ane 10w fall 2014 syllabus (smoak)

8/10/2019 ANE 10W Fall 2014 Syllabus (Smoak)

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JERUSALEM: THE HOLY CITYANCIENT NEAR EAST 10W

FALL 2014University of California, Los Angeles

Tuesdays and Thursdays 2:003:15 Jeremy D. SmoakOffice Hours: TR 1:002:00 (Humanities 390) [email protected]

Course Website: https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/14F-ANNEA10W-1

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course will survey the cultural history of Jerusalem over three millennia, primarily asthe symbolic focus of three faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The course contentwill focus on the transformation of sacred space as reflected by literary and archaeological

evidence by examining the artifacts, architectural monuments, and iconography inrelation to written sources. The creation of mythic Jerusalem through event andexperience will be examined. Course requirements will focus on the development ofadvanced writing skills and critical thinking.

This course is an L&S/SOAA/HSSEAS GE and a Writing II GE. (Check with yourcounselor/adviser to see which GE courses fill your requirements.)

REQUIRED READINGS AND TEXTBOOKS:

Dan Bahat, The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Carta, 1996).Karen Armstrong,Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (New York: Ballantine, 1996).Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane (Orlanda; Hartcourt, 1959).Diana Hacker, Writers Reference (6thedition; New York: Bedford, 2009).New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha (NRSV with Apocrypha and New Testament)Selected readings from the Quran (available on the course website)Other required readings found on the course website (see course schedule)

TEACHING ASSISTANTS:

Jennifer Metten ([email protected]) Discussion Sections 1A & 1CAlice Mandell ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1FHeidi Dodgen ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1H

Jason Price ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1GDanny Fittante ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1BEvan Carlson ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1JSahba Shayani ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1IRosanna Lu ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1EJody Washburn ([email protected]) Discussion Section 1D

*Honors Discussion Section (ANE 89): Thursdays 4:004:50 (Smoak)


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COURSE REQUIREMENTS1) Course attendance and participation (10%). Students are expected to attend and

participate in lectures and discussion sections.Participationin this course is worth aminimum of 5%. However, per the terms outlined below attendanceis worthconsiderably more; excessive unexcused absences will detrimentally affect your

grade. Determinations regarding excused absences will only be made by thecourse instructor. The following terms are non-negotiable.a. Grading. Please remember that students must maintain a C in order to

fulfill the Writing II requirement.b. Lecture Attendance. Lectures provide both content regarding the course

themes and writing instruction.! Power Points of lectures will NOT be posted and your TA is not

responsible for providing you with notes for a missed class. Getnotes from a fellow student.

! Students will be dropped from their sections if they miss the first two sectionmeetings of the course.

c. Discussion Section Attendance. Since there are a limited number of discussionsections in which TAs can work with students to improve their writing:

! Attendance will be taken by TAs for each discussion section.! Each unexcused absence will result in a 5% reduction in final

course grade.! Two unexcused absences from sections constitute a FAILING

GRADE for the course. Students needing two or more excusedabsences from discussion sections will be encouraged to withdrawfrom the course. If this is not possible, make-up assignments will berequired.

! Failure to participate in peer review during week 9 will result in aone-letter grade reduction in the students paper.

! If students are late to discussion section on more than twooccasions, the instructor will reduce the students overall grade.

d. Individual Appointments with TA. It is strongly suggested that students meetwith their TA for individual appointments at least once during the session.

2) Written Assignments (2 papers: 65%).a. Submissions and Due dates.

! Papers (First Drafts and Revised) turned in at any point after thebeginning of class are considered late.

1. A hard copy must be turned in at the beginning of class onthe date due.

2.

Any draft of a paper more than one week late will not beaccepted (will receive a 0 grade).

3. Both drafts and any requested documentation (e.g., coversheets) must be submitted to be considered for a full grade.

4. Late papers will be marked down 5% per day (beginning inclass).

! Each hard copy of a draft must be accompanied by the completedcover sheet provided by your TA.


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! See your TAactually meet with them.! Bruin Success with Less Stress

http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess a student-centered,interactive, online tutorial designed to guide you throughinformation literacy topics including intellectual property, file

sharing, citing and documenting sources, project management, andacademic dishonesty.! Writing Programs resources:

http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/wp/resources/index.html

3) Exams and Introductory Quiz (25%). Introductory Quiz (5%); Midterm(10%); Final (10%). There will be an introductory quiz on Tuesday, Oct14that the beginning of lecture. The introductory quiz will cover the dateson page 12. There will be a midterm exam and a final exam. See thecourse schedule for dates. The final exam will be cumulative. Studentswho do not show up to an exam will receive a zero grade on the exam.

