burundi. The consensus index (CIs) was used to analyse the credibility of the information collected. Seventy-ve percent of participants recognized at

least one pesticidal plant. The present study reveals 69 plant species divided into 35 families. The Asteraceae (8 species) and Euphorbiaceae (6 species) families are most represented. Of all the plant species recorded, the most exploited part is the leaf (47% of species) and 50% of species are used without prior preparation, while 22% are roasted before use or administration. The local application is most used (for 46% of species). The most cited species are Tetradenia urticifolia (ICs: 0.60), Euphorbia tirucalli L (ICs: 0.10) and Tagetes minuta L (ICs: 0.06) repelling re ants, Solanum incanum (ICs: 0.60) and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (ICs: 0.12) treating the ea-biters. The present study showed a large number of pesticidal plants, some of them may have a considerable potential in treatment of these insects. The preferred use of the leaves leads to a promising valorisation with less impact on sustainable conservation of the reported plant species. The present study reveals the importance of pesticidal plants knowledge with an emphasize on plants against eas-biters and re ants (31 and 23 species respectively). Our results suggest the need of phytochemical studies aiming at the production of effective and affordable plant-based pesticides. Keywords: Burundi; biopesticides; human harmful insects; pest control

AHISHAKIYE Rose

27

Benchmarking of Electricity Sector in East Africa, an Assessment of Efciency

1*NSABIMANA R

1HEC Management School, the University of Liège. 2Doctoral School of the University of Burundi.


Abstract The electricity sector has been subject to reforms since the 1990s, such as unbundling vertically integrated monopolies, and attracting the private sector. The objectives included improving both the quality of service (QoS) and technical efciency. Despite the reforms, the electricity sector remains vertically integrated in some countries. Controlling electricity losses has been difcult, resulting in poor QoS. This paper analyzed and compared the East African power sector's performance with regard to QoS. We used a non-parametric

approach, Data Envelopment Analysis input-oriented. Data comprising two outputs and three inputs was collected in six countries for the period 2008 to 2017. Given the electricity sector complexity in East Africa, technical efciency was compared across Generation and Transmission-Distribution models. Electricity losses reect poor QoS and are treated as bad inputs. The power sector in East Africa admits either increasing or decreasing returns to scale, which characterizes inefciency. On average, the performance gap is 20% and 22% in the generation and transmission-distribution models respectively. The inefciency of the electricity sector is partly related to the uncontrolled loss of electricity, which prevents the growth of output, especially the number of customers. The poor quality of service is also partly related to electricity losses. On the other hand, the participation of independent power producers in the electricity generation and distribution process can improve total factor productivity. The electricity sector performance comparison shows strong performance for Rwanda and Kenya. In contrast, there is low efciency of investments in Ethiopia. Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania's performance varies depending on the model considered. The study recommends involving the private sector in electricity generation and distribution. Further studies could assess how to reduce electricity losses and improve performance.

Keywords: Electricity Sector Reform; Quality of service; Data Envelopment Analysis; Performance; East Africa

INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

René NSABIMANA

PhD Student in Economics

Doctoral School of the University of Burundi

28

Performance of maxpan slab under horizontal load representing seismic action in Uganda

1,2*KIBERU F., 2KYAKULA M., 1CHANDE Y A J., 1SELEMANI J R

1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela Institute of Science and Technology, Postal Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha Region, Tanzania 2Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Kyambogo University, Postal Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda


