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Introduction

You’re probably reading this because you saw this language posted somewhere on the Internet and wanted to learn more about it. If you have a physical copy, return it, because this entire book is available online (unless you really, really, really want to have a physical copy, in which case, congratulations).

Before we begin, I’ll explain how Angos came to be. It is an established axiom that the first language one constructs is a clone of their native tongue. My first forray into constructed interlanguages was called Logiano, a language that, at the time, seemed untouchable. I, without any linguistic training, had constructed perfection. Logiano could do no wrong. It was an unstoppable force of creative power that would triumph against all others. But after studying linguistic topics in more detail, I eventually realized that this construct was nothing more than a reflection of my native English with flecks of influence from other constructed languages thrown in, and the language dissipated into Internet oblivion. I had to start from scratch if I were to make this vision a reality.

But the process of creation is slow and painful. Angos initially started as a group effort - three members of the online community trying to make the perfect international auxiliary language (in retrospect, this might have been a little ambitious for a high school student, but these crazy ideas tend to get into your head when you’re young). After several weeks, one member dropped out, unwilling to mediate mine and the other’s squabbling about what kind of grammatical elements should be used. The remaining member and I went on for weeks on the forums arguing which kind of systems would be easier for speakers of this or that language, and ultimately, we could not agree

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on the most basic concepts and abandoned the project. I had gone back to the discussion in the forum archives a year later and read over our proposals. We had created several words for the sake of proving that our systems would work, and one of these words caught my eye: ang, which we had used for “language”.

Yet I still had no idea how to proceed. With what we had written, the language was still too close to other constructed languages to be notable; there were no special characteristics that set it apart from the big contenders. This problem stuck with me until I started my university classes. One of my close friends and I would go out to a local coffee shop and study or talk about new music we found. We would do this so often, that “Let’s go the coffee shop” seemed like so much to say for a concept we both understood. So we shortened it to “Let’s coffee”. It was that moment I realized - a verb was not necessary to express the action so long as the subjects and the objects were in context. I had found a simple yet novel concept that would distinguish Ang from other constructed languages: all roots would be nouns. Wanting to add even more flair to the language, I introduced the root aspects - the concepts of natural versus man-made nouns. With this distinction, I only needed a fraction of the roots I had before, with natural/man-made counterparts such as “mouse”:

wo me maya de nesumo mate leis-hefo. I bought a mouse as a house pet. wo me maya de nesumos mate no-mekos. I bought a mouse for the computer. wo me maya de nesumos mate mao. I bought a (toy) mouse for the cat.

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Or “satellite”: de nehaso, tae ayn yino.

The Earth has one (natural) satellite. de nehaso, tae fali yinos. The Earth has many (man-made) satellites. Because these meanings are intuitive from the root in context, it makes learning vocabulary less burdensome on the memory. With these concepts established, there was only the matter of building a base of roots. To draw influence from just a few languages would make Angos seem exclusive to those speakers. To create words from scratch would be truly neutral, but would also be completely alien to anyone who would want to learn (so you’re screwed either way). The only solution was to draw from a multitude of languages across different language families. Some examples include: na (male) Mandarin “男” (nán) unole (tornado) Cherokee “ᎤᏃᎴ” (unole) yefe (future) Hungarian “jövő” ikan (fish) Indonesian “ikan” nenok (bear) Greenlandic “nanoq” leis (house) Basque “leize” afik (whale) Inuktitut “ᐊᕐᕕᒃ” (arvik) But enough of my rambling. Let’s get down to business.

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I. Phonology 1. Orthography and Pronunciation Angos uses the Latin script with no diacritics. The chart below shows the majuscule and minuscule letters with their corresponding IPA symbol and an example sound in English (for optional/alternate pronunciations of sounds, see IPA for Angos in the back of the book). The use of majuscule letters is not obligatory at the beginning of a sentence or for proper nouns, but they may be used for distinction or emphasis if needed.

Aa [a] father

Ee [e] play, egg

Ii [i] see

Mm [m] mother

Ss [s] say

Bb [b] boy

Ff [f] fun

Yy [j] yes, toy

Nn [n] no

Tt [t] toy

Cc [tʃ] chop

Gg [g] good

Kk [k] cat

Oo [o] oval

Uu [u] food

Dd [d] dog

Hh [h] hat

Ll [l] lock

Pp [p] pen

Ww [w] wait, cow

2. Diphthongs Diphthongs are two vowel sounds that merge into one syllable. In Angos, diphthongs can occur as follows: au (word-final), aw [aw, aʊ] (English: cow) eu (final), ew [ew, ɛʊ] (no English equivalent) ou (final), ow [ow, oʊ] (English: slow) ai/ae (final), ay [aj, aɪ] (English: tie) ei (final), ey [ej, ɛɪ] (English: day) oi/oe (final), oy [oj, oɪ] (English: boy)

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3. Syllable Structures The following is a schematic of the possible syllable structures in Angos. C = consonant V = vowel S = semivowel (w or y) (C)(S)V(S)(C) Each syllable requires a vowel nucleus. You may have VSC (as in ayn) or SV (as in wo), but clusters such as VCS (e.g. ‘adw’) or SSV (e.g. ‘wya’) would not be allowable structures. A syllable combination of CV or CSV is preferred in multi-syllabic roots (e.g. moswo “moose” would be spoken as mo-swo instead of mos-wo). 4. Phonaesthetics Phonaesthetics is the study of how languages sound, whether they are euphonic (pleasant) or cacaphonic (unpleasant). The following are some guidelines for keeping Angos euphonic. • The consonant [l] should not be adjacent to another

consonant; a semivowel or vowel should precede/follow it.

• Stress is on the last syllable of the root (the penultimate

syllable of an inflected word). Thus a compound word will have more than one stress point.

aksalo aksal-omo

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• Root-initial vowels have an unmarked [ʔ] at the syllable onset ([ʔ] being the stopping sound in English “uh-oh”). This is a natural occurence in many languages, including English, but it’s important to be aware of when putting roots together. This sound is treated as a consonant.

• Assimilation (the combining of adjacent sounds) does not

occur at word boundaries. For compound words, the roots must be looked at individually. If they do not belong in any of the allowable syllable structures, then an [e] is placed at the syllable boundary.

Examples of [e] usage: aksal-pulofo – [ʔak.`sa.le.pu.`lo.fo] “author” yang-sesono – [`jan.ge.se.`so.no] “Summer” aksal-ipo – [ʔak.`sa.le.`ʔi.po] “note, letter” Root-initial vowels will always have [ʔ]: omo – [`ʔo.mo] “person” mek-omo – [`mek.`ʔo.mo] “engineer, director” dawa-omo – [da.`wa.`ʔo.mo] “doctor” boka-omo – [bo.`ka.`ʔo.mo] “actor/actress”

• Consonant gemination (elongation) may occur if the

boundaries are identical: ays-sesono – [`ays:e`so.no]. This can be seen in English at the boundaries of two words with the same consonant sound (ex. “this sock”). Similarly, if two vowels are beside each other, the sound may be elongated: bisaa – [bi.`sa:]. Note that the stress in this word still falls on the penultimate written vowel.

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II. Parts of Speech and Morphology 1. Part of Speech Classifiers In Angos, every root is based on a noun. This is to regulate derivations and is based on the idea that nouns are the most stable concepts cross-linguistically compared to verbs or adjectives. For example, most languages have the same concept of “dog” (the friendly, barking mammal), compared to a verb like “to be” (which doesn’t even exist in some languages). Angos uses a system of letter classifiers affixed to the root to designate a word’s part of speech in a sentence. Note that even though roots are already based on nouns, there is still a noun vowel classifier for the purpose of euphony. Nouns end in o Verbs end in a Adjectives end in i Adverbs end in u Here is an example of the root ot with all vowel classifiers and various meanings. oto – fire ota – burn, set fire to oti – hot, flame-like otu – hotly, in a flame-like way 2. Natuli and Om-sanati Words are split into two aspects: natuli (natural) and om-sanati (constructed). The natural aspect is unmarked. The constructed aspect is marked with –s after the initial vowel classifier, and signifies that the root is man-made. The use

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of this distinction is to show a shared characteristic between the words, such as look or function. The meaning of the constructed aspects depends on context in which it is used. leiso (cave, canopy) vs. leisos (house, bunker) fao (tree) vs. faos (branched diagram, plastic tree) ayso (ice) vs. aysos (ice cube, shaved ice) 3. Nouns Nouns in Angos are static; they do not change for definitiveness, number, or grammatical case. leisos

a/the house

le leisos houses (where le signals plurality)

de leisos to a/the house

As shown above, articles (a/an, the) are not present in Angos. Instead, determiners (this, that, some, any, etc.) are used to indicate definitiveness. 4. Pronouns Following the use of the noun ending –o and the plural particle le, pronouns have the following configuration: wo – I, me le wo – we, us to – you le to – you all lo – he/she/it, him, her le lo – they, them

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Although there is no obligatory gender assignment, the following roots can be compounded with pronouns to denote gender: na – male na-omo – man ni – female ni-omo – woman kwi – other kwi-omo – genderqueer The generic pronoun is expressed with the word omo “person”:

omo bisaa finda lo ine buk-oyos One can find him in the library

Possessive pronouns are formed be replacing the noun classifier o with the adjective classifier i. wi – my, mine le wi – our, ours ti – your, yours le ti – your, yours li – his, hers, its le li – their, theirs 5. Verbs Because there are no inherent verb roots in Angos, the meaning of a word with the verb ending is dependent on the context of the noun root used. For example, ota, from the root ot- meaning "fire", does not inherently mean "burn". It is instead any action related to the use of "fire" in context. fao ota

The tree is burning

wo ota momos I light the candle (in this sense, applying fire to something)

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Verbs do not conjugate for person, number, tense, aspect, or mood. wo ala

I eat / I am eating.

wo ala tofao I eat/I am eating an apple.

All verbs in Angos are ambitransitive; their meanings can change depending on the presence of an object. If an object is present, the verb will act transitively. If there is no object, the verb is intransitive, but the action is not directed back to the subject (see Reflexivity below). wo ansa

I am talking

wo ansa angos I speak Angos

wo sona I sleep

wo sona lo I cause it to sleep (also see Modality for causatives)

Reflexivity (when an action is directed back to the subject) can be expressed or emphasized with the adverb idu: wo iska

I collide (with something)

wo idu iska I hit myself

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6. Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives describe a shared quality or possession. The shared qualities may vary depending on context. For example, oti (from the root ot “fire”) could mean “hot”, “flame-like”, “red-orange”, or even “quick-spreading”, depending on context. Adjectives may take the function of nouns, making whatever they modify understood in context: to desa ki?

Which [thing] do you want?

wo desa lafi I want the small [one]

Adverbs describe the manner is which something is done. They are derived in the same way as adjectives, but may only modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. 7. Particles "Particles" is a catch-all category that includes prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, some adverbs, and interjections. All these words end in -e and, if applicable, precede whatever they modify.

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Tense Particles The present tense is unmarked. The general past is indicated by the particle me. The general future is indicated by ke. These particles are adverbial, preceding the verb. wo ala

I eat

wo me ala I ate

wo ke ala I will eat

Polarity The particle se is used to denote positivity or affirmation, while nae signals negation. se, wo me ine leisos

Yes, I was in the house se, wo se me ine leisos

Yes, I was in the house

nae, wo nae me ine leisos No, I was not in the house

Existential Particle The existential particle tae is a special case, as it functions like a verb. The closest English translation is “there is” or “there are”. It may be accompanied by tense particles. tae tin tofao

There are three apples

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me tae tin tofao

There were three apples ke tae tin tofao

There will be three apples

This particle is also used to express possession. de wo, tae mao

At me, there is a cat (I have a cat) Conjunctions Conjunctions link together two clauses and are split into two sub-groups: coordinating and subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions may be used to link words or clauses. Between the contents of lists, the conjunction ye is still obligatory if the contents are three or more. to maya de tofao ye nesteos

You buy an apple and a drink de to, tae mao ye tesemo ye ikano You have a cat, a dog, and a fish

The coordinating conjunction oe is also obligatory between each listed item.

to bisaa maya de tofao oe nesteos oe nano You can buy an apple, a drink, or bread

Subordinating conjunctions require that the following clause be dependent on another clause. Note that the duplication of the verb in the subordinate clause is not required.