PAPER TOPICS1. Paper 1 (Analytical Writing, 30%; 710 pages).Jerusalem as Physical and SacredSpace.The goal of this paper is to explain how certain biblical texts describe the city ofJerusalem as sacred space. The paper should address how the biblical texts relate thephysical features of the city to the sacred or mythical aspects of Jerusalem. A large part ofthe paper should be devoted to explaining how the biblical texts envision the city as anaxis mundi (cf. Eliade 1959). As such, the paper should demonstrate a thoroughinteraction with and grasp of the ideas found in the first chapter of The Sacred and theProfane.

Some of the questions that the paper should address include:

How do the biblical texts use of geographical features illustrate the ideaspresented by Eliade (hierophany, axis mundi, imago mundi)?

What are the important images that the biblical texts use to depict Jerusalem as aholy city?

A successful paper will demonstrate a strong grasp of the ideas found in Eliade andexplain how they relate to the depictions of Jerusalem in the following texts:

Genesis 23; Genesis 22; 2 Chronicles 3:1-2; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 68; Ezekiel47; Psalm 46, 48.

A successful paper will also integrate observations about how these texts utilize elementsof the physical geography of the city, such as its mountains, valleys, and water systems, aspart of their attempt to depict the city as sacred space.

! Analytical Paper of 710 pages (not counting bibliography)! Goals: Thesis writing; Development of analytical writing skills; Critical reading of

texts; Descriptive writing skills;Outlining skills to make writing easier;Development of a thesis and topic sentences

! Tip:A large part of the evaluation for this paper will depend on how well the paper integrates theconcepts from Eliade with the language and imagery in the selected biblical texts.


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2. Paper 2 (Analytical and Research Writing; 35%; 812 pages). The SacredArchitecture of the Holy City. Write a research paper on either the Church of theHoly Sepulcher or the Dome of the Rock. The purpose of the paper is twofold: 1)describe the main religious traditions associated with the building; and 2) describe howthe buildings location and architectural design convey its religious significance in either

Christianity or Islam.

A good paper will address the following questions:

What religious traditions are associated with the building?

Where is the building located in the city and what is important about its location?

How does the architectural design of the building attempt to make a statementabout its sanctity?

When was the building constructed and how does an understanding of itshistorical context clarify its religious significance?

How do the religious traditions about the building reflect certain concepts

discussed in The Sacred and the Profane?

Research Paper of 812 pages (not counting bibliography)At least 6 sources (do NOT cite as sources websites, lectures, or discussion sections)Goals: Development of research strategy; Use of a variety of sources; Consistent use of

citation method and style

You must have at least eight sources for the paper, not including the textbooks. I doexpect, however, that you will use the textbooks in the paper. The following sources are agood starting point for writing the paper and I would expect to find them integrated intoyour paper (you will find them on the course website):

Robert Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior, Gesta29/1 (1990) 4453.

Robert Ousterhout, Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the HolySepulchre, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48/1 (1989) 6678.

Robert Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stonesof the Holy Sepulchre,Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62 (2003) 423.

Angela Neuwirth, The Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Islam, in City of the Great King:Jerusalem from David to the Present (Edited by Nitza Rosovsky; Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1996) 113.

Nassar Rabbat, The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock,Muqarnas Volume VI:An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture(Edited by Oleg Grabar; Leiden: Brill, 1989).

Oleg Grabar, The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,Ars Orientalis 3 (1959) 3362.


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Hagi Amitzur, Justinians Solomons Temple, in The Centrality of Jerusalem: HistoricalPerspectives (Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160175.

F.E. Peters,Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from

the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press,1985).

L.E. Stager, Jerusalem as Eden,Biblical Archaeology Review 26 (2000) 3647.

S. Schein, Between Mount Moriah and the Holy Sepuchre: The Changing Traditions ofthe Temple Mount in the Central Middle Ages, Traditio 40 (1984) 175195.

S.D. Goitein, The Historical Background of the Erection of the Dome of the Rock,Journal of the American Oriental Society 70/2 (1950) 104108.

R.A. Markus, How on Earth Could Places Become Holy?Journal of Early ChristianStudies 2 (1994) 257271.

