Ikastola or the Basque educational cooperatives in Franco’s

dictatorship and Transition to Democracy

ANDER DELGADO

University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU

MANCHESTER, 5 July 2012

2

1. Definition of Ikastola

2. Brief overview of its creation

3. Reason why the co-operative became an institutional form

CONTENTS

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Ikastola: Ikastola:

““Basque Basque Schools”Schools”

vs.vs.

““School to make School to make Spaniards”Spaniards”

1.- Definition of 1.- Definition of IkastolaIkastola

SABINO ARANA GOIRI (1865 – 1903)

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Ikastola: Ikastola: 1. Schools which taught the majority of

the subjects in the Basque language or euskera.

2. They established a specific curriculum that took into account the Basque culture, history, traditions, etc.

1.- Definition of 1.- Definition of IkastolaIkastola

5

House-Schools

(semi-clandestine)

Schools

(open to society)

2.- Overview of its creation2.- Overview of its creation

6

Number of ikastolas founded in the Basque Country and Navarre each year over

the 1960-1976 period

0

5

10

15

20

Fuente: SIADECO, Estudio socio-lingüístico del euskera, vol. III, tomo VII (Las Ikastolas en el País Vasco), San Sebastián: Siadeco, [1977], p. 21.

2.- Overview of creation2.- Overview of creation

7

Total number of ikastolas over the 1960-1980 period

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

Gipuzkoa Bizkaia Araba Nafarroa Iparralde

Fuente: I. Fernández, Oroimenaren hitza. Ikastolen historia 1960-1975, Bilbao: UEU, 1994, 198.

2.- Overview of creation2.- Overview of creation

8

Total number of pupils of the Ikastolas (1964-1981)

0

15.000

30.000

45.000

60.000

75.000

Gipuzkoa Bizkaia Total

Fuente: F. Basurto, “La normalización de la ikastola: breve historia y estado de la cuestión de la Escuela Pública Vasca”, Historia de la Educación, nº 8, 1989, pp. 139-165, 148.

2.- Overview of creation2.- Overview of creation

9

• Academic year 1981/1982

(The Basque Country and Navarre):

– Nursery Schools (2 – 5 years): 22 %

– Primary Schools (6 – 13 years): 9 %

2.- Overview of creation2.- Overview of creation

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1. Legal and educational context

2. Mondragon co-operatives

3. Popular movement

3.- Co-Operatives3.- Co-Operatives

THANK YOU – ESKERRIK ASKOTHANK YOU – ESKERRIK ASKO