Abstract

About 95% of storied buildings in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda have their slabs constructed with burnt clay hollow block reinforced concrete slabs. Slabs containing hollow blocks are constructed with the hollow side of blocks end to end running in one direction, with a rib between rows of blocks in which steel reinforcement is laid. This constrains the slab to act as a one-way spanning with different strengths in each direction. The present study determines the load capacity of hollow blocks parallel and perpendicular to the holes in the plane of the slab. Hollow block slabs measuring 750 × 800 mm were produced. These were cured for 28 days and loaded parallel and perpendicular to the direction of hollow blocks and ribs. More so, a computer model was developed to model the behavior of the slabs. It was found that the load capacity of burnt clay hollow blocks when loaded parallel and perpendicular to holes varied from 103.35 kN −123.93 kN and 45.6 kN – 47.4 kN with corresponding compressive strengths ranging from 2.3 N/mm2 – 2.8 N/mm2 and 1.0 N/mm2 – 1.05 N/mm2, respectively. The computer model revealed that the stress in the hollow block slab model when loaded parallel and perpendicular to ribs was maximum at 2.151 × 106 N/m2 and 1.074 × 106 N/m2, respectively in the plane of application of load. The study found that the compressive strength of burnt clay hollow blocks has a great inuence on the horizontal load capacity of the slab. The study showed that the hollow block slab is weaker when lateral loads are applied in the direction perpendicular to the ribs. Furthermore, the results of the computer model and the

laboratory tests revealed that the hollow block slab does not have the same resistance to seismic lateral load in the direction perpendicular and parallel to the rib. This study recommends that similar studies should be conducted in different cities in Uganda and results compared. Keywords: Hollow Blocks; Slab; Ribs; Seismic Action; Load Capacity

Kiberu Faisal

29

Climate crisis: the case of Nyando catchment

1*MULIANGA B A

1Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization - Sugar Research Institute; P.O Box 44-40100, KISUMU, KENYA, Kisumu-Miwani Road.


ABSTRACT

Over the recent times, the world has experienced climate crisis that has threatened lives. Those in low lands are displaced by oods loosing possessions and planted food crops to the surging waters; while those in hilly areas experience land degradation and vegetation loss leading to poverty. Monitoring such occurrence through time is inevitable as it enables governments to make critical decisions for environmental conservation, enhanced resilience and minimize risks of food insecurity. The geospatial technology

provides a platform to monitor occurrences of extreme weather conditions, facilitates the understanding of end to end temporal changes of the environment and provides an environment for modelling future scenarios. We derived indicators of climate crisis within Nyando catchment over the period 2013 to 2021 and their impact on livelihoods. We collected data on rainfall, vegetation covers and land use from Landsat 8 30m satellite images and insitu data using the Mobile mapper GPS within Nyando catchment. We overlaid these data, characterized them and performed change detection using Erdas Imagine software. Results showed 9.9% reduction in forest cover, 54.1% sedimentation of water areas, 3.9% loss of agricultural land and 2.5% increase in built up areas. The main land use in Nyando catchment is agriculture followed with settlement. We inferred that loss of forest cover is reason for sedimentation of the water areas, suscepting lowlands to ooding. Moreover, conversion of forest land to agricultural land and settlement are the main drivers for climate crisis. Indeed, agro-ecological approaches to farming will increase forest area while maximizing on vertical farming for increased productivity to meet the ever growing demand for food. We recommend adoption of geospatial technology in monitoring of the landscape for informed decision making to avert risks of climate change.

Key words: Geospatial; Climate; Degradation; Conservation; Floods

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

30

Land Use and Land Cover Change Inuence on Soil Organic Carbon Content for a Pastoral Area: Use of GIS

1*SHADRACK M., 1NJAJI., 1LEJJU J., NKURUNUNGI JB

1Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda


[email protected]

Abstract Data on land use and cover change and soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands are essential. This is because rangelands ecosystems are fragile, and poor land-use practices can signicantly threaten their sustainability by depleting SOC and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study investigated soil organic carbon variations as inuenced by land use/land cover changes in the unprotected area of the Sanga agropastoral ecosystem, southwestern Uganda. Landsat images provided data for land use and cover for 1987 and 2020. Soil organic carbon contents were investigated in farmland (FL), grassland (GL), woodland (WL), and bare land (BL) as control at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. Soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon and bulk density using the colorimetric and core ring methods, respectively. Total soil organic carbon content was signicantly high in grassland (31.55 Mg C ha-1), p=0.005, and woodland (27.89 Mg C ha-1), p=0.028 compared to bare land (16.17 Mg C ha-1). Additionally, total soil organic carbon

concentration in grassland (2.10%) was higher than SOC concentration in farmland (1.39%) p=0.001 and bare land (1.00%), p<0.001, respectively. Similarly, woodlands soil organic carbon concentration (1.98%) was higher than soil organic concentrations in bare lands, p=0.003 and farmlands, p=0.028. Bulk density was signicantly different at lower horizons, with farmland having a higher bulk density than other land use types, p=0.013. Roots and litter inputs in woodlands and grasslands contributed to higher organic carbon than farmland and eroded/bare lands. Cultivation also increased the soil bulk density. This study concludes that land use and the land cover change affected soil organic carbon sequestration and bulk density. Therefore, farmers need to increase farm management practices to avoid an increase in bulk density. Further study to compare the effects of grazing intensity on SOC and modeling future SOC content in the study area is recommended.