Important Dates:All Papers are Due at the beginning of lecture on the following dates:Introductory Quiz Oct 14Paper #1 Draft Due Oct 21Paper #1 Draft Returned Oct 28Paper #1 Revision Nov 4Midterm Nov 13Paper #2 Draft Due Dec 2Paper #2 Draft Returned Dec 9Final Exam Dec 11Paper #2 Revision Due Dec 17

Grading:

Attendance and Participation 10%Introductory Quiz 5%Midterm Exam 10%Final Exam 10%Paper #1 30%

Paper #2 35%


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The Writing Center at UCLA

The Undergraduate Writing Center offers UCLA undergraduates one-on-one sessions ontheir writing. The Center is staffed by peer learning facilitators (PLFs), undergraduateswho are trained to help at any stage in the writing process and with writing assignments

from across the curriculum.

Our ServicesScheduled appointments

50-minute appointments in A61 Humanities

30-minute appointments in Reiber 115 (for dorm residents only)

work in person with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF)

Walk-in appointments

walk-in appointments available in A61 Humanities & Reiber 115

first-come, first-served

Online Writing Center (OWC):

50-minute appointments

submit your paper online, using Google Docs

discuss your paper with a Peer Learning Facilitator, using Google Voice Chat

What you should bring to the Writing Center:

A draft if you have one

Preliminary notes or writing if you dont have a draft

A copy of the assignment

Instructor or peer comments on your paper

Copies of readings or research related to the assignment.

LOCATIONS: A61 Humanities; Mon. Thurs. 10AM 6PM; Fri. 10AM 3PMReiber 115; Sun. Thurs., 7 9 PM (for dorm residents only).

APPOINTMENTS: Students can walk-in but appointments are preferred. Visit ourwebsite:

www.wp.ucla.edu. Click on UCLA Writing Center/Make anAppointment.

CONTACT: 310-206-1320; [email protected]


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COURSE SCHEDULE*Readings are due the day that they are listed in the course schedule.

Week 0

Oct 2 Introduction to the CourseNo reading assignment

Discussion sections will not be held during week 0

Week 1

Oct 7 Jerusalem as Physical and Sacred Space

Bahat, 1017

Armstrong, Introduction and 121

Cultural Contexts article (course website)

Familiarize yourself with http://www.wp.ucla.edu/ucla-undergraduate-student-writing-center.html

Oct 9 The Biblical Myths of Jerusalems Founding

Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, chapter 1

Armstrong, 2236

Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (NOAB)/Genesis chapter 22;

Exodus chapters 1924

Discussion Section: Bring to discussion section a two-page double-spaced essaythat defines the following terms based upon your reading of Eliade, chapter 1:

hierophany, axis mundi, and imago mundi. What are some examples thatEliade uses to illustrate the meaning of each term? You will submit this to yourTA at the end of section.

Week 2

Oct 14 The Davidic Dynasty and Jerusalem

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Judges, chapters 1921

Hebrew Bible/ The Book of 2 Samuel, chapters 57 and 24

Armstrong, 3747

Bahat, 1826

*Introductory Quiz (this will be taken at the beginning of lecture; you must know all ofthe dates listed on pages 12 of the syllabus and the information in the CulturalContexts article under Oct 7)

Oct 16 Temple and Ritual: Jerusalem and the Temple

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 1 Kings, chapters 611

Armstrong, 4755


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Discussion Section: Bring a one-page double-spaced summary of 2 Samuel 7:117. How does this text promote the significance of the Davidic dynasty inJerusalem? You will discuss strategies for organizing paper #1 in this weekssection.

Week 3

Oct 21 Hezekiah and Zion Traditions: Jerusalem in the Orbit of Assyria

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 1520

Sennacheribs Campaign to Judah (Course website)

Armstrong, 5671

Bahat, 2633

Paper #1 Draft Due!

Oct 23 Jerusalem between Exile and Return Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 2125

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Lamentations

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezekiel, chapters 1, 811

Armstrong, 7278

Discussion Section: Jerusalem and Zion Traditions, comparison of Assyrian andbiblical accounts of Sennacheribs campaign

Week 4

Oct 28 Jerusalem and the Temple in the Second Temple Period Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezra, chapters 1, 3, 10

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezekiel, chapters 4048

Apocrypha/1 Maccabees, chapters 12, 46

Apocrypha/2 Maccabees, chapters 47, 10

Armstrong, 79124

Bahat, 3436

Paper #1 Returned in Lecture!