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wo ke ala isue wo talua (ala) I will eat because I must (eat) wo ke ala be wo talua (ala) I will eat if I must (eat)

The option also exists to front the dependent clause and include the adverb sayu (therefore) in the following independent clause: isue wo talua, wo sayu ke ala

Because I have to, I will therefore eat

be wo talua, wo sayu ke ala If I have to, I will therefore eat

Prepositions Prepositions link words in a sentence with a spatial or temporal relationship. Prepositions are unique in that they may be inflected with a vowel classifier to denote a part of speech related to the preposition: nife – near nifeo – the near one nifea – go near, put near nifei – nearby nifeu – nearly, almost

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Temporal prepositions are distinguished from spatial prepositions with the prefix hi-: fe – from hife – since ante – in front of hiante – until, before The prepositions mwe and tongwe both mean “with”, but mwe is used strictly with association, while tongwe is used for instrumental purposes. wo gia mwe wi akio

I walk with my friend

wo aksala tongwe ink-olos I write with a pen

8. Numbers All numbers in Angos end in -n, but may also be inflected further with part-of-speech classifiers. ayn - one (of something) ayno - the only one ayna - do something singularly/one at a time ayni/aynu - lone, only 0 - nun 1 - ayn 2 - don 3 - tin 4 - kan 5 - keyn 6 - sen 7 - sun

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8 - okon 9 - nowan 10 - den 11 - den-ayn 12 - den-don 20 - don-den 21 - don-den-ayn 100 - (ayn) syen 121 - ayn-syen-don-den-ayn 1000 - (ayn) syon 1121 - ayn-syon-ayn-syen-don-den-ayn 10,000 - den-syon 100,000 – (ayn) syen-syon million - eseon billion - ospen trillion - ohanen quadrillion – lanun infinity - ikwin Ordinality is expressed with the root sol (series) compounded to the number, then with the number being inflected. These may be abbreviated in the format: s + # + (classifier) wo sol-tino

I am the third one

wo sol-doni omo I am the second person

wo ke s1u ala

I will eat first wo s2o

I am the second one

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III. Syntax 1. Word Order Angos uses Subject-Verb-Object word order, with modifiers preceding what they modify. mao ala nesumo [The] cat eats [the] mouse bali mao gatiu ala lafi nesumo [The] big cat quickly eats [the] small mouse For modal verbs such as bisaa "can" or desa "want", the secondary verb (if there is one), is placed after the modal. lo bisaa aksala He/She can write Descriptors will still precede each of the verbs. lo bisaa gatiu aksala He/She can write quickly 2. Indirect Objects Indirect object phrases are formed with the preposition de, and are placed after the direct object if applicable. wo fema de le lo

I teach them (something)

wo fema espan-ango de le lo I teach them Spanish

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3. Passive Voice The passive voice in Angos is formed with the particle te, placed immediately in front of the verb. kalimo te aksala dafe ipos [The] word is written on [the] paper windawgos me te tayla fe wo [The] window was broken by me 4. Comparative and Superlative The comparative particles in Angos are sele for augmentative and naele for diminutive, with the particle de linking the comparison to another noun. These particles may also be used to mean “more of” or “less of” something, respectively. wo sele cahai

I am taller

wo naele cahai de to I am not as tall as you wi cahao balansi de ti I am as tall as you (lit. my height is equal to yours)

wo kala naele alo I want less food

The superlative particles are sefe and naefe, rendered in the same manner as above. wo naefe cahai

I am the least tall

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wo sefe cahai de le to I am the tallest (out of you all)

wo kala sefe alo I want the most food

6. Multiple Modifiers This is a list of priorities in case there is more than one modifier: Noun Modifiers: le + demonstrative + adjective + noun Examples:

fi ni-omo this woman seyni ni-omo old woman fi seyni ni-omo this old woman le fi seyni ni-omo these old women

When using possessive pronouns (wi, ti, li, etc.), the order changes slightly, in that the possessive pronoun (although an adjective) will precede all other modifiers. This is to prevent confusion with the plural possessive pronouns (le wi, le ti, le li):

wi sang-ami bukos my red book

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wi le sang-ami bukos my red books le wi sang-ami bukos our red book le wi le sang-ami bukos our red books

Verb Modifiers:

(se, nae) + adverbs + (me, ke) + te + verb

kalimo te aksala The word is written kalimo me te aksala The word was written kalimo gatiu me te aksala The word was written quickly kalimo nae gatiu me te aksala The word was not written quickly

7. Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases are formed with a preposition, modifiers of the object, then the object(s) of the preposition. Prepositional phrases may only begin or end a sentence. If placed at the beginning, the prepositional phrase may be separated from the main clause by a comma.

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ine leisos, mao ala nesumo In the house, the cat eats the mouse mao ala nesumo ine leisos The cat eats the mouse in the house The presence of a preposition can influence the meaning of the verb if context is unclear. wo ansa mwe to

I talk to you/I talk with you

wo ansa de to I tell you

8. Relative Clauses Unlike some languages, Angos does not use pronouns to introduce a relative clause. Instead, the particle lae is used. na-omo lae wo me wia

The man who I saw

oyo lae me cea The place where it happened

leisos lae (lis) windawgos tayli The house whose (its) windows are broken

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9. Forming Questions Questions can be formed with the polar question particle ce or an interrogative determiner (who, what, when, etc.). Ce demands a yes/no answer:

ce lo hefo? Is it an animal?

ce to kala gi-gola? Do you like to play soccer?

An interrogative determiner demands an answer that matches its function in the sentence. lo ki omo?

Who is it? ("It [is] what person")

lo bali omo It is a big person

to gia de semyao hie ki ceo? When are you going home? wo gia de semyao hie post-hio I'm going home tomorrow

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IV. Determiner Radicals Angos uses a series of radicals to construct determiners by pairing them with vowel classifiers. Radical Noun

Classifier Adjectve Classifier

Verb Classifier

Adverb Classifier

k- what

ko what

ki which

ka do what

ku how

f- this

fo this

fi this [X]

fa do this

fu in this way

d- that

do that

di that [X]

da do that

du in that way

m- some

mo something

mi some [X]

ma do something

mu in some way

y- any

yo anything

yi any [X]

ya do anything

yu in any way

fet- few

feto few things

feti few [X]

feta do a few things

fetu in a few ways

fal- many

falo many things

fali many [X]

fala do many things

falu in many ways

os- every

oso everything

osi every [X]

osa do everything

osu in every way

ne- no

neo nothing

nei no [X]

nea do nothing

neu in no way

These determiners are syntactically bound to their classifiers (e.g. ku, like other adverbs, can only be placed before a verb or adjective). Other determiners, such as time, place, person, and reason, can be formed with adjective radicals.

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V. Compounding Angos employs heavy use of endocentric compounding, in which the head of the compound modifies the following root. Compounds are formed by root junction, with a dash (-) separating each root. The root at the end of the compound is the focus, and is the one that inflects for part-of-speech. Compound words may have as many roots necessary to form the idea, though the majority of compounds are between two and three roots in length. tesem-leisos dog house With the root tesem (dog) + leis (shelter) + constructed noun ending os. leis is the focus of the compound, and tesem describes the purpose or quality of the following root. In this context, it is a man-made shelter for a dog. yel-hay-oyos airport yel (sky) + hay (vessel) + oy (place) + os. Air describes vessel (airplane), and air vessel describes the place. This gives rise to several category roots: oyo – a place where one finds something fa-oyo = tree place = forest kon-oyos = study place = school buk-oyos = book place = library

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omo – a person who works with something mek-omo = system person = engineer lag-omo = law person = lawyer kon-omo = study person = student amo – the color of something kafe-amo = coffee color = brown fa-amo = tree color = brown yel-amo = sky color = light blue eyfo – an area or region of something bal-eyfo = mountain region = mountain range lahol-eyfo = drought region = desert aluk-eyfo = hierarchy region = state If two compounded roots break a phonological rule, an unmarked vowel sound [e] or [ɛ] should be placed between the roots to maintain phonaesthetics. Thus yel-hay (airplane) in the previous example would be rendered phonetically as [`je.le.`haj], as the consonant l should be succeeded by a vowel or semivowel.

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VI. Modality Grammatical mood (how one expresses opinions, assertions, or needs) in Angos is unmarked, but some verbs indicate different modal aspects. When using a subordinate noun clause, a comma is placed after the verb. Necessity: wo talua gia I must go

wo talua alo I need food

wo talua, to maya de fo I need you to buy this

Desire: wo desa gia I want to go

wo desa, to ala I want you to eat

Ability and Permission: wo bisaa gia I can/may go

Hope: wo hopa gia I hope to go

wo hopa, to gia I hope that you go

Belief: wo eska, fo istini I believe that this is true Knowledge: wo noa, lo me gia I know that he/she left

Cause: wo koda, to gia I cause/allow you to go

Because of the strict word order rules in Angos, cause can be expressed in a normal sentence (without koda) by the presence of an object. wo sona “I sleep” can change to wo sona lo “I cause him/her to sleep”. Because of the word order, you know that lo has to be receiving the action of sona. In this context, it is a causative action.

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Evidentiality may be expressed with the adverbs bewisu (evidently, obviously), and bisau (uncertainly, possibly). lo bewisu me gatia

He/she obviously ran

lo bisau me gatia He/she probably ran

Commands are simply the verb form without a subject. Negative commands will have nae before them. ala!

Eat!

nae ala! Don’t eat!

The deontic adverbial particles sefame or naefame indicate how the world should or should not be, respectively. le wo sefame ala

We should eat

to naefame ala You should not eat

sefame gia Let’s go

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VII. Names Proper nouns, names of people or places, are treated like any other roots. They can be fully inflected as shown below: cono - John cona - do something associated with John coni - John’s; like John conu - like John does beycingo - Beijing beycinga - do something associated with Beijing

beycingi - Beijing’s; like Beijing beycingu - like Beijing does The use of these inflections is mostly stylistic, to replace prepositions or to adjust rhyme and meter. It is recommended that context be clear if these inflections are used.

wo gia de londono ≈ wo londona I go to London

For transcribing names, they should be within the acceptable phonological structures for Angos. The name in its language of origin is preferred (ex. Nippon over Japan) Any sound that does not occur in Angos should be given the closest approximation.

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Phrasebook Essential Phrases se – Yes nae – No sese – Of course/Absolutely naenae – Of course not/No way bisau – Maybe/Possibly lotane – Please/Excuse me milo – Thanks wo mila to – I thank you wo ye mila to – I also thank you nae mila – Don’t thank/No problem ilemo – Apologies wo ilema – I apologize/I’m sorry nae ilema – Don’t apologize/No problem ...de ki oyo? – Where is...? pasua – Stop helea – Help Hello and Goodbye anya – Hello/Goodbye (literally, “peace”) hey – Hi/Hey kali sabaho – Good morning kali hio – Good day kali osko – Good evening ke kali sabaho – Have a nice morning ke kali hio – Have a nice day ke kali osko – Have a nice night Making yourself understood ce to ansa...? – Do you speak...? wo nae ansa... – I don’t speak... wo lafu ansa... – I speak a little... lotane sipota – Please slow down lotane aksala – Please write it down

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lotane ceu ansa – Please say it again wo no-ba – I understand wo nae no-ba – I don’t understand omo ku isala...? – How does one say...? tongwe angos – in Angos/using Angos tongwe engul-ango – in English/using English How are you? to ku? – How are you? wo kalu – I'm good/I'm doing well wo nae kalu – I'm not so good/ I'm not doing well wo dimesu – I’m bad/I’m doing poorly wo nae dimesu – Not bad oke – Okay/It's okay ye to ku? – And how are you? wo ye – Me too somi – Same Introductions wi namo... – My name is... wo me bebea ine... – I was born in... wo fe... – I am from... wo laywenu fe... – I am originally from... wo leisa ine – I live in... wi eleteo ... taho – I am ... years old fi omo wi akio – This is my friend fi omo wi soyuso – This is my husband/wife/partner fi omo wi anako – This is my son/daughter le to ku me oma? – How did you meet? Question Words ki omo – who/which person ko – what ki samino – how long/which period of time ki caso – when/which time ki oyo – where/which place

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ki kodo – why/which reason ko koda, (noun) (verb) – what causes (noun) to (verb) ku – how Learning about someone ti namo ko? – What is your name? to fe ki oyo? – Where are you from? to laywenu fe ki oyo – Where are you from originally? to leisa ine ki oyo? – Where do you live? ti eleteo ki tah-meno? – How old are you? ti kamo ko? – What do you do? ce to me oma...? – Do you know...? (a person) ce to noa...? – Do you know...? (a fact) ce to kala...? – Do you like...? ko koda, to de fi oyo? – Why are you here? to de fi oyo hife ki samino? – How long have you been

here? to ke wesea hie ki samino? – When will you leave? to ke wesea hie ki caso? – What time will you leave? Contact Information ti ans-mek-lakamos ko? – What is your phone number? ti ladis namos ko? – What is your email address? ce to kinoa samac-ipos? – Do you use social media? ti web-namos ko? – What is your username? Commands and Instructions nae... – Don’t... sefame... – Let’s... naefame... – Let’s not... fea – Come here dea – Go there inea - Come in/Enter wesea - Go out/Go away/Exit idu esa – Sit down/Get comfortable idu anya – Calm yourself down

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syota – Be quiet Needs and Emotions to sensa ko? – How are you feeling? wo desa ala – I’m hungry wo desa nestea – I’m thirsty wo desa sona – I’m tired wo balaki – I’m happy wo gadabi – I’m angry Opinions to ku eska kwe...? – What do you think of...? wo eska, ... – I think... ki kodo? – Why?/What cause? isue... – Because... wo sopia – I agree/I agree with... wo nae sopia – I do not agree/I do not agree with... wo icaa... – I am against... Hobbies and Interests to ka hie ti wakali samino? – What do you do in your free time? wo kala... – I like... wo nae kala... – I don’t like... wo sefe kala... – I most like.../My favorite is... wo naefe kala... – I least like.../My least favorite is... ...wia wi-mekos – to watch television ...wia gemos – to watch games/sports ...gemas – play games/sports ...ela musikos – to listen to music ...laksa ine laks-oyos – to dance in a dance club ...wia le bukos – read books ...mag-ten-eyfa – gardening

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Are you free? ce to ya? – Are you doing anything?/Are you free? wo ma – I'm doing something/I'm busy to ka? – What are you doing? wo nae ya – I’m not doing anything/I’m free se, wo bisaa ma – Yes, I can do something ilemo, wo nae bisaa ya – Sorry, I can’t do anything wo kama – I’m working wo kona – I’m studying to nae ya hie ki ceo? – When are you free? Making a purchase wedo ko? – How much does it cost? (lit. what is the value) omo bisaa emaso ... de ki oyo? – Where can one buy...? tongwe webos – online de tofal-oyos – at a store los dali – It’s free los istinu wedi – It’s expensive los nae wedi – It’s cheap More useful phrases ne – so/then/well ce istini? – Really?/Is it true? kali meno – That’s enough/That’s a good amount nae wedi – It’s not important/It doesn’t matter/I don’t care ki caso? – What time is it? ce yi ando? – Anything else? wo bisaa (verb) – I know how to...

