ANEXO 4

Countable NounsCountable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: dog, cat, animal, man, person

bottle, box, litre

coin, note, dollar

cup, plate, fork

table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

Mydog isplaying.

Mydogs arehungry.

We can use the indefinite articlea/anwith countable nouns:

Adog isananimal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word likea/the/my/thiswith it:

I wantanorange. (notI want orange.)

Where ismybottle? (notWhere is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges.

Bottles can break.

We can usesomeandanywith countable nouns:

I've gotsomedollars.

Have you gotanypens?

We can usea fewandmanywith countable nouns:

I've gota fewdollars.

I haven't gotmanypens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

There is one person here.

There are three people here.Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

music, art, love, happiness

advice, information, news

furniture, luggage

rice, sugar, butter, water

electricity, gas, power

money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

Thisnewsisvery important.

Your luggagelooksheavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite articlea/anwith uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can saya something of:

a piece ofnews

a bottle ofwater

a grain ofrice

We can usesomeandanywith uncountable nouns:

I've gotsomemoney.

Have you gotanyrice?

We can usea littleandmuchwith uncountable nouns:

I've gota littlemoney.

I haven't gotmuchrice.Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

CountableUncountable

DollarMoney

SongMusic

suitcaseLuggage

TableFurniture

BatteryElectricity

BottleWine

ReportInformation

TipAdvice

JourneyTravel

JobWork

ViewScenery

When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.Writecfor countable andufor uncountable:

time - books - sugar - milk - pens - hair - chairs - meat - butter - pencils - bread - jam - friends - fingers - flour - apples - oil - cars - salt - houses - cheese - rice - tea - games - tomatoes - cream - honey - carrots -

a)a / an+ singular countable noun( a pen, an apple)some +plural countable nouns - positive sentences ( There aresomecars)some+uncountable nouns - positive sentences( There issomeoil)any- we use any in negative sentences and in most questions.(countable and uncountable nouns)I don't haveanypens.There isn'tanysalt.

Do you haveanysisters?

2.Choosea, an, someorany

a) It isdog. b) Have you got friends? c) I boughtmilk. d) Linda has notgotpets. e) There isorange on the table. f) Tim eatscheese every day.

g)We don't havebread. h) My brother foundmoney. i) My sister foundpen. j) Do you haveeggs? k) There arestudents in the classroom. l)Is therepencil on the desk?Modal Verbs (Ability) can, could, be able toI can ski /puedo esquiar

Una de las funciones del verbo modal can es para expresar habilidad.Podemos utilizar el can sidecidimos ahoraque vamos hacer en el futuro.

Ej) I can have lunch with you tomorrow. /Puedo almorzar contigo maana.

I cant see you this weekend. /No puedo verte esta fin de semana.Nota:Despus delcanponemos el infinitivo sinto...can playtennis...can't gotomorrow

La forma negativa completa se escribe como una sola palabra;cannot.

En otros casos, para expresar habilidad en el futuro utilizamoswill be able to.

Ej) Do you think England will be able to win the World Cup one day?Piensas que Inglaterra pueda ganar el Mundial algun da?

El pasado decanycantpor habilidad escouldycouldnt

Ej) When I was young I could drink 10 or 12 pints of lager in one night.Cuando era joven, poda beber 10 o 12 pintas de cerveza en una sola noche.

Elcany elcouldtambin se utiliza para pedir a las personas que hagan algo.Ej)can/couldyou give me your phone number?

El CondicionalPodemos utilizar elcouldpara decir podra (would be able to)

Ej) We could get a new car next year if we didnt have a holiday this summer.Podramos comprarnos un nuevo coche si no tomamos vacaciones este verano.

EJERCICIOSElijecanocantsi es posible. Si no, eligecouldowill be able to.

1. Im sorry, Itake you to the airport in the morning because Ive got a business meeting at 9 oclock.2. I think Ipass my driving test before my 50th birthday.3. One day in the future I think welive on the moon.4. If we left now, webefore the shops close.5. Im not working this weekend so wego cycling on Sunday.6. Imeet you for coffee at 11, but Ill only have fifteen minutes.7. Ill do the washing and the ironing, but Ido the shopping.8. If we worked together, wefinish it before the film starts.9. She was bad after the accident, but I think shego back to work next week.10. Its not possible yet, but I think computersdo the housework for us in a few years.11. Igo for a run this evening. My parents are coming to visit and I wont have time.12. Ido your job. Its so complicated and stressful.