Oct 30 Herods Jerusalem and the First Jewish Revolt Flavius Josephus Description of the Temple Mount (CW);

The Layout of the Temple(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=143)

Mishna,Kelim

(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=94)

Mishna,Middoth(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=29)


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Bahat, 4259

Armstrong, 125142

Discussion Section: Strategies for Revising Paper #1 and midterm review

Week 5

Nov 4 Jerusalem in Early Christian Literature

New Testament/Gospel of Luke, chapters 2, 1924

New Testament/Gospel of Matthew, chapters 21, 24, 2628;

New Testament/The Acts of the Apostles, chapters 1, 3, 69

Armstrong, 142152

Paper #1 Revision Due!

Nov 6 The New Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Byzantine Period

Armstrong, 153216 Bahat, 6487

Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion ofthe Savior (course website)

Discussion Section: Jerusalem in Early Christian Literature

Week 6

Nov 11 Veterans Day (No Class!)

Nov 13 Midterm Exam

Discussion Section: Strategies for Getting Started on Paper #2

Week 7

Nov 18 Jerusalem between Christianity and Islam

Surah 17 (course website)

El-Khatib, Jerusalem in the Quran (course website)

Armstrong, 217244

Nov 20 Islamic Literary Traditions about Jerusalem

Neuwirth, The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem in Islam

(course website)

Armstrong, 245270


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Discussion Section: Discussion of the articles Amitzur, Justinians SolomonsTemple and El-Khatib, Jerusalem in the Quran (course website)

Week 8

Nov 25 The Umayyad Consecration of Jerusalem Rabbat, The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock (course website)

Paper #1 Revision Returned in Lecture

Nov 27 Thanksgiving (No Class!)

No Discussion Sections this week due to the Thanksgiving Holiday

Week 9

Dec 2 Armenian Jerusalem Reading TBA

Paper #2 Draft Due in Lecture!

Dec 4 Late Islamic Jerusalem and the Crusaders

Armstrong, 271294

Bahat, 100-119

Discussion Section: Peer Review (participation in peer review is mandatory, seepg. 2)

Week 10

Dec 9 Jerusalem as Sacred Space in the Modern Period

Bahat, 156163

Armstrong, 347430

Paper #2 Draft Returned in Lecture!

Dec 11 Final Exam

Discussion Section: TA appointments for Paper #2 (mandatory). Studentswill schedule short appointments with their TA this week in lieu ofdiscussion section.

Dec 17 Paper #2 Revision Due (you will submit the revised copy of the paper as aPDF to turnitin.com only); due no later than midnight


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Timeline of Jerusalems History (know these dates for the IntroductoryQuiz)

Ancient Israel/Early Judaism

1200 Beginning of Iron Age1000 King David captures Jerusalem

960 Solomon builds First Temple930 Division of the United Monarchy745612 Assyrian Period722 Destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel640 Beginning of the reign of King Josiah of Judah597539 Babylonian Period

597 First Babylonian deportation587 Destruction of the First Temple by Babylonians539332 Persian Period

539 Edict of Cyrus515 Rebuilding of temple in Jerusalem (Second Temple)

458 Ezra the priest institutes reforms in Jerusalem

33263 Hellenistic Period332 Alexander the Great captures Jerusalem16463 Maccabean/Hasmonean Period

164 Rededication of the temple by Maccabees63 Roman general Pompey captures Jerusalem

20 Herod beginning remodeling Second Temple

Early Christianity/Late Roman

4 BCE30 CE Life of Jesus of Nazareth

567 CE Life of Paul the Apostle66 Beginning of First Jewish Revolt

70 Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem132135 Roman emperor renames JerusalemAelia Capitolina306337 Reign of Constantine I313 Edict of Milan

325 Council of Nicaea380 Theodosius declares Nicene Christianity official religion of empire527565 Reign of emperor Justinian

Early Islam to the Modern Era

570632 Life of Muhammad638 Caliph Umar captures Jerusalem

661750 Umayyad Islamic dynasty controls Jerusalem

692 Completion of the Dome of the Rock705 Completion of Al-Aqsa Mosque1009 Al-Hakim destroys Church of the Holy Sepulcher

1095 Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade1099 Crusaders conquer Jerusalem

1187 Battle of the Horns of Hattin; Saladin captures Jerusalem1250 Rise of Mamluk Dynasty15171917 Ottoman Period


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COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHYArmstrong, Karen

1997 Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballatine Books.Astour, Michael C.