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has-ku-bafelo mwe yango The North Wind and the Sun In this section, each line of the fable will be broken up into four parts. The first is the original translation in English. Second is the Angos translation. Third is a direct translation from Angos back to English. The fourth part is a grammatical gloss of the Angos translation, detailing each aspect used. The North Wind boasted of great strength has-ku-bafelo me aolana, lo sefe makti left-direction-wind boasted that he most powerful left-direction-wind(n) [past] pride(v), [3rd] most power(adj) The Sun argued that there was great power in gentleness yango me sukoba, tae makto tongwe kulameo sun conflicted that there is power using tact sun(n) [past] conflict(v), [exst] power(n) using tact(n) “We shall have a contest,” said the Sun “le wo ke tahada”, te ansa fe yango “we will have a challenge”, said by sun [pl] [1st] [fut] challenge(v), [pass] speech(v) from sun(n) Far below, a man traveled a winding road ake le lo, na-omo safala dafale ofidi hodos below them, male-human travels across snake-like road below [pl] [3rd], male-human(n) journey(v) across snake(adj) path(n)(art) He was wearing a warm Winter coat de lo, me tae tepuli ays-seson-wolos at him, there were warm ice-season-clothes at [3rd], [past] [exst] heat(adj) ice-season-wool(n)(art)

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“As a test of strength,” said the Sun “mate makt-tahado”, te ansa fe yango “for power-challenge”, said by sun for power-challenge(n), [pass] speech(v) from sun(n) “Let us see which of us can take the coat off that man” “le wo sefame atempa wesea wolos fe di na-omo” “we ought try move away clothes from that male-human” [pl] [1st] [suggst] attempt(v) away(v) wool(n)(art) from that(adj) male-human(n) "It will be quite simple for me to force him to remove his coat," bragged the Wind "wo ke wakalu da, wo maktu koda, lo wesea li le wolos", te aolana fe bafelo “I will easily do that, I strongly cause him move away his clothes” bragged by wind [1st] [fut] nothingness(adv) that(v), [1st] power(adv) action(v) away(v) [3rd](adj) [pl] wool(n)(art), [pass] pride(v) from wind(n) The Wind blew so hard, the birds clung to the trees bafelo sefe maktu me bafela, le cilo me panha de le fao wind most strongly blew, birds fly to trees wind(n) most power(adv) [past] wind(v), [pl] bird(n) [past] wing(v) to [pl] tree(n) The world was filled with dust and leaves me tae hauco mwe ipo lae me mena ealo there was dust and leaf which filled air [past] [exst] dust(n) with leaf(n) [rel] [past] quantity(v) air(n) But the harder the wind blew down the road mice hie ceo lae lo maktu me bafela de hodos but at moment which he strongly blew to road but at(time) instance(n) [rel] [3rd] power(adv) [past] wind(v) to path(n)(art)

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The tighter the shivering man clung to his coat. na-omo he sele muskolu me ba li wolos male-human just more strongly grasped his clothes male-human(n) just more muscle(adv) [past] grasp(v) [3rd](adj) wool(n)(art) Then, the Sun came out from behind a cloud. hie di ceo, yango idu me wesea fe mego. at that moment, sun itself moved away from cloud at(time) that(adj) instance(n), sun(n) self(adv) away(v) from cloud(n) Sun warmed the air and the frosty ground lo me tepula ealo mwe aysi nehaso he warmed air and cold earth [3rd] [past] heat(v) air(n) with ice(adj) earth(n) The man on the road unbuttoned his coat. na-omo lae dafe hodos me wes-botaa li le wolos. male-human which on road away-buttoned his clothes male-human(n) [rel] on path(n)(art) [past] away-button(v) [3rd](adj) [pl] wool(n)(art) The sun grew slowly brighter and brighter yango sipotu sele otu me lusa sun slowly more fire-like shone sun(n) snail(adv) more fire(adv) [past] light(v) Soon the man felt so hot na-omo gatiu me sensa tepulo male-human quickly sensed heat male-human(n) speed(adv) sense(v) heat(n) He took off his coat and sat in a shady spot lo sayu me wesea li le wolos ye idu esa ake fao he therefore moved away his clothes and sat below tree [3rd] result(adv) [past] away(v) [3rd](adj) [pl] wool(n)(art) and self(adv) position(v) below tree(n)

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“How did you do that?” asked the wind “to ku me da?”, te cimuna fe bafelo “you how did that”, asked by wind [2nd] what(adv) [past] that(v), [pass] question(v) from wind(n) “It was easy,” said the Sun. “I lit the day” “wo wakalu me da”, te ansa fe yango. “wo me lusa hio” “I easily did that”, said by sun. “I lit day” [1st] nothingness(adv) [past] that(v), [pass] speech(v) from sun(n). [1st] [past] light(v) day(n) “Through gentleness I got my way” “tongwe kulameo, wo me liana” “using tact, I succeeded” using tact(n) [1st] [past] success(v)

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alisei wentulo lae ine diwi-kalayo Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland In this section, lines are provided so that you may translate the first chapter of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland into your preferred language.

s1i buk-taylos: ake usagi-holo

aliseo me begina sensa soni hibye idu esa nife li ni-siso

dafe yoke-ondo. aliseo nae me ya, lo solu aynu oe donu me

wia ine bukos lae tae li ni-siso, mice nae tae wegos oe

fomos oe anso lae ine los, “ye kinoo ko fe bukos” te eska fe

aliseo “lae ede wegos oe fomos oe anso?”

ne lo me eska (mwe sefe kali bisao, isue oti pogodo koda,

lo sensa soni ye no-wakali), be hawsko lae fe kasa nas

kofios balansa atempo ye ba le naso. hie di ceo, lus-ami

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usagio lae tae mey-ami wio me gia nife lo.

nae tae yo lae ISTINU otali kwe fo, ye aliseo nae me eska,

ISTINU otali ela usagio ansa “nae, nae, wo ke yefei!” (hie

ceo lae aliseo hiposteu eska kwe fo, lo sefame me diwia

kwe fo, mice hie hiantei ceo, me besela natuli). mice hie

ceo lae usagio ME BA CASOS FE LI WOL-BAGOS ye

me wia los ye solu me gatia, aliseo idu dafea, isue lo nae

hianteu me wia usagio lae tae wol-bagos oe casos. de aliseo

me tae cimuno ye lo me eskola usagio dafale palano ye

bahatu me wia lo gatia inale bali usagi-holo lae ake le teno.

aliseo me eskola lo inale holo ede noa kwe hodo lae koda,

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lo twea.

usagi-holo me kye lokao ye solu kaela akei hie sefe lafi ceo

ye aliseo nae me bisaa idu pasua hiante begina gelaa ake

istinu okopi holo.

holo istinu me okopi oe aliseo sipotu me gelaa isue me tae

bali samino mate wia nife lo ye diwia solu ka. aliseo sol-

aynu akeu wia ye finda do lae fea, mice sefe oski mate wia.

ne lo me wia wal-ondo ye me finda, me tae fali kup-lefelo

mwe buk-lefelo. lo me wia le eyf-ipos mwe le wegos lae te

gulua tongwe lafi opolo. aliseo me ba yulios lae dafe

lefelos hibye gelaa ye lae te namas ‘OLANG-GELYOS’,

mice los seynu wakali. aliseo nae me desa gelaa yulios isue

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felo fe katila mi omo. lo sayu me esa los ine lefelos hibye

lo gelaa.

“ne!” aliseo idu me eska “hiposte fi gela-kodo, wo nae ke

eska kwe gelaa ake gi-lefelos. wi semyao ke eska, wo

makti! wo nae ke ansa kwe fi kodo, elike wo gelaa fe leis

patyanos!” (kodo lae tae bali nafaso).

ake, ake, ake. gelao ke pasua hie nei ceo! “wo koponaa, wo

gelaa hibye ki mayl-meno?” te ansa fe aliseo. “wo bisau

nifea nehas-selao. sefame oletaa: wo eska, di kyolio nifeu

kan-syon maylo – (isue, to sefame noa, aliseo me kona feti

fiomb-tipo kye fo ine li le femos lae ine fem-oyos. elike fi

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ceo nae ISTINU kali nafaso mate bokaa li no-bo, isue nae

me tae omo mate ela lo, ansa lo kali cinpoo) – se, di kyolio

istini – mice wo sayu koponaa, wo de ki nehas-eso?”

(aliseo nae me noa lendo mate finda fo, mice fi kalimo kali

mate ansa.)

aliseo solu me begina. “wo koponaa, ce wo ke gelaa

INALE nehaso?!” ke hawski be le omo lae dafe andi nehas

ondo wia wo! wo eska, le lo ‘antipatiso’ –“ (lo me balaki,

nae me tae yi omo lae ela de lo hie di ceo isue nae me istini

kalimo) “ – mice wo ke talua yocena kalay-namo de le lo.

lotane, ce fi kalayo otali selando oe awstulalyo?” (ye aliseo

me atempa patifa de koponai omo – eska kwe PATIFA

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hibye to gelaa! Ce to eska, to bisaa da?) “ye lo ke eska, wo

wakali omo isue wo yocena namo! nae, naefame yocena.

namo bisau te aksala de mi oyo.”

ake, ake, ake. aliseo bisaa nea. lo sayu ceu me begina idu

ansa. “wo eska, dinao istinu ke desa wo hie fi osko!” (dinao

mao.) wo hopa, le lo ke yada dinai molok-kupos hie cay

ceo. dinao wi haleti! wo desa, to mwe wo de fi oyo! nae tae

nesumo lae ine ealo, mice to bisau peta sawyo, ye sawyo

istinu kye nesumo. mice, ce mao ala sawyo?” ye hie fi ceo,

aliseo me begina sensa soni, ye yumeu idu me ansa “ce

mao ala sawyo? ce mao ala sawyo?” ye hie mi ceo “ce

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sawyo ala mao?” isue, mate to no-ba, aliseo nae me bisaa

maftea fi le cimuno, lendo lae cimuno te cimuna nae wedi.

aliseo me sensa, lo nifea sono ye me begina yumea, lo gia

mwe dinao, ye istinu me ansa de lo “dinao, istinu ansa de

wo. ce to me ala sawyo?” hie di ceo, dum! dum! aliseo akea

de balo lae tae fimbo mwe laholi ipo, ye aliseo pasua gelaa.

de aliseo, nae me tae kipuo, ye lo igela ye esa hie lafi ceo.

lo dafeu me wia, mice he osko. Ante lo, tae andi kyolii

lokao, ye olose bisaa wia lus-ami usagio lae weseu gatia.

aliseo nae me bisaa sahana. lo bafelu me gatia ye me ela

usagio ansa “o wi le elo mwe gal-keyo, ke oski!” lo me

nifea usagio hie ceo lae aliseo dea soba-doto, mice hie di

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ceo usagio me hanta. aliseo me ine kyolii akei lokaos lae te

lusas fe solo lae me tae le ot-lus-olos lae te funda de

patyanos.

me tae fali dolos lae ine lokaos, mice osi dolos me te talaa.

hie ceo lae aliseo me gia dafale lokaos hibye atempa hesa

osi dolos, lo seynu me gia de selao ye diwia, lo ku twea.

aliseo ilatu me finda lafi masaos lae tae tin opolos lae te

kasa tongwe yulios. Dafe los, nae me tae yo salie lafi emas

ami mafteos. aliseo sol-aynu me eska, los maftea mi dolos

lae ine lokaos, mice nae! le talaos me sefe bali oe mafteos

me sefe lafi, mice los neu me maftea yi dolos. mice hie sol

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doni atempo, aliseo me finda akei wolos lae lo nae hianteu

me wia. poste lo, tae lafi dolos. aliseo me atempa kinoa

mafteo ye balaku me liana!

aliseo me hesa dolos lae netana de lafi lokaos lae nae sele

bali de nesum-holo. aliseo me akea ye me wia sefe sabi

mag-ten-eyfo lae dafale lokaos. lo me desa twea oski

lokaos ye gia bene le lusi naso mwe aysi isumio, mice nae

me bisaa he esa li hedo inale dolos ‘ye be wi hedo se

inalea’, te eska fe aliseo, ‘nae kinoi ede wi le ketefo. o wo

desa bisaa idu esa kye wi-kyoli-olos! wo eska, wo bisaa da

be wo he noa lendo lae begina.’ isue, mate to no-ba, fali

otali ceo me cea hie fi samino ye aliseo me begina eska, feti

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kodo nae bisai.

nae tae kinoo mate sahana nife lafi dolos. aliseo sayu me

gia de masaos ye me hopa, me tae andi mafteos oe lag

bukos lae fema lendo lae idu esa kye wi-kyoli-olos. Mice

hie fi ceo, lo me finda lafi dohios (‘lae bewisu nae hianteu

de fi oyo’, te ansa fe aliseo). ye dafe galonos, me tae ipos

lae mwe kalimo ‘NESTEA WOS’ lae sabu me aksalas

tongwe bali aksalos.

elike de dohios, me tae ‘nestea wos’, aliseo no-bi aliseo nae

me gatiu DA. ‘nae, wo ke sol-aynu wia’, te ansa fe lo, ‘ye

wia be te isala kye “poyso” oe nae’, isue aliseo me wia mi

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lafi le sagos lae kwe le anako lae me te ota oe lae me te ala

fe bali hefo oe andi dimesi ceo isue le lo nae me yada le

wakali lago lae le li akio me fema de le lo. mate bokaa, oti

metal-fimbos ke ota to be to ba los hibye bali samino, ye be

to ISTINU opoli bicaka ti dakto, dakto ke sanga, ye hie osi

ceo, aliseo yada, be to nestea mo lae fe te isala ‘poyso’, lo

sayu ke yefeu ica-sopia kwe to.

mice fi dohios nae me te isala mwe ‘poyso’. aliseo sayu me

wentula sawea lo. aliseo me finda, istinu kali (me tae,

istinu, sawe-halato lae me tae kelasi mwe molok-sugos

mwe ananaso mwe pakito mwe oti woyi nanos). aliseo

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gatiu me ala lo.