Keywords: Sequestration; bulk density; cultivation; rangeland

Shadrack M. Njagi

31

Ecosystem services from mountain forests: Local communities’ views in Kibira National Park, Burundi

1*NDAYIZEYE G., 2IMANI G., 1NKENGURUTSE J., 1IRAMPAGARIKIYE R., 3NDIHOKUBWAYO N., FERDINAND 4NIYONGABO F., 5CUNI-SANCHE A

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Burundi, PO Box 2700, Bujumbura, Burundi 2Biology Department, Université Ofcielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Congo c Department of Natural Sciences, High School of Education, PO Box 6983, Bujumbura, Burundi 3Department of Bio-chemistry, Institute of Applied Pedagogy, University of Burundi, PO Box 2523, Bujumbura, Burundi4York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK


Abstract

In the tropics, mountain forests provide numerous benets to surrounding communities. Our participatory research investigates how different ethnic groups including the Twa hunter gatherers and the farmers of Bantu origin use and Value Mountain forests in Kibira National Park, Burundi. Socio-cultural ES evaluation can complement and increase the value of traditional economic and ecological ES evaluation approaches, as it helps identify cultural ES and understand local communities ‘place attachment’. We carried out an ecosystem service (ES) assessment through 25 focus-group discussions, including Twa (n = 10) and farmers (n = 15). We held Focus group discussions in three sectors of the Kibira National Park: Teza, Musigati and Rwegura sectors. The Twa identify a greater number of forest ES than farmers, and rank wild vegetables as most important forest ES. They also show strong place dependence and identity to the forest, which they call ‘home’. Farmers rank microclimate regulation as most important forest ES, and also show place dependence to the forest. Both groups identied numerous plants for provisioning services, but the Twa identied more food-provisioning plants and medicinal plants for humans. Our ndings help understand why the Twa continue to enter this park daily. Our results also help suggest some livelihood strategies for

the Twa which consider their strengths rather than their weaknesses. Protected areas are the most important tool we have for species’ and habitats’ conservation, but to ensure their effectiveness -and sustainability- surrounding communities’ needs and cultures should be considered.

Keywords: Socio-cultural assessment; Forests; Place attachment; Forest use; protected area

32

Comparison of temperate and tropical versions of Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) Index for assessing water quality of River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda

1OCHIENG H., 2,*ODONG2 R., 3OKOT-OKUMU

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda 2Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062,

Kampala, Uganda 3Consultant Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 16569, Kampala, Uganda *Corresponding author: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract Despite their socio-economic and ecological importance, rivers are among the most threatened ecosystems. As a result, reliable and affordable monitoring system is fundamental for their effective management and conservation. The utility of Biological Monitoring Working Party, BMWP (England, E) index developed for

the temperate region and BMWP-CR modied for Costa Rica, the tropics, were compared for assessing water quality of River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda. Benthic macroinvertebrates were used in the biomonitoring study because of their wide spectrum of sensitivity to changes in water physico-chemical characteristics. The riverine water quality at upstream site (rural area), four sites in mid-stream (urban area) and one site downstream (rural area), were evaluated using the BMWP indices from February to October, 2018. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) and selected physico-chemical variables were used to validate performance of the BMWP indices. Although BMWP-CR included more local macroinvertebrate taxa for pollution sensitivity scores than BMWP (E), the performance of both indices was similar. The BMWP (E) and BMWP-CR classied river water quality as bad to moderate, whereas the associated Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT), from England, ASPT (E) and ASPT-CR from Costa Rica indicated moderate to very good category, across seasons. The H′ and physicochemical variables classied river