Obligation

Have toandmustare both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference between the way they are used.

Have toshows us that the obligation comes from somebody else. Its a law or a rule and the speaker cant change it.

Do you have to wear a uniform at your school? John cant come because he has to work tomorrow. In Britain you have to buy a TV licence every year.Mustshows us that the obligation comes from the speaker. It isnt a law or a rule.

I must call my dad tonight. You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or your mark will be zero. You must come and visit us the next time you come to London.No obligation

We usedont have toto show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to but its not compulsory.

You dont have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but its OK if you dont. Itll be nice if you do but you dont have to come with me if you dont want to. You dont have to dress up for the party. Wear whatever you feel comfortable in.EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks with MUST / MUST NOT / HAVE TO / DONT HAVE TO1. Ronaldo can go to Brazil next week because he ________________ attend the training.

2. You ______________ buy that CD. We have got so many Cds at home.

3. Look at my car. Its really dirty. I ____________ wash it as soon as possible.

4. I have just ordered some pizza. You ____________ cook anything tonight.

5. Since Alex de Souza was injured in the middle of the match, he ___________ leave the pitch.

6. You ___________ remember what I said to you. Its very important.

7. You ___________ put the chains on the wheels. Its going to be snowy.

8. Tayfun ___________ buy a new CD player. He can use mine.

9. In Turkey all men _____________ do military service.

10. You __________ prepare an impressive CV before applying a job.

EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks with MUST / MUST NOT / CAN / CANT / HAVE TO / DONT HAVE TO1. My mother has told me to buy some batteries. I ___________ forget to buy some.

2. The old lady is sleeping. You _____________ turn down the volume.

3. You ____________ walk on the grass. Its forbidden.

4. Im sorry I couldnt come yesterday. I _____________ visit a very important client.

5. Weve got a lot of time. You ____________ hurry.

Asking for, information phrases1. Can you tell me?

Could you tell me?

This is the most common way to ask for information. You can use either can or could. Can is probably a little more informal.

Could you tell me how to get to the train station?2. Can anyone tell me? / Could anyone tell me?Use these phrases when you are addressing a group of people, not an individual.

Can anyone tell me what time the bank opens?3. Do you know?Use this phrase if youre not sure whether or not the person youre speaking to knows the answer.

Do you know how long the movie is?4. Do you have any idea?Do you happen to know?These phrases, like #3, are used if its possible the person doesnt know the answer.

Do you have any idea why todays class was cancelled?5. I wonder if you could tell meThis phrase is the most indirect.

I wonder if you could tell me who I need to contact to talk about job openings.Practice: In pairs write a dialogue using some of the phrases above mentioned to ask for information.Transport - vocabularyMatch the name with the right picture.aeroplanebicycleboatbuscable carcar

carriagecruiserdouble-deckerhelicopterhot-air balloonlorry

motor boatmotorbikeroller-skatesscooterskissleigh

spaceshipsteamersubmarinetraintramUnderground

______________ ________________ ______________ _____________ ____________ __________ _____________ ____________ _______________ __________________ _____________ ____________ ______________ _________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ __________________ _______________ The Simple Past of the Verb "to be"

The simple past tense of the verb to be:

This page will present the simple past tense of the verb to be:

its form

and its use.

The affirmative form:

I, he, she, itwas.

you, we, theywere.

Examples:

I was in London in 1999.

Pam was in London in 1999, too.

We were together.

She was my girlfriend.

The interrogative form:

WasI, he, she, it?

Wereyou, we, they?

Examples:

Were you in London last year?

Was Pam with you?

Were you together?

The negative form:

I, you, he, she was not.

wasn't.

You, we, they were not.

weren't.

Examples:

I wasn't in Paris in 1999.

Pam wasn't in Paris in 1999.

We weren't in Paris.

Rememeber:

1. wasn't is the short form of was not. You can say either:

I was not in Paris, or

I wasn't in Paris.

2. weren't is the short form of were not. You can say either:

we were not in Paris, or

we weren't in Paris.

Put the verb "to be" into the simple past:

1. I in Canada last summer holiday.

2. My sister with me.

3. We in Montreal.

4. She very happy.

5. I happy, tooWAS OR WERE

I ___ at the cinema yesterday.was were

You ___ at school last week. were was

He ___ on holiday in summer. were was She ___ ill last week. was were

We ___ in Italy last summer. were was

You ___ in the USA in January. was were

PLACES, SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST

1. Write the names: (shop, park, swimming-pool, cinema, museum, restaurant, library, hospital)

2. Complete the sentences using the simple present (am - is - are):

They at the

I at the

She at the

They at the

You at the

We at the

He at the

We at the 3. Complete the sentences using the simple past (was - were):

They at the

I at the

She at the

They at the

You at the

We at the

He at the

We at the

WASNT WERENT

I / he / she / it wasn't......you / we / they weren't......