‘tae otali senso!’, te ansa fe aliseo, ‘wo bewisu idu esa kye

wi-kyoli-olos.’

ye me istini. hie fi ceo, aliseo me lafi ye li kao me lusa isue

lo me eska, lo kali kibo mate inalea dolos lae dea sabi mag

ten-eyfo. mice aliseo sol-aynu me sahana hibye feti minuto

mate finda, be lo sele lafas. lo tekani ‘isue bisau koneca,

mate to no-ba’, idu te ansa fe aliseo, ‘wo koneca kye ot

momos. wo diwia, wo ke besela ko?’ ye aliseo me oletaa

kwe oto lae koneca ine momos isue lo nae me bisaa yada

hianteu wia fi kodo.

hiposte lafi samino lae nei kodo me cea, aliseo awkela gatiu

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gia de mag-ten-eyfo, mice ica-bahati aliseo! hie ceo lae lo

me gia de dolos, lo nae me yada lafi emas-ami mafteos, ye

hie ceo lae lo me gia de masaos, aliseo me finda, lo sefe lafi

mate bisaa ba los. aliseo me bisaa wia los inale yulios, ye lo

me atempa dafea masaos, mice sefe panii. hie ceo lae kaela

soni, ica-bahati aliseo me akea ye tola.

‘ne, nae tae kinoo mate tola!’, idu te ansa (lafu macalu) fe

aliseo, ‘to sefame wesea hie fi minuto!’ lo kuwiu idu dala

kali anso (mice lo idu sopia hie feti ceo), ye hie mi ceo

aliseo dimesu idu ekaba, lo tola. lo me yada, lo me atempa

patyana li le elo isue idu yalana hibye gemos lae lo aynu

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gema, isue fi otali anako me kala koponaa, lo don omo.

‘mice hie fi ceo, nae tae kinoo’, te eska fe ica-bahati aliseo,

‘mate koponaa, wo don omo! nae tae kali meno fe wo mate

kasa AYN patifi omo!’

aliseo solu me wia lafi yulii dohios lae me ake masaos. lo

me ica-patyana los ye me finda istinu lafi sug-nanos lae me

tae kalimo ‘ALA WOS’ tongwe hwao. ‘ne, wo ke ala los’,

te ansa fe aliseo, ‘ye be los koda, wo kaela cahai, wo sayu

bisaa ba mafteos. be los koda, wo kaela lafi, wo sayu bisaa

akea dolos. wo osu bisaa gia de mag-ten-eyfo, ye nei sayo

wedi de wo!’

aliseo me ala feti meno ye tekanu idu me ansa, ‘ki kuo? ki

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kuo?’. lo me esa li mano dafe li hedo mate sensa kuo lae

kaela, mice lo ilatu me somi kibo. istinu, fi kodo nae otali

hie ceo lae omo ala sug-nanos, mice aliseo me oletaa, mi

otali kodo cea, ye besela istinu wakali mate li eleteo ica

otalu cea.

aliseo sayu gatiu me begina koneca ala sug-nanos.

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Angos-English Glossary In this glossary, only the unchanged roots are given. Remember that in order to use these roots, they must be given a vowel classifier (-o, -a, -i, -u). Even though some roots already end in vowels (such as aki), this is part of the original root and a vowel classifier is still required (akio, akia, akii, akiu). If you can not find a word, be sure to check the list of particles placed after the glossary. A aelod branch limb afik whale afodity Venus the planet and mythological figure ag chin aki friend ally aksal letter of an alphabet, character

v: spell, write akul shark al food v: eat, cook alegi allergy v: to be allergic to, to have allergies alis Mars the planet and mythological figure alugon argon aluk hierarchy government alumin aluminum am color spectrum am-bog rainbow comp:(color+arc) ama soul v: love amisk beaver amit amethyst amit-am purple comp:(amethyst+color) anak child adj: young and other adj: another ang language

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angul grape ans conversation v: talk, speak, answer anten antenna of an insect or a device any peace v: hello/goodbye aolan pride arrogance

v: boast, brag, show off asot nitrogen astel thorn adj: sharp atemp attempt effort

v: try awakat avocado testicle (vulgar) awas sound awi deer antelope, reindeer awkel choice v: choose, elect awl owl ayan buffalo bison ayn-awas vowel comp:(primary+sound) ayn-hi Monday ays ice adj: cold ays-seson Winter comp:(ice+season)

B b grasp v: get, gather bafel wind bag bag purse, sack, tote, suitcase bahat fortune adj: lucky bal mountain adj: big, grand balak bliss happiness

adj: happy balans balance v: match, equalize, neutralize

adj: even, equal bali barium ban half banan banana basad base chemical base

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basin basin sink bat rock adj: tough, solid bat-eyf continent comp:(rock+area) bati eggplant bawco reward baysu horror monster

adj: scary, disturbing v: scare, frighten

bayt obstacle problem v: block adj: difficult

bebe baby infant, toddler v: expect a child, give birth adj: young

begin beginning v: start begin-ku east comp:(beginning+direction)

in reference to the position of the sun bel berry belan mouth belil beryllium besel similarity v: resemble, seem

adj: similar bewis proof evidence

v: prove, verify adv: evidently

bi bee insect bicak blade knife, saw

v: cut, carve adj: sharp

bil joke bimil secret adj: safe, secure bisa ability v: can

adj: possible biyal beer bog arc bow

v: curve bota button that which activates a mechanism, key (of a

keyboard), clothing button

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buk book text, passage, glossary v: read a book

bulak borax bulak-elem boron comp:(borax+element) bulan storm bule balloon bladder, an elastic case that holds air or liquid bulokol broccoli bulun nose v: smell by second unit of time

C cas hour clock cawb magic cay tea ce instance time (e.g. '3 times'), rep, occurence, event

v: happen, occur adv: again

cel goal objective ceng structure building caha height adj: tall cil bird cili chili pepper the fruit of the genus Capsicum cimun question v: ask cinpo progress improvement, practice, development

v: move forward, improve, develop cubak saliva cula fox adj: sly, cunning cun horn tusk

D da rice dail circle wheel

adj: round dakt digit finger, toe

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dal gift v: give adj: free (costs nothing)

dawa medicine dawa-om doctor comp:(medicine+person) den-syen-gi-lude millipede comp:(1,000+foot+bug) des desire v: want, would like dias Jupiter the planet and mythological

figure dimand diamond dimes disdain contempt

v: hate adj: bad, hateful

disman enemy opponent, adversary diwi wonder dohi canister drum, box, can, bin dol door gateway, opening, portal dolob thief v: steal don-awas consonant comp:(secondary+sound) don-hi Tuesday dot dot duma cheetah dusi particle linguistic and subatomic dwan kidney

E eal air eal-eskel atmosphere comp:(air+shell) ebw ivory efel ash eg egg ekab punishment penalty

v: punish ekol garlic ekun group adv: together el ear adj: listen, hear

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elem element elete life v: live (be alive) elete-kon biology comp:(life+study) emas gold money emas-am gold (color) comp:(gold+color) enegi energy entay whole adj: healthy es position v: stand, sit, put, move esk belief opinion eskand scandium eskel shell cocoon eskin skin eskol tail v: follow espony sponge v: absorb estam stem tree trunk estel solid estof stuff undefined things estulont strontium etam explosion eruption, bomb eyak being sentient eyf environment region, area, surface

F fa tree wood, timber, log fa-am brown comp:(tree+color) fam farm fanad vanadium feke squid fel fear terror fem lesson v: teach fem-om

teacher comp:(lesson+person)

fesey danger risk, threat fey lung v: breathe fimb stick twig

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fin fin of a sea creature find discovery v: look for, discover, find fiomb means something used to attain an end, information, data,

resource, material fisel spice fit fetus unborn child foluk fork split, of a path, or the utensil fom form shape

v: mould, draw fosfol phosphorus fulol fluorine fund knot v: tie

G gadab anger gake cliff gal cheek galaki galaxy gali gallium galon throat neck gamal camel gas gas vapor gati speed adj: fast geg quake v: shake gela gravity v: fall gely gel jelly, gelatin gem game v: play gen gender (human, biological): tel-geno

(human, social): samac-geno gesal carrot gi foot v: walk, run gil chalk limestone gil-elem calcium comp:(chalk+element) gilaf giraffe gilen valley

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goge experience v: test, experiment, taste gol ball sphere golin clay brick gom rubber gomi waste garbage, trash gost meat flesh gulu glue adhesive

v: attach, join together adj: sticky, stuck

gunam quality descriptor, modifier

H hala state state of being halat mix halet heart hanit spear hans cough hansil pig boar hant spirit ghost

v: follow, haunt, possess hanyas vomit v: reject (biological) has left v: turn, head ~ has-ku north comp:(left+direction) hauc dust powder hauc-am grey comp:(dust+color) hawas noise hawsk amusement fun, enjoyment, pleasure

v: entertain, amuse, have fun adj: funny

hay vessel craft, vehicle hed head skull hede present the time period hef animal hele help helec dirt soil

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helemis Mercury the planet and mythological figure hes indent pit, depression

v: pull in, inhale adj: concave

hi day hi-mek week comp:(day+cycle) hili city town, settlement hilit lily lotus himal donkey hip horse hiyal cucumber hod road path hod-hay car comp:(road+vessel)

v: drive, go by road hol hole v: dig homal lobster crawfish hop hope hub lip v: kiss hulakan hurricane hundun disorder chaos, confusion, commotion hwa fruit hyo hail

I ica opposite v: reverse, be opposed to id self personality

adv: (reflexive), to oneself ide idea concept, topic, subject ide-kas creation comp:(idea+product) igel frog v: jump, leap igne proboscis of an insect, needle ikal principle foundation

adj: basic ikan fish v: swim ikwin eternity infinity

adj: endless, infinite, eternal

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adv: forever ilat surprise adj: unexpected, sudden

adv: suddenly, out of nowhere ilem apology v: apologize, to say sorry ilid iridium ilon iron iluk dolphin indi indium ink ink ink-ol pen comp:(ink+tool)

marker iod iodine ip leaf page, paper ip-seson Autumn comp:(leaf+season) isal sign v: signal, signify isk impact v: hit ispanah spinach istin truth adv: truly, very isumi fountain spring isun ferret weasel itik duck

Y yad memory v: remember yalan lie adj: false yamul rain yang sun yang-am yellow comp:(sun+color) yang-bayt shade comp:(sun+block)

umbrella yang-elem helium comp:(sun+element) yang-seson Summer comp:(sun+season) yas tongue yaw scream yell yefe future

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yel sky yel-hay airplane comp:(sky+vessel)

v: pilot, go by air yem extra surplus, abundance

adj: additional yin moon satellite yin-mek month comp:(moon+cycle) yocen request v: ask for yoke river yokus bath v: soak, wash yom outdent hill, raised area

v: push out, exhale adj: convex

yulani uranium adj: radioactive yuli glass adj: fragile, clear yume dream yusk ring torus, circumscribed object yutus star yutus-hay spaceship comp:(star+vessel)

K ka face kabid liver kacin armadillo kad card kadal lizard kadm cadmium kael change force, compelling action

v: trade, exchange kafe coffee kal favor v: like, favor

adj: good, favorable kalay land country kalim word kalis crystal adj: clear, transparent, translucent kalium potassium