water quality as bad to moderate. The BMWPs and associated ASPTs allotted sites at urban efuent sources as moderate to very good, while those in rural settings as bad to good, contrary to allocations by H′ and physico-chemical variables. The two BMPs failed to reliably separate sites based on pollution gradient, attributable to biogeographical differences in environmental conditions and pollution tolerances among

macroinvertebrates. There is need to adapt a biotic index such as BMWP-CR or develop an indigenous one for Uganda, through an intensive study on local macroinvertebrate assemblages. Keywords: Adaptation; biogeographical regions; biomonitoring indices; macroinvertebrates; pollution.

33

Kibira national park forest, pool of carbon and oristic diversity

1IRAMPAGARIKIYE R., 1NKENGURUTSE

J., 1GAËLLE NDAYIZEYE G., 1NDIHOKUBWAYO

N., 1GERARD IMANI G1Research Center in Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Burundi


Abstract

Forests provide many ecosystem services to humanity. One of these services is the sequestration of carbon by these forests, a process that helps mitigate the negative effects of climate change. This role is not yet well understood for mountain forests in Africa and in Burundi in particular. In order to highlight the inestimable value of our forests, a study to assess tree ora diversity and carbon stocks was undertaken in Kibira National Park (Burundi). Twenty-one temporary plots of 25m x 25m each have been equitably established in Kibira National Park. The inventory and diameter measurement of all individuals with dbh ≥10 cm have been taken. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to assess relationship between soil properties and vegetation and this analysis, allowed distinguishing two soil categories: non-degraded soil from degraded soil. Floristic diversity was assessed through the Shannon,

Equitability and Fischer_Alpha indices. For assessing forest structure, stem density (SD), basal area (BA), mean tree diameter (Dmean) and average wood density (WMD) were calculated for each plot. The Importance Value Index (IVI) has been also calculated. The equation of Chave et al., (2014) was used to estimate aboveground biomass. Results showed that species are distributed according to the edaphic gradient. The Euphorbiaceae family is the most diverse. Xymalos monospora, Macaranga kilimandscharicaand Myrianthus holstii are dominant species of Kibira forest. Species with high carbon are Syzygium guineense (12.1% of carbon) and Xymalos monospora (8.9% of carbon). The carbon stock is estimated to 141tC / ha or 517.5 tCO2 / ha. If reported to the whole Park, this quantity of CO2 which does not participate in the greenhouse effect is signicant whence special attention must be paid to this forest for its better management.

Keywords: Forests; biomass; carbon; tree diversity

Rosette Irampagarikiye

34

Analysis of E-Exams performance under COVID-19 Pandemic at Kabale University, Uganda 1*BUSINGE P M., 1NKAMWESIGA N., 1BASHEKA B

1Kabale University *Corresponding author: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract:

There has been a shift in the mode of conducting exams from the physical appearance of students to the electronic examinations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents the experiences in the management of e-exams as part of the summative evaluation of students. This was achieved by establishing the readiness strategies for managing e-exams, determining the performance of e-exams management and ascertaining the challenges faced during the management of e-exams. Objectives one

and three were achieved by reviewing secondary data gathered from various reports from the University and objective two was achieved by analyzing the primary data from the e-learning system. The results of the study indicated that Kabale University was strategically positioned to conduct e-exams through university policies, management support, infrastructural acquisition, competent human resource, technical and awareness training of staff and students. the performance rates of e-exams varied from one faculty to another with the least and most attendance rates being 88.62% and 96.85% respectively, and with an overall performance of 92.18% at the university level. Regardless of the success stories, the study identied challenges which the university is already resolving and others that need more attention. The study identied that the e-exam took the form of multiple-choice questions and take-home exams. The challenges were technical e.g., lack of equipment, unreliable Internet and electricity problems; economical e.g., lack of money to buy data; social e.g., lack of conducive environment to sit for examinations at homes and integrity e.g., difcult to conrm the authenticity of the examinees’ identity. The paper recommends the exploration of viable solutions that supports diverse forms of e-exams while regulating exam malpractices, like enabling software applications that limit the students’ ability to navigate and search through the computer and internet, live proctoring option to monitor candidates and having response teams to attend to examinees.