1992 Shaveh, Valley of. InABD, vol. 5, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1168. New York:Doubleday.Avigad, Nahman

1983 Discovering Jerusalem. 1st ed. Nashville: Nelson.Bahat, Dan, and Hayim Rubinstein

1996 The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Festive Jerusalem 3000 ed. Jerusalem: CartaJerusalem.

Biger, Gideon1994 An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in

Palestine, 19171929. New York: St. Martins.Broshi, Magen

1974 The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh.IEJ24:2128.

Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and D. S. Richards1987 Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: British School ofArchaeology.

Cahill, Jane M. and David Tarler1992 David, City of (PLACE). InABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 5267. New

York: Doubleday.Cline, Eric H.

2004 Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor, MI:University of Michigan.

Coasnon, Charles1974 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London: Oxford UniversityPress.

Davila, James R.1992 Moriah. InABD, vol. 4, ed. D. N. Freedman, 905. New York: Doubleday.

Eliade, Mircea1959 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harper & Row.

Freedman, David Noel et al., eds.1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 1st ed. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday.

Geva, Hillel, ed.2000 Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Reprinted and Expanded ed. Jerusalem: Israel

Exploration Society.

2003 Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of theExcavations in the Jewish Quarter. InJerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: TheFirst Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 183208.Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

Grg, M.1992 Gihon. InABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 101819. New York:Doubleday.

Gray, John


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1969 A History of Jerusalem. London: Hale.Hayes, John H.

1963 The Tradition of Zions Inviolability.JBL 82:41926.Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham

1999 Zion, City of our God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Jeremias, Joachim1975 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditionsduring the New Testament Period. Philadelphia: Fortress.

Kenyon, Kathleen M.1967 Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History. New York: McGraw-Hill.1974 Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn.

Levenson, Jon D.1985 Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. San Francisco: Harper.1992 Zion Traditions. InABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1098102. New

York: Doubleday.Levine, Lee I., ed.

1999 Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. NewYork: Continuum.

2002 Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.70 C.E.).1st ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.

Lutfi, Huda1985 Al Quds al-Mamlukiyya: A History of Mamluk Jerusalem Based on the Haram

Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: K. Schwarz.Mazar, Amihai

1994 Jerusalem and its Vicinity in Iron Age I. InFrom Nomadism to Monarchy:Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, eds. I. Finkelstein, and N.Naaman, 7091. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society.

Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds.1991 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New

Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford University Press.Meyers, Eric M., ed.

1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New York:Oxford University Press.

Naaman, Nadav1992 Canaanite Jerusalem and Its Central Hill Country Neighbors in the

Second Millennium B.C.E. UF 24:27591.Peters, F. E.

1985 Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophetsfrom the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times. Princeton:

Princeton University Press.Poorthuis, Marcel, and Ch Safrai

1996 The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives. Kampen: Kok Pharos.Prawer, Joshua

1988 The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon.Prawer, Joshua, and Haggai Ben-Shammai, eds.

1996 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period 6381099. New York: NewYork University.


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Reich, Ronny, and Eli Shukron2003 The Urban Development of Jerusalem in the Late Eighth Century B.C.E.

InJerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G.Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 20918. Atlanta: Society of BiblicalLiterature.

Ritmeyer, Leen, and Kathleen Ritmeyer2004 Jerusalem in the Year 30 A. D.1 ed. Jerusalem: Carta.2005 Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah. 1st ed. Jerusalem: Carta.

Roberts, J. J. M.1987 Yahwehs Foundation in Zion (Isa 28:16).JBL 106:2745.

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam1989 The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Shar!f. Qedem 28. Jerusalem:

Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Smith, J.Z.

1969 Earth and Gods. The Journal of Religion 49/2: 103127.1972 The Wobbling Pivot. The Journal of Religion 52/2: 134149.

Smith, Robert W.1992 Tyropoeon Valley. InABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 692. New York:Doubleday.

Stern, Ephraim, ed.1993 The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. English ed.

4 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster.Vaughn, Andrew G., and Ann E. Killebrew, eds.

2003 Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society ofBiblical Literature.

Watson, Duane F.1992a Gehenna. InABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 92628. New York:Doubleday.1992b Hinnom Valley. InABD, vol. 3, ed. D. N. Freedman, 20203. New York:Doubleday.

Wilkinson, John1978 Jerusalem as Jesus Knew It: Archaeology as Evidence. London: Thames andHudson.

Yadin, Yigal, ed.1975 Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 19681974. Jerusalem: Israel

Exploration Society.


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