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kalogi butterfly kalom paint kalub carbon coal, graphite kalub-ol pencil comp:(carbon+tool) kam work job, career, something you do kam-oy office comp:(work+place) kamas adolescent adj: young, teenage kan-hi Thursday kan-ond square comp:(4+side) kangal kangaroo kap drop of liquid kas product v: make, construct, produce kasan volcano v: erupt

adj: hot kasek spoon kasol error mistake katil killing murder, assassination, extermination

v: kill kayman alligator crocodile kays seaweed algae (edible or inedible) ke smoke kelas cherry kele projectile v: shoot, launch, throw kemson humility adj: humble, modest, unassuming

v: humble, embarass kes cheese keseg planet ketef shoulder key hair keyn-hi Friday kib scale size kibok hippopotamus kid orbit course, track

v: revolve around kifal rhinoceros kikan organ of a body kila worm

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kima top zenith, highest point, record (e.g. world record)

kimis silver kimis-am silver (color) comp:(silver+color) kimis-neste mercury comp:(silver+liquid) kino function purpose, reason, meaning, significance

v: use kinok mushroom kinu silk kipu pain kiwi kiwi kobalut cobalt kod action verb, behavior

v: cause, affect, enact, enable, exercise, allow

kod-weg movie comp:(action+picture) v: watch a movie, go to a movie

kofi hat any head covering kokol chocolate cocoa koloni colony kolwat substitute kon study area of study, discipline, subject

v: learn, observe kon-om student comp:(study+person)

scholar konec end v: finish

adj: finished konec-ku west comp:(end+direction) kopi clone copy kopona imagination creativity

v: imagine, pretend kos course curriculum, duration of learning kosen ray v: radiate kosmos universe kost bone kotay individual adj: free ku direction kuhul alcohol

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kuhul-oy bar comp:(alcohol+place) kulab crab kulame tact consideration, gentleness, diplomacy,

soft power adj: passive, diplomatic

kulipton krypton kulol chlorine kulom chromium kulonos Saturn the planet and mythological figure kulop crop v: harvest, cultivate kulos cross intersection

v: interact kup cup kusa grass kusa-am green comp:(grass+color) kusenon xenon kutun cotton kuwi pattern habit

adj: common, usual kwi genderqueer non-binary kyoli distance adj: long, far

L lad lightning thunder, electricity laf ant adj: small lag law rule lah smile lahan cabbage lahol drought adj: dry lahol-eyf desert comp:(drought+environment) lakam number v: count laks dance lam llama lang bell v: ring (as a bell) lasel puzzle v: confuse, confound

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lasim chemical adj: caustic lat fly the insect laut sea ocean, lake laywen source origin, root lebel rebel rogue lefel level floor (of a building), shelf leis shelter cave, canopy, house, building, bunker

v: live (reside) lend order method, process

v: align lepas limpet barnacle ley stingray liada mathematics lian success achievement

v: achieve, win, succeed lik growl snarl lis crevice crack, split, scratch (wound) liti lithium logik logic loka corridor hall, passage, aisle lokona relative family member lowkw trap lure

v: tempt, entice, enclose lubid rubidium lude insect bug lug back spine lumi snow lus light lus-am white comp:(light+color) lus-emas platinum comp:(light+gold)

M ma cat macal friction adj: rough

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mafte key index, solution (to a problem) v: unlock, solve, fix

mag seed v: plant, sow mag-bel strawberry comp:(seed+berry) magunes magnet v: attract magunis magnesium maguma magma lava mais corn makt power influence, strength, courage mal honey malak angel malul lettuce mame bean any edible bean man hand v: touch, contact manati manatee dugong mangan manganese manok chicken the animal as well as the

food masa platform mesa, table, desk matel matter material mawt death may monetary exchange v: ~ de - buy

~ fe - sell mayl mile adj: long mayun monkey medus jellyfish meg cloud fog meise fame renown

adj: famous mek system machine, mechanism mek-om engineer comp:(system+person) melos member men quantity capacity, amount, volume metal metal mey rose adj: beautiful mey-am pink comp:(rose+color)

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migon maze labyrinth adj: complex

mil gratitude v: thank milaf coil spring, spiral milal mirror v: reflect, copy, mimic mili military adj: strict mili-sukob war comp:(military+conflict)

battle minut minute 60 seconds mis copper mok beak v: peck molok milk molu clam oyster, bivalve mollusk mom wax mon monarch v: reign, rule mosk gnat mosquito

v: annoy, pester most bridge v: cross, traverse mosw moose musik music muskol muscle adj: strong

v: exercise, train

N na male na-sis brother nafas chance luck, probability

v: gamble naga dragon nalang orange the fruit nalang-am orange (color) comp:(orange+color) nalu string thread, yarn, rope

v: tie nam name nan bread nas flower

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nas-seson Spring comp:(flower+season) nasake mercy v: pity, show mercy natal Christmas natul nature adj: natural, organic nayis squash also pumpkin neft oil crude as well as refined nehas world globe, Earth nem dwarf adj: short nenok bear neon neon neste liquid v: drink

adj: fluid, fluent (in a language) nesum rodent mouse, rat, computer mouse

v: click (with -as) netan leader alpha

v: direct, lead ni female ni-sis sister nikel nickel no brain v: think (as in 'concentrate') no-sens conscience comp:(brain+sense) noy sand adj: rough, coarse nus nut

O odwolan appeal v: summon ofid snake v: hiss, whisper ofosy vegetable okop trench adj: deep ol thing tool oleta conjecture hypothesis

v: guess, suppose olom lead adj: dense, heavy om human person

v: meet, know someone

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om-sanat artifice comp:(person+art) ond side border, edge oniks claw nail, hoof

v: scratch opol support foundation, footing osk dark night osk-am black comp:(night+color) osk-fom shadow comp:(dark+form) osk-oy nightclub comp:(night+place) osm osmium ot fire v: burn

adj: hot otal foreign object v: act foreign, stick out

adj: new, strange oy place location oys sheep

P pad wave pakit turkey the bird pal steam water vapor palan plain adj: flat palasm plasma pana leg v: kick panh wing v: fly pani water adj: fluid, wet pani-am blue comp:(blue+color) pani-am-bel blueberry comp:(water+color+berry) pani-elem hydrogen comp:(water+element) pani-fa-eyf marsh comp:(water+tree+environment)

swamp, wetland pani-hay boat comp:(water+vessel)

v: sail, steer, go by water pani-hwa watermelon comp:(water+fruit) papa potato

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pase past pasu pause stop patif honor respect paty party celebration, holiday

v: celebrate patyan cover pawm bubble pel pear pelan plan scheme, modus operandi

v: prepare peles sloth adj: lazy pengwin penguin peny turtle tortoise pet predator v: hunt pilaf entitlement a right pili hyena pogod weather pokas display v: show polis authority police

v: enforce poseyd Neptune the planet and mythological figure potok current poys poison venom pul island pulastik plastic pulof expert master pulomes promise oath

S sab beauty adj: handsome, beautiful, pretty sabah morning sabon soap v: wash, clean

adj: slippery safal journey v: travel sag history story, fable, myth, legend

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v: to recount, tell a story sahal caterpillar sahan patience endurance, tolerance

v: wait, endure sal fat salif bay the landform salis prey samac society community

adj: social, public, communal samin time time period san acid adj: sour san-elem oxygen comp:(acid+element) sanat art immeasurable technique, skill, an art (as

opposed to tiede) sang blood sang-am red comp:(blood+color) sapi cow sas sauce saug smell odor sawe taste the sense sawt salt sawy bat the winged mammal say reaction result, effect

adv: therefore saym shame dishonor, regret, guilt sebul zebra adj: monochromatic seks coitus sex sel flood sela middle center, core, focus, gist, nucleus, chest selen duty responsibility, fault

v: take care of semya family home sen-hi Saturday senik arsenic sens sense emotion, state of mind

v: feel (abstract) seny frown adj: sad

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seol seal walrus sep cell organism sep-web tissue of an organ

comp:(cell+web) sesi caesium seson season seyn senior adj: old si chair seat sif hemp any part of the plant cannibis sativa sih weapon v: fire, attack sik disease illness, sickness silik silicon simbe lion singibel ginger sink zinc sipot snail slug

adj: slow sis sibling sital lemon soba room of a building or house sod sodium soda sok juice sol series collection, set

adj: next adv: then

som same adj: identical son rest sleep song song v: sing sop soup sopi accord agreement, harmony, chord

v: agree, consent soy soybean soyus bond spouse, union, link

v: marry, join adj: united, joined adv: together

su shoe any foot covering (boot, slipper, sandal, etc.)

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sub bottom suful sulfur sug sugar adj: sweet sukob conflict v: fight sun-hi Sunday suol line adj: straight, direct sus right v: turn, head ~ sus-ku south comp:(right+direction) syen-gi-lude centipede comp:(100+foot+bug) syot silence adj: quiet

T tafil dependent anything that relies on something else, parasite

v: rely on, depend on tah year tahad challenge contest

v: protest, argue tala lock talek arm talu necessity v: need, must

adj: required tameng shield v: protect, guard, care for tapy loss v: lose tawak custom ritual, tradition tawali emergency natural disaster tayl piece section, division

v: break, isolate, separate ted manner teholi thorium tekan pressure acting force, stress tel body ten plant v: grow tenad fever tepul heat adj: hot, warm tesem dog

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tesma band accoutrement teyk resistance v: repel, resist tiede science measurable techinque, skill, a science (as opposed

to sanat) tihan sneeze timb elephant tin-hi Wednesday tin-ond triangle comp:(3+side) tip type classification tis tooth v: bite, chew titan titanium tofa apple tofal goods merchandise tol tear v: cry toli feather pen (European) tomat tomato

U ulan advertisement courtship

v: woo, date, recruit, enlist, court, gain favor

ulanos Uranus the planet and mythological figure ulin urine unole tornado funnel usagi rabbit hare usem laugh usna onion

W wakal vacuum nothingness

v: create a vacuum, extinguish, suffocate adj: empty, easy, simple

wal wall barrier wan parent

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wanil vanilla wasna weight v: weigh

adj: heavy wasp wasp v: sting wati deity god

v: pray wati-esk religion comp:(deity +belief) way wolf v: howl wayask adult adj: old, mature wayn wine weag tiger web web spider web, internet wed value v: cost

adj: valuable, important weg picture weken barb arrow, hook wentul adventure journey, quest wey stomach wi eye v: see, look at, watch wi-mek television comp:(eye+system)

v: watch TV wi-mek-gem video game comp:(eye+system+game) wilus virus wily grain any type of grain (wheat, barley) wily-hauc flour comp:(grain+dust) windawg window wisin neighbor wistal detail description, difference (as opposed to a

similarity) v: distinguish, differ

wol wool clothing woy butter wusi joint elbow, knee, ankle, wrist, anchor

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Angos Particles ake under, below, down ante before (spaital) be if, in case bene between, among bye throughout ce yes/no question marker dafale across dafe on, on top of, over, up de at, for, to, than ede without elike nevertheless, despite, notwithstanding fe of (possessive), from, by (authorship) he just, only, no more than hiante before (temporal) hibene meanwhile hibye while, during, for (duration) hie in, on (temporal) hife since hiposte after (temporal) inale through ine in, into, inside isue because ke future marker kwe concerning, about, on, in terms of kye like, resembling, as lae relative clause marker le plural marker lotane please mate in order to, so that, for the purpose of me past marker mice but, rather, although, however mwe with, accompanying, alongside nae no, not

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naefame should not, let’s not naefe least naele less ne so, then, well nife near, about, by, somewhat, kind of oe or oke okay, alright olose already, yet pahe instead of, rather than poste after, behind (spatial) salie unless, besides, except se yes sefame should, let’s sefe most sele more tae there is, there are te passive marker tongwe using, via, by way of twe out, out of, outside wese off, away ye and

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English-Angos Glossary Parts of Speech n noun v verb adj adjective adv adverb part particle prep preposition conj conjunction phr phrase num number

Etymology A priori Not from any natural language Multilingual Shares a form with another language in the same family International Shares a form cross-linguistically Onomatopoeic Resembles the sound the object makes Compound A combination of two or more roots

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Natural Language Sources (with several example languages from that family)

Indo-European: Latin (Spanish, French, Italian)

Indic (Hindi) Iranian (Persian) Greek Germanic (English, German, Swedish) Armenian Slavic (Russian, Polish) Celtic (Welsh, Gaelic)

Altaic (Turkish, Japanese, Korean) Sinitic (Chinese) Uralic (Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian) Niger-Congo (Bantu, Swahili) Afroasiatic

Semitic (Arabic, Hebrew) Egyptian

Austronesian (Indonesian, Malay, Maori) Uto-Aztecan (Nahuatl, Hopi) Athabaskan (Navajo) Basque Eskaleut (Kalaallisut, Inuktitut) Iroquoian (Cherokee, Seneca) Muskogean (Choctaw, Creek)

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A ability bisao n A priori about kwe prep A priori about nife prep near A priori above dafe prep A priori absorb esponya v Greek accord sopia n Uralic achieve cela v accomplish a

goal Uralic

achieve liana v have success in Sinitic acid sano n Sinitic acidic sani adj Sinitic across dafale prep 2-dimensional A priori action kodo n Sinitic adhesive guluo n Latin adjective gunamo n Indic adolescent kamasi adj Uralic adolescent kamaso n Uralic adult wayaski adj Indic adult wayasko n Indic adventure wentulo n Latin adverb tedo n Sinitic advertisement ulanos n Semitic affect koda v Sinitic Afghanistan afganistano n International Africa afulikao n International after poste prep spatial Latin after hiposte prep temporal Latin again ceu adv A priori age taho n Austronesian agent fiombo n means to an end Niger-Congo agree sopia v Uralic air ealo n Germanic airplane yel-hayo n air + vessel Compound aisle lokao n Sinitic alcohol kuhulo n Semitic