Keywords: Analysis; Performance; E-examinations; COVID-19 pandemic; Kabale University

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Dr.Businge Phelix MbabaziAbwooli (PhDMIS, MSc-IS, BCI, MCSA, CCNA, HCIA, HETC)Dean /Senior Lecturer-Information Technology|Faculty of Computing, Library and Information Science

35

Factors affecting e-government adoption in the democratic republic of CONGO

1*SEMAJERI L E., 2BUSINGE P M

1Kampala International University

2Kabale University


Abstract

The success of e initiatives in developed countries are frequently documented, indicating that e-

government deployment is rising globally, central Africa was not left behind. The Democratic Republic of

Congo, as one of Africa's largest countries, has prioritized the implementation of e-government services.

However, in such a large country, building and maintaining the country's government through an online

integrated system has proven difcult. The main objective of this study is to nd out the factors affecting

the end-user’s adoption of e-government in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The research is based on

the Darmawan’s acceptance, a model of technology acceptance extending TAM that considers perceived

usefulness and ease of use as signicant conceptual variables in adoption. The research extends the

Darmawan’s adoption model to include various other factors in order to better understand e-government

adoption, including information security factors (condentiality, integrity, availability, accountability, non-

repudiation). To get primary data, 100 citizens were polled using a questionnaire. The impact of the

parameters modied from the hypothesized model on e-government adoption was investigated using

regression analysis. The reported values of the various factors in reliability tests was 0.970. The ndings

show that end-users' e-government behavior is inuenced by their information security expectations

among other factors. The ndings have signicant implications for government and government ofcials

who want to improve the country's use of e-government. From the standpoint of human-computer

interaction, it's evident that while promoting any new online system, designers must consider the user's

sense of danger.

Keywords: e-government; Democratic Republic of Congo; end-users; adoption, factors

36

Low Cost and Energy Efcient Automated Health Recognition and Monitoring Systems of Patient’s Prominence Based on IoT

1*NTAMBARA B., 2NIYOMUGABA A

1Department of Manufacturing, Industrial and Textile Engineering, Moi University, Tel: +250788288561, P. O. Box 3900 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya

2Embedded and Mobile Systems, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, e-mail: P.O.BOX 447 Arusha, Tanzania


[email protected]

Abstract

The doctor can use a remote low-cost and energy-efcient health monitoring and control system to regulate

and monitor the patient's health prominence, speeding up the consultation process and saving money.

Because of patient delays in getting to the hospital, sudden pandemics, and infections, more than 70% of

patients have been affected, with 10% of them dying as a result of late consultation and monitoring of their

health status. Although a device-controlled Arduino-based health parameter surveillance technique was

proposed, the sensors attached were not adequately treated. In an IoT context, a healthcare monitoring kit

was built, but the system's shortcoming was that no one could see what was going on data visualization

interfaces created. This paper creates an Internet of Things (IoT) system using the Arduino UNO. Four

sensors, as well as two transmission systems, were utilized to assess body temperature, cardiac rate,

respiration rate, air quality management, and locate the patient area. The initial system transmits sensor

outputs over clouds, allowing doctors and caregivers to be notied. The second method uses a Wi-Fi and

GSM module to communicate these sensor outputs to a doctor's or relative's mobile phone via online

service and SMS. The results revealed that the proposed system is more efcient, exible, and scalable than

traditional monitoring techniques, and that it can be used for future healthcare system analysis for fast

consultation, pandemic transmission prevention, and patient health condition review during the COVID-

19 pandemic. Finally, because there are very clever and dedicated patient monitoring systems within the

facility, embedded technologies and internet of things based on the healthcare system can be installed in

hospitals. Future studies should focus on traditional health systems, as well as Articial Intelligence and

cyber physical systems.