1. Peter (not be) very happy. He had too much homework to do.

2. The children didn't like their rooms because they (not be) big enough.

3. Nobody ate their lunch because it (not be) what they wanted.

4. We (not be) allowed to talk in class yesterday.

5. I (not be) very happy because I had so much to do.

6. We had to buy some bread because there (not be) any left.

7. There (not be) a good film on at the cinema yesterday, so we went home.

8. I tried to ring you up last night, but you (not be) at home.

Was/Were Questions

Type Was or Were in the boxes below.

Principio del formulario

1.you there last night?

2.the movie good?

3.you at school yesterday?

4.the doors closed?

5.it very windy?

6.the weather cold?

7.she angry with you?

8.Bill and Fred at the restaurant?

9.you thirsty after the walk?

10.the umbrella in the car?

The Simple Past

The simple past tense

This page will present the simple past tense:

its form

and its use.

Before you continue the lesson read the following passage and try to see how the verbs are formed and used.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five years old and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died.

The verbs "was, lived,started, wrote, died" are in the simple past tense.

Notice that:

lived, started,died are regular past forms.

was, wrote are irregular past forms.

Regular verbs:

The verbs "lived, started, died" are regular past forms. The rule is the following:

Verb + ed Examples:The infinitive

The simple past

live

Livedstart

Starteddie

Diedvisit

Visitedplay

Playedwatch

Watchedphone

Phonedmarry

MarriedFor the spelling of the -ed forms click here.

Irregular verbs:

The verbs "was, wrote" are irregular past forms. "Was" is the simple past of "to be"; "wrote" is the simple past of "write".

More on the simple past of "to be" here.

There is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart.

The infinitive

The simple past

be

was/werewrite

Wrotecome

Camedo

Didmeet

Metspeak

SpokeAs you can see we can not predict the simple past forms of these verbs. They are irregular. You should learn them by heart. Here is a list of irregular verbs.

The forms of the simple past:

The Affirmative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

played.

wrote

did.

Examples: I played tennis with my friends yesterday.

I finished lunch and I did my homework.

The interrogative form of the simple past:

Did

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Play?

write

do?

Examples: Did you play basketball yesterday?

Did you watch television?

Did you do the homework?

The negative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

did not/didn't

play

write

do

I didn't like the food in the wedding last Saturday.

I didn't eat it.

Remember:

didn't is the short form of did not. You can say either:

I did not play basketball, or

I didn't play basketball.

WHO IS J.K. ROWLING Reading /Complete the story using the Past Simple.

J.K. Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter books. J. K.'s name is Joanne Kathleen.She________ ( be) born in 1965 in a small town near Bristol, England.Joanne____________ (live) with her parents and her sister. The Rowling family was not rich. Joanne___________ (not go ) to special schools.She was a quiet child. She_____________ (love) to read and write stories. Joanne___________ (go) to Exeter University, and she_______________ (finish) in 1987.She___________ (work) in different offices. In her free time, she_________ (write) stories.

In 1990, Joanne's mother_______(die). Joanne______(is) sad, and she_________(want) to leave England. She________(see) a job in the newspaper for an English teacher. The job was in Portugal. She _______ (have) an interview, and she______ (get) the job. In Portugal, Joanne______(marry) a Portuguese man.The next year, Joanne had a daughter, but she _________(be) happy in her marriage.She _________ (leave) Portugal with her daughter and ______(go) to live to Edinburgh, Scotland, near her sister.

Life was difficult for Joanne. She___________ (take) care of her daughter. She_________ (be) alone and nobody________ (help) her. She______ (have) no money and no job.She (live) in a small apartment and ___________ (begin) to write stories again.Joanne first_____________ (think) about the Harry Potter story many years agoon a train. Joanne liked to go a coffee shop to write. She_______ (sit) there for many hours. She___________ (drink) coffee and____________ (write). Her daughter____________ (sleep) beside her.

After five years, Joanne____________(finish) writing the first Harry Potter book. She__________ (send) it to many publishers. They all_______(say) that they didn't like it. Finally, a publisher _________(like) it, but the publisher said," This is a children's book. Adults won't read. You won't make a lot of money." Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'Stone was in the bookstores. J.K.Rowling _____ (be) very happy. Her dream to publish her book________ (come) true. The book was famous all over the world.