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align lenda v Uralic allergic alegii adj International allergy alegio n International alligator kaymano n International allow koda v Sinitic already olose prep A priori alright oke part International although mice conj A priori aluminum alumino n International always osi ceo phr A priori amethyst amito n Greek among bene prep A priori amount meno n Germanic amuse hawska v Uralic amusement hawsko n Uralic and ye conj A priori Andorra andolo n International angel malako n Semitic anger gadabo n Semitic angry gadabi adj Semitic animal hefo n Iranian annoy moska v Latin another andi adj Germanic answer ansa v Germanic ant lafo n Slavic antenna anteno n Latin anything yo n A priori anytime yi ceo phr A priori anywhere yi oyo phr A priori apologize ilema v A priori apology ilemo n A priori appeal odwolana v Slavic appeal odwolano n Slavic apple tofao n Semitic April kan-yino n four + moon Compound arc bogo n Germanic area eyfo n A priori Argentina alahentino n International

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arm taleko n Eskaleut armadillo kacino n Athabaskan Armenia hayastano n Armenian arrange lenda v Uralic arrow wekeno n Uralic art sanato n Altaic artifice om-sanato n human + art Compound as kye prep like, such A priori ash efelo n Semitic Asia asyao n International ask cimuna v Sinitic assassinate katila v Semitic at de prep A priori atmosphere eal-eskelo n air + shell Compound attempt atempa v Latin attempt atempo n Latin August okon-yino n eight + moon Compound aunt wan-ni-siso n parent + female

+ sibling Compound

Australia awstulalyo n International Austria ostelo n International Autumn ip-sesono n leaf + season Compound avocado awakato n Uto-Aztecan away wese prep A priori Azerbaijan aselabaysano n International

B baby bebei adj Germanic baby bebeo n Germanic back lugo n Germanic bad dimesi adj Celtic bag bago n Germanic Bahrain bahelayno n International balance balanso n Latin ball golo n Indic balloon buleos n Altaic

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banana banano n Niger-Congo band tesmao n accoutrement Slavic Bangladesh banguladeso n Interntional bank emas-oyos n gold + place Compound bar kuhul-oyos n alcohol + place Compound barb wekeno n Uralic barnacle lepaso n Greek base basado n Greek basic ikali adj Semitic basin basino n Latin bat sawyo n winged mammal Uto-Aztecan bath yokuso n Sinitic bathe yokusa v Sinitic bay salifo n Slavic beak moko n Basque bean mameo n Altaic bear nenoko n Eskaleut beauty cantigo n Austronesian beaver amisko n Algonquin because isue conj A priori become kaela v physical change Altaic become liana v with humans, in

reference to aspirations

Sinitic

bee bio n Germanic beer biyalos n Germanic before ante prep spatial Latin before hiante prep temporal Latin begin begina v Germanic beginning begino n Germanic behavior kodo n Sinitic behind poste prep Latin being eyako n Armenian Belarus belaluso n International belief esko n Uralic believe eska v Uralic Belize beliso n International bell lango n Onomatopoeic

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below ake prep Muskogean berry belo n Germanic besides salie part A priori between bene prep A priori beverage nesteo n Uralic Bhutan butano n International billion ospen num A priori bin dohio n Greek biology elete-kono n life + study Compound bird cilo n Uto-Aztecan bite tisa v Altaic black osk-amo n dark + color Compound bladder buleo n Altaic blade bicako n Altaic bliss balako n Semitic block bayta v Uralic blood sango n Latin blow bafela v Semitic blue pani-amo n water + color Compound blueberry pani-am-

belo n water + color +

berry Compound

boat pani-hayos n water + vessel Compound body telo n Slavic Bolivia bolifio n Latin bond soyuso n Slavic bone kosto n Slavic book buko n Germanic borax bulako n Iranian boron bulak-elemo n borax + element Compound both donu adv Multilingual bottom subo n Latin boulder bato n Austronesian bow bogo n Germanic box dohio n Greek brain noo n Sinitic branch aelodo n Celtic Brazil bulasilo n Latin bread nano n Iranian

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break tayla v Germanic breakfast sabah-alo n morning + food Compound breathe feya v Sinitic brick golinos n Slavic bridge mosto n Slavic bright luso n Latin bring ba v A priori broccoli bulokolo n Latin brother na-siso n male + sibling Compound brown fa-amo n tree + color Compound Brunei buluneyo n International bubble pawmo n Sinitic buffalo ayano n Latin bug ludeo n Germanic build kasa v A priori building cengo n Niger-Congo bullet metal-

keleos n metal + projectile Compound

bump yomo n A priori burn ota v Altaic but mice conj A priori butter woyo n Uralic butterfly kalogio n Athabaskan button botao n Latin buy emasa v Indic buy maya de v Sinitic by nife prep near, close to A priori by fe prep authorship A priori by way of tongwe prep Sinitic

C cabbage lahano n Latin cafe kafe-oyos n coffee + place Compound cake sug-nanos n sugar + bread Compound calcium gil-elemo n limestone +

element Compound

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calendar tah-bukos n year + book Compound Cambodia kampusio n International camel gamalo n Semitic can bisaa v to be ablel to A priori Canada kanadao n International canister dohio n Greek canopy fa-leiso n tree + shelter Compound capacity meno n Germanic car hod-hayos n path + vessel Compound carbon bat-elemo n rock + element International card kado n International career kamo n Indic carrot gesalo n Iranian cat mao n Onomatopoeic catch ba v A priori category tipo n Greek caterpillar sahalo n Semitic cause koda v Sinitic cave bat-leiso n rock + shelter Compound celebrate patya v International cell sepo n of an organism Sinitic center selao n Slavic centipede syen-gi-

ludeo n 100 + foot + bug Compound

certainly bewisu adv Germanic chair sio n Latin chalk gilo n Semitic challenge tahado n Semitic chance ciwo n Sinitic change kaela v Altaic change kaelo n Altaic chaos hunduno n Sinitic character aksalo n written glyph,

letter Indic

cheek galo n Indic cheese keso n Latin cheetah dumao n Niger-Congo chemical lasimo n Indic

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cherry kelaso n Greek chest selao n Slavic chew tisa v Slavic chicken manoko n Austronesian chief netano n Athabaskan child anako n Austronesian Chile cileo n International chili pepper tilio n Uto-Aztecan chin ago n Altaic China congo n Sinitic chirp cila v Uto-Aztecan chocolate kokolo n Uto-Aztecan choice awkelo n Basque choose awkela v Basque Christmas natalo n Latin church wati-oyos n diety + place Compound cigar ke-olos n smoke + tool Compound cigarette ke-olos n smoke + tool Compound circle dailo n Semitic city hilio n Basque clam moluo n Latin claw onikso n Greek clay golino n Slavic clear kalisi adj Greek cliff gakeo n Altaic clock casos n Slavic clone kopio n International close patyana v to cover

something open Armenian

close ica-samaca v of a shop A priori clothing wolos n Germanic cloud mego n Indic cobalt kobaluto n International coffee kafeo n International coil lolobo n Semitic coitus sekso n Latin cold aysi adj Germanic collection solo n Uralic

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colony kolonio n Latin color amo n A priori Columbia kolombio n International communal samaci adj Indic community samaco n Indic compare wistala v Indic complex migoni adj Sinitic computer liada-

mekos n math + system Compound

concentrate noa v Sinitic concerning kwe prep A priori conflict sukobo n Slavic confuse laseli adj Germanic conscience no-senso n brain + sense Compound consonant don-awaso n two + sound Compound construct kasa v A priori container dohio n Greek contempt dimeso n Celtic continent bat-kalayo n rock + land Compound control makta v Germanic conversation anso n Germanic copper miso n Altaic copy kopia v International core selao n Slavic corn maiso n Arawakian corner soba-doto n room + point Compound correct istini adj Slavic corridor lokao n Sinitic cost weda v Germanic Costa Rica kostalikao n International cotton kutuno n Semitic cough hansa v Indic cough hanso n Indic count lakama v Semitic country kalayo n Slavic course koso n Latin court ulana v Semitic

91

courtship ulano n Semitic cousin wan-sis-

anako n parent + sibling +

child Compound

cover patyana v Armenian cover patyano n Armenian cow sapio n Austronesian crab kulabo n Germanic create kasa v A priori creation ide-kaso n idea + product Compound creativity koponao n Indic crevice liso n Germanic crocodile kaymano n International crop kulopo n Germanic cross kuloso n Germanic cry tola v Slavic crystal kaliso n Greek Cuba kubao n International cucumber hiyalo n Iranian cultivate kulopa v Germanic cunning culai adj Muskogean cup kupo n Multilingual current potoko n Slavic curve boga v Germanic curved bogi adj Germanic custom tawako n Uralic cut bicaka v Altaic Cyprus kipuliso n International Czech Republic

cesko n International

D dance laksa v Semitic dance lakso n Semitic danger feseyo n Uralic dangerous feseyi adj Uralic dark oski adj Latin

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darkness osko n Latin data fiombo n Niger-Congo date ulana v Semitic day hio n Altaic death mawto n Semitic December den-don-yino n ten + two +

moon Compound

decide awkela v Basque deep okopi adj Slavic deer awio n Iroquoian deity watio n A priori demonstrate bokaa v Slavic Denmark dano n Germanic depend talua v Semitic dependent talua n Semitic derive laywena v Sinitic desert lahol-eyfo n drought + area Compound desire deso n Latin despite elike part A priori detail wistalo n Indic develop cinpoa v Sinitic development cinpoo n Sinitic diamond dimando n Greek dictionary kalim-bukos n word + book Compound die mawta v Semitic differ wistala v Indic differentiate wistala v Indic difficult bayti adj Uralic digit dakto n Greek dinner osk-alo n dark + food Compound diplomacy kulameo n A priori diplomatic kulamei adj A priori direct suoli adj Uralic direction kuo n A priori dirt heleco n Athabaskan dirty heleci adj Athabaskan discover finda v Germanic discovery findo n Germanic

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disdain dimeso n Celtic disease siko n Germanic dishonor sayma v Multilingual dishonor saymo n Multilingual disorder hunduno n Sinitic display bokao n Slavic distance kyolio n Sinitic divide tayla v Germanic division taylo n Germanic doctor dawa-omo n medicine +

person Compound

dog tesemo n Egyptian dolphin iluko n Altaic Dominican Republic

dominikano n Latin

donkey himalo n Semitic door dolo n Germanic dot doto n Germanic down ake prep Muskogean dragon nagao n Indic draw foma v Latin dream yumea v Altaic dream yumeo n Altaic drink nestea v Uralic drink nesteo n Uralic drip kapa v Slavic drive hod-hayas v path + vessel Compound drop kapo n Slavic drought laholo n Basque drum dohio n Greek dry laholi adj Basque duck itiko n Austronesian during hibye prep A priori dust hawco n Basque duty seleno n Sinitic dwarf nemo n Egyptian

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E each osi adj A priori ear elo n Germanic earn emasa v Indic earth nehaso n Athabaskan earthquake nehas-gego n earth + quake Compound east begin-kuo n beginning +

direction Compound

eat ala v a priori Ecuador ekwadolo n Latin edge ondo n Basque edifice cengo n Niger-Congo effect sayo n Sinitic effort atempo n Latin egg ego n Germanic eggplant batio n Indic eight okon num Multilingual eighth sol-okoni adj Multilingual El Salvador salwadolo n Latin elastic gomi adj Greek elbow gelenko n Germanic elect awkela v Basque election awkelo n Basque electric lad-enegii adj lightning +

energy Compound

electricity lad-enegio n lightning + energy

Compound

element elemo n Latin elephant timbo n Niger-Congo e-mail imelos n International embarrass kemsona v Sinitic emergency tawalio n Semitic empty wakali adj Latin enable koda v Sinitic enact koda v Sinitic enclose lowkwa v Uralic encounter kulosa v Germanic

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end koneco n Slavic endless ikwini adj Uralic endurance sahano n Indic endure sahana v Indic enemy dismano n Altaic energy enegio n International engine makt-

mekos n power + system A priori

engineer mek-omo n system + person Compound England engulo n Germanic enjoy kala v Greek enjoyment hawsko n Uralic enlist ulana v Semitic entice lowkwa v Uralic entire entayi adj Germanic entitlement pilafo n Slavic environment eyfo n A priori equal balansi adj Latin equalize balansa v Latin error kasolo n Semitic Estonia estio n Uralic eternity ikwino n Uralic Europe ewlopao n International even balansi adj Latin everything osi olo phr A priori everywhere osi oyo phr A priori evidence bewiso n Germanic evidently bewisu adv Germanic example bokao n Slavic except salie part A priori exercise muskola v Latin exhale yoma v A priori expand bulea v Altaic experience gogeo n Uralic expert pulofo n Latin explode etama v A priori explosion etamo n A priori eye wio n Latin