Keywords: IoT Systems; e-health systems; Arduino; CO2 sensor; heartbeat sensor

BONIFACE NTAMBARA

37

Air Pollution Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing

1*OBIRA O J

1School of Computational and Communication Sciences and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African

Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Air pollution is the availability of pollutants and other particles in the air which affect its quality. The common sources of air pollution include vehicle and industrial emissions, bushre and volatile organic compounds. Over 80% of the urban dwellers are exposed to air pollution especially in low and middle-income countries. With most African countries embracing industrialization coupled with rapid urbanization, air pollution is swiftly becoming a serious concern due to the associated health risks. Globally, about 4.2 million people die annually from diseases attributed to air pollution. This paper presents a mechanism of using sensors to remotely monitor air pollution. The monitored data are then sent to the cloud database in real time using internet connection. The materials used include an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 module, carbon monoxide and smoke sensors. The approach involves connecting an ESP8266

wireless module, smoke and carbon monoxide sensors to the Arduino board using jumpers. Results revealed that data is collected by the sensors, processed by Arduino and sent to the cloud for storage and analysis. The cloud service virtualizes the received data in graphical format for easy analysis whereas a spreadsheet document can also be extracted for ofine analysis. In conclusion, a system capable of monitoring smoke and carbon monoxide pollutants has been proposed. This system is effective in sending the monitored data to a cloud database in real time. Policy makers, governments, and different stakeholders such as environment authorities should embrace such systems and also sensitize the citizens on the dangers of air pollution.

Keywords: Arduino; sensors; air pollution; ESP8266 module

Okello Jimmy

38

Nuclear polaritons: Mössbauer source and resonant absorber by the coherent paths model

1,2*HAVYARIMANA C., 1,2BARANCIRA T., 1,2SIMBIZI R., JOS 3ODEURS J

1Université du Burundi, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique, B.P. 2700, Bujumbura, Burundi. 2Centre de Recherche en Mathématiques et Physique (CRMP).

3Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-

en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.

*corresponding author:

[email protected]

Abstract.

Resonant nuclei of a Mössbauer absorber, interacting with the recoil free emitted radiation from a Mössbauer source, would re-emit it without recoil, leading to nuclear-resonant scattering. During the nuclear resonance scattering in the Mössbauer absorber, intermediate states which are combinations of nuclear excited states and electromagnetic radiation (gamma radiation) states are produced. These states are called nuclear polaritons. In this paper, a description of the nuclear polariton inside a Mössbauer

absorber is presented by adapting the quantum model previously developed by Heitler, Harris and Hoy, called “the coherent paths model”. This model allows the calculation of all spatial and temporal properties of the nuclear excited states as well as the electromagnetic radiation present inside a resonant absorber. A Mössbauer source emits recoil-free gamma radiation that interacts with resonant nuclei of a Mössbauer absorber. The thickness of the absorber is modeled using a parameter N. The nuclear polariton results then from the magnetic dipole interaction between the quantied electromagnetic radiation and the resonant nuclei of the absorber. It is an entangled state, composed by the excitation of the nuclei (exciton) and the electromagnetic eld. The evolution of the nuclear exciton, both as a function of time and as a function of the position of the resonant nuclei in the absorber, is studied. This constitutes the nuclear part of the polariton. The eld associated with the gamma radiation inside the absorber is studied also as a function of position in the absorber and as a function of time, which is the eld part of the polariton. The energy of the polariton inside the absorber oscillates between the nuclear excitation and the eld of electromagnetic radiation.

Keywords: Mössbauer spectroscopy; coherent path model; photon, exciton; nuclear polariton

SCIENCE, TECHNNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICAS (STEM)

HAVYARIMANA Claver, Ph.DUniversity of Burundi/ Faculty of Sciences

39

Optimization of the eccentricity of the pyriform diagram for balancing electrical power systems loading

1,3,*ASEMOTA G N O., 1,2IJUMBA N M

1African Centre of Excellence in Energy for Sustainable Development, University of Rwanda, Kigali 2School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

3Morayo College, Nairobi, Kenya

Corresponding author: [email protected],n

[email protected]