Now Harry Potter book is in forty-two languages. The publisher was wrong about one thing: Everyone loves Harry Potter- children and adults.Over 100 million books were sold in 1999.Then two Harry Potter books__________ (become) movies.J.K.Rowling ________ (write) three more Harry Potter books after that. People all over the world want more Harry Potter. And what is J.K.Rowling doing now? She is writing another book! Words and Meanings/ Choose the correct word.

quiet author adults alone interview dreams all over the world1. Good things happened to Joanne.All her____________ came true. 2. J.K.Rowling is an_______________. She writes books.3. Joanne was not a noisy child. She was_______________.4. Joanne lived_____________.She didn't live with another person.5. Joanne had a meeting about a new job. She had an_______________.6. People of all ages like Harry Potter: children and________________.7. Harry Potter is famous in every country. It is famous ______________________________________

Comprehension/ True or False?:. 1. Joanne was an English teacher in Portugal ______2. Joanne married an English man in Portugal _______3. Joanne left her daughter in Portugal _________4. Joanne finished writing the first Harry Potter book after five years _____5. Every publisher liked the book _________6. Harry Potter is in twenty-four languages _________The past continuous / progressive

The past continuous:

The past continuous, also called past progressive, is used to refer to an action that was continuous (i.e. an action that was going on) at a particular time in the past.

This page will present the form and the use of the past continuous (progressive.)

(More on the present continuous / progressive)

Before you continue the lesson, read the following passage and try to see how the verbs in bold are formed and used.

Yesterday, Liza and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and finished at 11:30.

So at 11:00, they were playing tennis.

They were playing="they were in the middle of playing." They had not finished yet.

Was/were playing is the past continuous.

The form of the past continuous:

The past continuous is formed as follows:

to be in the simple past+ verb+ ing

The affirmative form:

I, he, she, itWasplaying.

you, we, they were

Examples:

Yesterday evening I was watching a film, when someone knocked on the door.

This morning I was revising my lessons when my father came in.

Jim and Liza were playing tennis yesterday at 11:00.

The interrogative form:

WasI, he, she, it Playing?

wereyou, we, they

Examples:

What were you doing yesterday evening?

And what was your mother doing?

Where were you going, this morning at 7:30?

What were Jim and Liza doing?

The negative form:

I, he, she, itwas not / wasn't playing.

you, we, they were not / weren't

Examples:

I wasn't reading a book yesterday evening; I was watching a film.

My mother wasn't preparing dinner; she was working on the computer.

We weren't playing cards.

The use of the past continuous:

We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time in the past.Example:"This time yesterday, I was doing my homework."

We use the past continuous to say that something happened in the middle of something else:Example: "Bob burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner yesterday""While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back."

Remember:

"Wasn't playing" and "weren't playing" are the short forms of "was not playing" and "were not playing"

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner.

3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I (practice) the guitar when he came home.

5. We (not / cycle) all day.

6. While Alan (work) in his room, his friends (swim) in the pool.

7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) .

8. What (you / do) yesterday?

9. Most of the time we (sit) in the park.

10. I (listen) to the radio while my sister (watch) TV.

11. When I arrived, They (play) cards.

12. We (study) English yesterday at 4:00 pm .PAST CONTINUOUS-DESCRIBING PAST EVENTS

Put the verbs in the Past Continuous tense.

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Last night was hard. There was a blackout as well as a robbery. People in Smithville were upset. But what were they doing when the lights went out? A man (wash) the dishes while his wife ( give) her baby a bath. A blonde woman (wash) her clothes. Another woman (watch) TV with her husband and their children (do) their homework. A young man didn't realise the lights went out because he (listen) to music on his mp3 player. But why did the lights go out? The director of the power company claims that there was a blackout because it (rain) heavily but it is said that they (have) a party and they (not watch) the controls. One of the reporters, Bob, (wash) the dishes and Dorris, his wife, (have) a bath. Jackie, Bob's colleague, (work) in the building.Now let's talk about the robbery. Burglars broke into all the apartments in the building when all the tenants were out. But what (they/do)? One of the tenants (wash) his clothes and a woman (visit) a friend. Another woman (have) a picnic at the beach and a man (play) tennis in the park. Two men (attend) a football game and a blonde woman (visit) her grandchildren. What a night!

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