96

F face kao n Altaic fact istino n Slavic fall gelaa v Latin family semyao n Slavic fame meiseo n Sinitic famous meisei adj Sinitic fan bafel-olos n wind + tool Compound far kyolii adj Sinitic farm famo n Germanic fast dumai adj Niger-Congo fat sali adj Slavic fat salo n Slavic father na-wano n male + parent Compound favor kala v Greek favor kalo n Greek fear fela v Germanic fear felo n Germanic feather tolio n Uralic February don-yino n two + moon Compound feel sensa v Latin female nio n Sinitic ferret feleto n Latin fetus fito n Latin fever tendo n Armenian fifth sol-keyni adj Multilingual fight sukoba v Slavic Fiji ficio n International fin fino n Germanic find finda v Germanic finger dakto n Greek finish koneca v Slavic finished koneci adj Slavic Finland suomy n Uralic fire oto n Altaic first sol-ayni adj series + one Compound

97

fish ikano n Austronesian five keyn num Multilingual fix maftea v Semitic flat palani adj Latin flood sela v Altaic flood selo n Altaic floor lefelo n of a building Latin flour wily-hauco n grain + dust Compound flower huko n A priori fly lato n the bug Austronesian fly panha v Indic fly yel-hayas v air + vessel Compound fog mego n Indic follow eskola v Austronesian food alo n A priori foot gio n Athabaskan for hibye prep duration A priori for de prep A priori for mate conj in order to A priori force yalio n Sinitic foreign otali adj Armenain foreign object

otalo n Armenian

forest fa-oyo n tree + place Compound forever ikwinu adv Uralic fork foluko n Germanic form fomo n Latin fortune bahato n Iranian forum ans-eyfos n speech + area Compound foundation ikalo n Semitic fountain isumio n Altaic four kan num Multilingual fourth sol-kani adj Multilingual fox culao n Muskogean fragile yulii adj Sinitic France fulanso n Latin free dali adj no cost Latin free kotayi adj independent Sinitic

98

freeze aysa v Germanic friction macao n Sinitic Friday keyn-hio n five + day Compound friend akio n Athabaskan friendly akii adj Athabaskan frighten baysua v Uralic frog igelo n Basque from fe prep A priori in front of ante prep Latin frown seny n Latin frozen aysi adj Germanic fruit hwao n Austronesian fry neft-kas-

alas v oil + product +

food Compound

fun hawski adj Uralic fun hawsko n Uralic function kinoo n Sinitic funny hawski adj Uralic future yefeo n Uralic

G gain favor ulana v Semitic galaxy galakio n International game gemo n Germanic garden mag-ten-

eyfo n seed + plant +

area Compound

garlic lasuno n Indic gas gaso n International gasoline neftos n Iranian gel gelyo n International gender geno n Latin genderqueer kwii adj non-binary Germanic genre tipo n Greek gentle kulamei adj A priori gentleness kulameo n A priori Georgia sakalwelo n Georgian

99

Germany doyco n Germanic get ba v A priori ghost hanto n Austronesian gift dalo n Multilingual ginger ginyelo n International giraffe gilafo n Semitic gist selao n Slavic give dala v Multilingual glass yulio n Sinitic glow lusa v Latin glue guluo n Latin gnat mosko n Latin goal celo n Uralic god watio n A priori gold emas-amo n gold + color Compound gold emaso n Indic goodbye anya v A priori government alukos n Greek grab ba v A priori grain wilyo n Uralic grandfather na-seyn-

wano n male + senior +

parent Compound

grandmother ni-seyn-wano

n female + senior + parent

Compound

grape angulo n Iranian grasp bo n A priori grass kusao n Altaic gratitude milo n A priori gravity gelao n Latin great bali adj grand, large Germanic Greece eladao n International green kusa-amo n grass + color Compound Greenland kalalito n Eskaleut greeting anyo n A priori grey hauc-amo n dust + color Compound ground nehaso n Athabaskan group ekuno n Niger-Congo growl lika v Slavic

100

growl liko n Slavic guard tamenga v Austronesian Guatemala gwatemalao n International guilt saymo n Multilingual Guyana giyanao n International

H hail hyoa v Altaic hail hyoo n Altaic hair keyo n Indic Haiti haitio n International half bano n Sintic hall lokao n Sinitic halve bana v Sinitic hand mano n Latin happy balaki adj Semitic harmony sopio n Uralic harvest kulopa v Germanic harvest kulopo n Germanic hat kofio n Niger-Congo hate dimesa v Celtic have tae part lit. “there is” A priori he lo n A priori head hedo n Germanic healthy entayi adj Germanic hear ela v Germanic heart haleto n Germanic heat tepulo n Slavic heaven yelo n Latin heavy wasnai adj Semitic height cahao n Muskogean helium yang-

elemo n sun + element Compound

hello anya v A priori help helea v Germanic help heleo n Germanic

101

hemp sifo n A priori her li adj A priori her lo n A priori here fi oyo phr A priori herself idu adv Latin hide bimila v Sinitic hierarchy aluko n Greek high cahai adj Muskogean him lo n A priori himself idu adv Latin hippopotamus kiboko n Niger-Congo his li adj A priori history sago n Germanic hit iska v Uralic hold ba v A priori hole holo n Germanic home semyao n Slavic Honduras hondulaso n International honey malo n Multilingual honor patifo n Armenian hoof onikso n Greek hook wekeno n Uralic hop igela v Basque hope hopa v Germanic hope hopo n Germanic horn cuno n Altaic horror baysuo n Uralic horse hipo n Greek hot oti adj Altaic hour caso n Slavic house leisos n Basque however mice conj A priori human omo n Latin humble kemsoni adj Sinitic humility kemsono n Sinitic hundred syen num Multilingual Hungary moyolo n Uralic hunt peta v Uralic

102

hurricane hulakano n International hurt kipua v Slavic hydrogen pani-elemo n water + element Compound hyena pilio n Niger-Congo

I I wo n personal pronoun Sinitic ice ayso n Germanic Iceland iselano n International idea ideo n Greek identical kopii adj a copy International identical somi adj the same one Multilingual identity ido n Latin if be conj A priori ill siki adj Germanic imagination koponao n Indic imagine koponaa v Indic impact isko n Uralic improve cinpoa v Sinitic improvement cinpoo n Sinitic in hie prep temporal Altaic in ine prep spatial Multilingual in case be conj A priori in order to mate conj A priori in terms of kwe prep A priori indent heso n A priori index mafteo n Semitic India balato n Indic indicate isala v Semitic individual kotayo n Sinitic Indonesia indonesio n International infant bebeo n Multilingual infinity ikwin num Uralic influence makta v Germanic influence makto n Germanic information fiombo n Niger-Congo

103

inhale hesa v A priori ink inko n Latin insect ludeo n Germanic inside ine prep Multilingual instance ceo n A priori instead of pahe conj A priori interrogative ce part A priori intersect kulosa v Germanic into ine prep Multilingual iodine iodo n Internaitonal Iran ilano n International Iraq ilako n International Ireland ilulano n International iron ilono n Germanic island pulo n Austronesian Israel iselaelo n International it lo n Multilingual Italy italyo n International its li adj Multilingual itself idu adv Latin ivory ebwo n Egyptian

J Jamaica camekao n International January ayn-yino n one + moon Compound Japan nipono n Altaic jelly gelyo n International jellyfish meduso n Greek job kamo n Indic join soyusa v Slavic joint gelenko n Germanic joke bila v Austronesian joke bilo n Austronesian Jordan uluduno n Semitic journey safala v Semitic journey safalo n Semitic

104

juice soko n Multilingual July sun-yino n seven + moon Compound jump igela v Basque June sen-yino n six + moon Compound jungle yamul-fa-

oyo n rain + tree + place Compound

Jupiter diaso n the planet and god

Greek

just he part A priori

K kangaroo kangalo n International Kazakhstan kasakestano n International key mafteo n Semitic kick gi-iska v foot + impact Compound kidney dwano n Celtic kill katila v Semitic killing katilo n Semitic kind of nife prep A priori king na-mono n male + monarch Compound kiss huba v Slavic kiwi kiwio n International knee gelenko n Germanic knife bicako n Altaic knot fundo n Niger-Congo know oma v know a person Latin know noa v know a fact Sinitic Korea hanguko n Altaic

105

L lake lauto n Austronesian land kalayo n Slavic language ango n A priori Laos lao n International large bali adj Germanic later yefeu adj Uralic Latvia latwio n International laugh usema v Altaic laugh usemo n Altaic law lago n Multilingual lawyer lag-omo n law + person Compound lazy pelesi adj Latin lead netana v Athabaskan lead olomo n element Latin leader netano n Athabaskan leaf ipo n Altaic least naefe part A priori Lebanon lubnano n International left haso n direction A priori leg panao n Multilingual lemon sitalo n Multilingual less naele part A priori lesson femo n A priori let's sefame part A priori let's not naefame part A priori letter aksalo n Indic lettuce malulo n Latin level lefelo n Latin lick yasa v Slavic lie yalana v Altaic lie yalano n Altaic life eleteo n Uralic light luso n Latin lightning lado n Niger-Congo

106

like kala v Greek like kye prep A priori lily lilyo n Egyptian limb aelodo n Celtic lime sitalo n Multilingual limestone gilo n Semitic limpet lepaso n Greek line suolo n Uralic lion simbeo n Niger-Congo lip hubo n Slavic liquid nesteo n Uralic listen ela v Germanic Lithuania lietuo n Baltic live eletea v be alive Uralic live leisa v reside Basque liver kabido n Semitic lizard kadalo n Austronesian llama lamo n International lobster homalo n Germanic location oyo n A priori lock talaa v Indic lock talao n Indic logic logiko n Greek look wia v Multilingual look for finda v Germanic lose tapya v Uralic loss tapyo n Uralic loud hawasi adj Slavic love amaa v Latin luck ciwo n Sintic lucky bahati adj Iranian lucky ciwi adj Sinitic lunch sela-hi-alo n middle + day +

food Compound

lung feyo n Sinitic lure lowkwo n Uralic

107

M Macedonia masedono n International machine mekos n Greek magic cawbo n Germanic magma magumao n International magnesium maguniso n International magnet maguneso n Multilingual make kasa v A priori Malaysia maleysio n International male nao n Sinitic manatee manatio n International manganese mangano n International manner tedo n Sinitic map eyf-ipos n area + leaf Compound March tin-yino n three + moon Compound Mars aliso n the planet and

god Greek

marsh pani-fa-eyfo

n water + tree + area

Compound

match balansa v Latin material fiombo n resource

~“reading material”

Niger-Congo

mathematics liadao n Semitic matter matelo n Latin mature wayaski adj Indic May keyn-yino n five + moon Compound maybe bisau adv A priori maze migono n Sinitic me wo n Sinitic means fiombo n means to an end Niger-Congo meanwhile hibene prep A priori meat gosto n Iranian mechanism meko n Greek medicine dawao n Semitic meet oma v Latin member meloso n Greek

108

memory yado n Altaic Mercury helemiso n the planet and

god Greek

mercury kimis-nesteo

n silver + liquid Compound

mercy nasakeo n Altaic metal metalo n Latin Mexico mehiko n Uto-Aztecan middle selao n Slavic mile maylo n Latin military milio n Latin milk moloko n Slavic million eseon num A priori minute minuto n Latin mirror milalo n Latin miscellaneous estofi adj Germanic mistake kasola v Semitic mistake kasolo n Semitic mix halata v Semitic mix halato n Semitic modest kemsoni adj Sinitic monarch mono n Greek Monday ayn-hio n one + day Compound Mongolia mongolo n International monkey mayuno n Altaic month yin-meko n moon + system Compound moon yino n Sinitic moose moswo n Algonquin more sele part A priori morning sabaho n Semitic mosque wati-oyos n diety + place Compound mosquito mosko n Latin most sefe part A priori mother ni-wano n female + parent Compound mould foma v Latin mountain balo n Germanic mouse nesumo n Altaic mouth belano n Armenian

109

movie kod-wegos n action + picture Compound murder katila v Semitic murder katilo n Semitic muscle muskolo n Latin mushroom kinoko n Altaic music musiko n International must talua v Semitic my wi adj Sinitic Myanmar myanmao n International myself idu adv Latin

N name namo n Multilingual nation kalayo n Slavic nature natulo n Latin near nife prep A priori necessity taluo n Semitic neck galono n Indic need talua v Semitic needle igneo n Altaic negative nae part A priori neighbor wisino n Latin neon neono n International Nepal nepalo n International nephew sis-na-

anako n sibling + male +

child Compound

Neptune poseydo n Greek Netherlands neydelano n Germanic neutral balansi adj Latin neutralize balansa v Latin never nei ceo phr A priori nevertheless elike part A priori new otali adj Armenian New Zealand otal-selano n International next soli adj Uralic Nicaragua nikalagwao n International

110

nickel nikelo n International niece sis-ni-

anako n sibling + female

+ child Compound

night osko n Latin nightclub osk-laks-

oyo n dark + dance +

place Compound

nine nowan num Multilingual ninth sol-nowani adj Multilingual nitrogen asoto n International no nae part A priori no more than he part A priori noise hawaso n Slavic noisy hawasi adj Slavic North has-kuo n left + direction Compound North America has-

amelikao n left + America Compound

Norway nolugeo n Germanic nose buluno n Altaic not nae part A priori nothing no n A priori nothing wakalo n Latin noun olo n A priori November den-ayn-

yino n ten + one +

moon Compound

now fi ceo phr A priori nowhere nei oyo phr A priori number lakamo n Semitic nut nuso n Germanic nutrient eyoso n Sinitic