Abstract Electricity is a vital resource need in any modern society for an enhanced lifestyle. Furthermore, electricity load management covers optimal power generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization. Also, demand-side management is electricity consumption beyond the meter, and the ever-increasing electricity demand because of rising population and higher standards of living place a limitation and a constraint on

its accessibility to all the citizens in any community. The eccentricity of the pyriform scatter diagram data shape was used to characterize the statistical distribution of the electricity consumption data points around a common axis. The Markov process, the Jordan Canonical transformation, and the Martingales were used to generalize the independent electricity consumption to depend only on the outcome preceding it and not after it. The results show a balanced light loading of 50.0%. The pyriform was symmetrical, convex, and even about the midpoint, which served as the globally optimized solution of the electricity consumption balanced loading problem. Balanced electrical power systems loading enables utilities to supply more customers, increases operational efciencies, and places less stress on electricity generators, transmission, and distribution networks. Balanced light loading of electrical power systems components facilitates optimal unit commitment at lower economic and social costs. Whenever service taxes are reduced because of cheaper electricity prices, utilities witness atter load curves and avoided production costs across power systems operations. Also, lesser blackouts and extended life of utility facilities. It is recommended that optimisation of electrical power systems loading will lead to energy efciency, energy savings, lower-cost operations for reliable and sustainable supply, growth, and development.

Keywords: Balanced and light loading; energy efciency; energy savings; Markov process; Martingales

Dr. Godwin NorenseOsarumwense Asemota

40

Optimization of adsorption parameters for effective removal of lead(ii) in aqueous solution

1,3*BAYUO J., 1RWIZA M., 2PELIG-BA K., 3ABUKARI M A

1Department of Materials

Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela Institute of Science and Technology, Postal Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

2Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Postal Box 24, Navrongo, Upper East

Region, Ghana

3Department of Science Education, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Postal Box 24, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana


Abstract

The upsurge in industrial, agricultural and mining activities has led to the discharge of large amounts of wastewater containing toxic pollutants. For instance, lead (II) is a major toxic pollutant, which nds its way into soil, surface and ground water through various anthropogenic activities. In this study, groundnut shell was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of lead (II) ions in aqueous solution using spectrophotometric (dithizone) method in batch mode. Response surface methodology was employed for the modeling and optimization of adsorption of lead(II) onto groundnut shell. The effects of three adsorption variables (contact time, pH as well as initial concentration) on two response variables (removal efciency and adsorption capacity) were investigated using central composite design in response surface methodology.

Numerical optimization applying desirability function was used to identify the optimum conditions for maximum removal efciency and adsorption capacity of lead(II). Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies were investigated. The optimization of lead (II) removal by the groundnut shell showed that contact time, pH and initial concentration had a signicant inuence on the removal efciency and adsorption capacity of lead (II). This was revealed by the response surface methodology where the interaction among the variables studied enhanced the adsorption of lead(II). Applying the central composite design, the optimized contact time (90 min), pH (8) and initial concentration (75 mg/L) gave a maximum uptake of 90.26% and adsorption capacity of 3.428 mg/g of lead(II) with desirability of 0.966. The equilibrium and kinetic data were better described by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. The study revealed that the groundnut shell, a low-cost adsorbent was efcient in decontaminating lead (II) ions in the aqueous solution. However, the adsorption process optimization was dependent on

contact time, pH and initial lead(II) concentration. The tness of the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models to the experimental data indicate chemisorption and that the adsorbed lead(II) ions formed a monolayer on the homogeneous surface of the adsorbent. The study recommends that a carbonized form of the groundnut shell should be used and results compared with the present study.

Keywords: Adsorption; Groundnut Shell; Heavy Metal; Lead; Optimization

Jonas Bayuo

RSIF PhD Scholar

41

Preparation and characterization of chemical activated carbon from Polyalthia longifolia seeds

1*NUMFOR L B., 2MAHAMAT A A., 2ONWUALU P A., 1RWIZA M J., REVOCATUS L. 1MACHUNDA R L

1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela-

African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST),

Arusha-

Tanzania.

2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abuja -Nigeria.

* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract

Trees seeds such as Polyalthia longifolia seeds are low cost biomass waste and efcient materials for activated carbon production. Valorization of Polyalthia longifolia seeds into useful material such as activated carbon is a potential material for heavy metal adsorption. In this study, pyrolysis of Polyalthia longifolia seeds activated with KOH, ZnCl2 and H2SO4 were prepared and characterized. One-step chemical activation of

Polyalthia longifolia seeds was carried out. The inuence of the type chemical activation at temperature of 750 ℃ under nitrogen (N2) gas for an hour on the chemical composition and porosity of carbon was investigated. KOH as a chemical activated agent was found to be more effective than ZnCl2 and H2SO4

activated agent. Characterization was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis, X-ray uorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) Micrographs analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for element and phase change analysis. The SEM micrograph showed higher porosity of activated carbon from KOH activated carbon compared to SEM micrograph ZnCl2 and H2SO4 activated carbon. The FTIR showed the presence of carbonyl groups and hydroxide groups which can be used as an adsorption material for ltration. KOH was found to be more effective for activating Polyalthia longifolia seeds than ZnCl2 and H2SO4 acid at 750 ℃ at 10 ℃/min under nitrogen gas for an hour. It is therefore recommended that activated carbon produced from Polyalthia longifolia seeds using KOH as activated agent can be a suitable material for adsorption of heavy metals.

Key words: Activated carbon; Polyalthia longifolia seeds; characterization; activated agents

Ms. Numfor Linda Bih

42

and presence of rancid ardors. The herbal shampoo showed signicant mycelial growth inhibitory activity of 93.2 ± 0.6% on the poisoned food assay. All the 7 participants administered with the experimental

shampoo were healed by washing their scalp once per day and the condition did not appear again while for the 3 administered with the placebo the condition remained. The condition disappeared when they were administered the experimental shampoo later on. Sensory quality analysis shows that pH of 6.85, green leaf colour and smell were maintained throughout the period of study. The viscosity was also consistent. No microorganism or molds were found in the shampoo. The results obtained from this study showed that the herbal shampoo is an effective alternative option against T. tonsurans scalp skin and hair shafts infections. The avonoid glycosides maybe utilized to make herbal shampoo for scalp infections.

Key words: Trichophyton tonsurans; Dicerocaryum senecioides; herbal shampoo; Flavonoids glycosides; TLC

Formulation and evaluation of a herbal shampoo using avonoid glycosides from Dicerocaryum senecioides

1, *ZHOU R., 1DZOMBA P., 1GOREDEMA M., 1GWATIDZO L

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of science education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura,

Zimbabwe


[email protected]

or [email protected]

Trichophyton tonsurans affecting the scalp skin and hair shafts, is the most common public health problem in children in most countries. Multidrug T. tonsurans resistance has been observed leading to clinical treatment failure and relapse. In the present study, a herbal shampoo was formulated using avonoid glycosides from Dicerocaryum senecioides as active principal components. Flavonoids glycosides were isolated using a bioassay directed protocol, TLC p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet bio-autography. The formulated herbal shampoo efcacy was tested using the poisoned food assay with clinical strains isolated from patients showing resistance to conventional medicines that are marketed locally. Ten volunteers, 6 girls and 4 boys also participated in assessing the efcacy of the herbal shampoo. From the 10 participants, 3 were secretly given shampoos that did not consist of the avonoids glycosides. Quality characteristics of the shampoo was determined by monitoring pH changes, microorganisms, colour and viscosity changes,

Ms. Numfor Linda Bih

43

EXHIBITORS

46

ORGANIZERS

PARTNERS

47

ANNOUNCEMENTS

ndThe 2 Eastern Africa Bioeconomy Conferenceth th10 - 11 November 2021

https://2ndbioeconomyconference.easteco.org

Virtual 8th East African Health & Scientific Conference17th - 19th November 2021

https://conferences.eahealth.org/

thThe 12 Technical and Advisory Meeting for Africa Centres of Excellence (ACE II),

November, 2021https://www.iucea.org/

th34 Executive Committee Meeting for IUCEA, 13 th December 2021 , Dar es salaam

https://www.iucea.org/

IUCEA in collaboration with UbuntuNet Alliance and UNESCO areCo-Host the LIBSENSE Regional Open Science Workshop

8 November 2021 (Virtually)https://www.iucea.org/

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