O oath pulomeso n Latin obscure mega v Indic observe wi-kona v eye + study Compound obstacle bayto n Uralic obviously bewisu adv Germanic occurrence ceo n A priori

111

ocean lauto n Austronesian October den-yino n ten + moon Compound octopus fekeo n Austronesian odor saugo n Uralic of we prep possessive,

genetive A priori

off wese prep A priori office kam-oyo n work + place Compound often fali ceo phr A priori oil nefto n Iranian OK oke part International okay oke part International old seyni adj Latin on dafe prep A priori on hie prep temporal A priori on kwe prep A priori on top of dafe prep A priori one ayn num Multilingual onion usnao n Indic only he part A priori open kasa dolo

de phr “make a

door/opening in” A priori

opinion esko n Uralic oppose icaa v A priori opposite icai adj A priori opposite icao n A priori or oe conj Multilingual orange olang-amo n orange + color Compound orange olango n International orbit kida v Sinitic orbit kido n Sinitic order lendo n Uralic organ kikano n Siniitc origin layweno n Sinitic other andi conj Germanic ourselves idu adv Latin out twe prep A priori out of twe prep A priori

112

outdent yomo n A priori outside twe prep A priori over dafe prep A priori owl awlo n Germanic oxygen ot-elemo n fire + element Compound

P page ipos n Altaic pain kipuo n Slavic painful kipui adj Slavic paint kaloma v Greek paint kalomo n Greek Pakistan pakistano n International Panama panamao n International paper ipos n Altaic Papua papuo n International Paraguay palagwayo n International parasite tafilo n Semitic parent wano n Uralic particle dusio n subatomic and

grammatical Simitic

party patya v International party patyo n International passive kulamei adj A priori passive marker

te part A priori

past paseo n Latin patience sahano n Indic patrol polisa v International pattern kuwio n Uralic pause pasua v Greek pause pasuo n Greek peace anyo n Sinitic pear pelo n Latin pen ink-olos n ink + tool Compound penalty ekabo n Semitic

113

pencil baesalos n “bat-elem-aksal-olos”

Abreviation

penguin pengwino n International perpendicular kulosi adj Germanic personality ido n Latin Peru peluo n International petrol neftos n Iranian phosphorus fosfolo n International pick awkela v Basque picture wego n Sinitic piece taylo n Germanic pig hansilo n Austronesian pineapple ananaso n International pink mey-amo n rose + color Compound pipe lokao n Sinitic place esa v A priori place oyo n A priori plain palano n terrain Latin plan pelana v Latin plan pelano n Latin planet kesego n Uralic plant teno n Austronesian plasma palasmo n International plastic pulastikos n International platform masao n Multilingual platinum lus-emaso n light + gold Compound play gema v Germanic please lotane part politeness marker A priori pleasure hawsko n Uralic plural marker le part A priori point doto n Germanic poison poysa v Latin poison poyso n Latin poisonous poysi adj Latin Poland polusko n International police poliso n International portal dolo n Germanic Portugal polutugao n International

114

position eso n A priori positive se part A priori possible bisai adj A priori possibly bisau adv A priori potassium kaliumo n International potato papao n Latin practice cinpoa v Sinitic practice cinpoo n Sinitic practice kona v A priori predator peto n Uralic prepare pelana v Latin present hedeno n Germanic president netano n Athabaskan pressure yalio n Sinitic pretend koponaa v Indic prey saliso n Uralic price wedo n Germanic pride aolano n Sinitic primary ayni adj Multilingual principle ikalo n Semitic probably bisau adv A priori problem bayto n Uralic proboscis igneo n Altaic produce kasa v A priori product kaso n A priori program kod-

aksalas v of a computer

action + writing Compound

program kod-solos n of events, of a computer

action + series

Compound

progress cinpoo n Sinitic projectile keleo n Semitic promise pulomesa v Latin promise pulomeso n Latin proof bewiso n Germanic protect tamenga v Austronesian proud aolani n Sinitc prove bewisa v Germanic

115

public samaci adj Indic pull hesa v A priori pumpkin nayiso n Athabaskan punish ekaba v Semitic punishment ekabo n Semitic purple amit-amo n amethyst + color Compound purpose kinoo n Sinitic push yoma v A priori put esa v A priori put on dafa v A priori puzzle laselo n Germanic

Q Qatar katalo n International quake gego n Multilingual quadrillion lanun num A priori quality gunamo n Indic quantity meno n Germanic queen ni-mono n female + monarch Compound question cimuna v Sinitic question cimuno n Sinitic quick dumai adj Niger-Congo quiet syoto n Germanic

R rabbit usagio n Altaic radiate fansa v Sinitic radiation fanso n Sinitic rain yamula v Altaic rain yamulo n Altaic rainbow am-bogo n color + arc Compound rare otali adj Armenian rat nesumo n Altaic rather mice conj A priori

116

rather than pahe conj A priori ray fanso n Sinitic reaction sayo n Sinitic rebel lebela v Latin rebel lebelo n Latin recruit ulana v Semitic red sang-amo n blood + color Compound reflect milala v Latin regarding kwe prep A priori regret saymo n Multilingual relate lokonaa v Uralic relative lokonao n Uralic religion wati-esko n diety + belief Compound remember yada v Altaic renown meiseo n Sinitic repair maftea v Semitic repeat cea v A priori repel teyka v Sinitic repetition ceo n A priori request yocena v Altaic request yoceno n Altaic resemble besela v Altaic resembling kye prep A priori resist teyka v Sinitic resistance teyko n Sinitic resource fiombo n Niger-Congo responsibility seleno n Sinitic responsible seleni adj Sinitic rest sona v Multilingual rest sono n Multilingual result sayo n Sinitic reverse icaa v A priori revolve kida v Sinitic reward bawcoo n Sinitic reward bawcoa v Sinitic rhinoceros kifalo n Niger-Congo rice dao n Sinitic right pilafo n legal right Slavic

117

right suso n Basque ring langa v ring a bell Onomatopoeic ring yusko n Altaic ritual tawako n Uralic river yokeo n Uralic road hodos n Greek rob doloba v Altaic rock bato n Austronesian rodent nesumo n Altaic Romania lomanio n Latin room sobao n Germanic root layweno n Sinitic rope naluo n Uralic rose meyo n Sinitic rotate daila v Semitic rough macai adj Sinitic round daili adj Semitic rubber gomo n Multilingual rule lago n Multilingual run gatia phr Indic Russia lasio n Slavic

S sad senyi adj Latin safari safalo n Semitic safe te tamenga v Austronesian saliva cubako n Altaic salt sawto n Multilingual same somi adj Multilingual sand noyo n Iroquoian sandwich lefel-nanos n level + bread Compound Saturday sun-hio n seven + day Compound Saturn kulonos n the planet and

god Greek

sauce saso n Latin

118

Saudi Arabia

saudi-alabio

n International

say ansa v Germanic scale balansos n Latin scale gwemo n Sinitic schedule kod-mekos n action + series Compound school fem-oyos n lesson + place Compound science tiedeo n Uralic Scotland eskotelano n Germanic scratch oniksa v Greek scream yawa v Onomatopoeic scream yawo n Onomatopoeic sea lauto n Austronesian seal seolo n Germanic season sesono n Latin seaweed kayso n Altaic second byo n unit of time Sinitic second sol-doni adj ordinal number Multilingual secret bimilo n Sinitic section taylo n Germanic see wia n Latin seed mago n Uralic seem besela v Altaic seldom feti ceo phr A priori self ido n Latin sell maya fe v Sinitic senior seyno n Latin sense senso n Latin sense sensa v Latin sentence ideo n Greek separate tayla v Germanic September nowan-yino n nine + moon Compound Serbia selubio n International series solo n Uralic set solo n Uralic seven sun num Multilingual seventh sol-suni adj Multilingual sex sekso n International

119

shade yang-bayto n sun + block Compound shadow osk-fomo n dark + form Compound shake gega v Multilingual shame sayma v Multilingual shame saymo n Multilingual shape fomo n Latin shark hakulo n Germanic sharp asteli adj Uralic sharp bicaki adj Altaic she lo n A priori sheep oyso n Greek shell eskelo n Germanic shelter leiso n Basque shield tamenga v Austronesian shield tamengo n Austronesian shine lusa v Latin shoe suos n Germanic shoot kelea v Semitic shop fiomb-oyos n goods + place Compound short nemi adj Egyptian should sefame part A priori should not naefame part A priori shoulder ketefo n Semitic show bokaa v Slavic show bokao n Slavic shower yokuso n Sinitic shroud patyano n Armenian sibling siso n Germanic sick siki adj Germanic side ondo n Basque sign isalo n Semitic signal isalo n Semitic signify isala v Semitic silence syoto n Germanic silicon siliko n International silk kinuo n Altaic silver kimis-amo n silver + color Compound

120

silver kimiso n Altaic similar beseli adj Altaic similarity beselo n Altaic simple wakali adj Latin since hife prep A priori sing songa v Germanic sister ni-siso n female + sibling Compound sit sia v Latin six sen num Multilingual sixth sol-seni adj Multilingual size gwemo n Sinitic skin eskino n Germanic skull hedo n Germanic sky yelo n Latin sleep sona v Multilingual sleep sono n Multilingual sloth peleso n Latin Slovakia sulofakyo n International Slovenia sulofenyo n International sly culai adj Muskogean small lafi adj Slavic smart noi adj Sinitic smell buluna v Altaic smell saugo n Uralic smile laha v Germanic smile laho n Germanic smoke kea v Basque smoke keo n Basque snail sipoto n Austronesian snake ofido n Greek sneeze tihana v Onomatopoeic sneeze tihano n Onomatopoeic snow lumio n Uralic so that mate conj A priori soap sabono n International social samaci adj Indic society samaco n Indic sodium sodo n International

121

soil heleco n Athabaskan soldier mili-omo n military + person Compound solid esteli adj Greek solid estelo n Greek solution mafteo n Semitic solve maftea v Semitic something mo n A priori sometimes mi le ceo phr A priori somewhat nife prep A priori somewhere mi oyo phr A priori song songo n Germanic sort lenda v Uralic soul amao n strong feelings Latin sound awasa v Indic sound awaso n Indic soup sopo n International sour sani adj Sinitic source layweno n Sinitic South sus-kuo n right + direction Compound South America

sus-amelikao

n right + America Compound

sow maga v Uralic soy soyo n Sinitic soybean soyo n Sinitic spaceship yutus-hayos n star + vessel Compound Spain espano n Latin speak ansa v Germanic spear hanitos n Semitic spectrum amo n A priori speech anso n Germanic speed gatio n Indic spell aksala v Indic sphere golo n Indic spherical goli adj Indic spice fiselo n Uralic spicy fiseli adj Uralic spinach ispanaho n Iranian spiral lolobo n Semitic

122

spirit hanto n Austronesian spit cubaka v Altaic split foluka v Germanic split lisa v Germanic sponge esponyo n Greek spoon kaseko n Altaic sport gemo n Germanic spring isumio n water source Altaic spring lolobo n metal coil Semitic Spring nas-sesono n flower + season Compound square kan-ondo n four + side Compound squash nayiso n Athabaskan squid fekeo n Austronesian stairs gi-lefelos n Compound star yutuso n Altaic start begina v Germanic state aluk-eyfos n political state;

hierarchy + area Compound

state halao n state of being Semitic steal doloba v Altaic steam palo n Slavic stem estamo n Germanic stick fimbo n Niger-Congo stick gulua v Latin sticky gului adj Latin stingray leyo n Latin stomach weyo n Sinitic stone bato n Austronesian stop pasua v Greek store fiomb-oyos n goods + place Compound storm bulano n Slavic story lefelo n of a building Latin story sago n Germanic straight suoli adj Uralic strange otali adj Armenian strawberry mag-belo n seed + berry Compound strength muskolo n physical strength Latin stress yalio n Sinitic

123

stressed yalio adj Sinitic string naluo n Uralic strong muskoli adj physically strong Latin structure cengo n Niger-Congo student kon-omo n study + person Compound study kona v A priori study kono n A priori stuff estofo n Germanic sturdy esteli adj Greek style tipo n Greek substitute kolwato n Uralic succeed liana v Sinitic success liano n Sinitic sugar sugo n Indic sulfur sufulo n Latin Summer yang-

sesono n sun + season Compound

summon odwolana v Slavic sun yango n Sinitic Sunday sen-hio n seven + day Compound support opola v Slavic support opolo n Slavic surprise ilato n Uralic surprise ilata v Uralic swallow galona v Indic swamp pani-fa-

eyfo n water + tree +

area Compound

Sweden swelyo n International sweet sugi adj Indic swim ikana v Austronesian Switzerland swiso n International sword bicako n Altaic synagogue wati-oyos n diety + place Compound system meko n Greek

124

T tact kulameo n A priori tail ekola n Austronesian take ba v A priori talk ansa v Germanic tall cahai adj Muskogean taste sawea v Latin taste saweo n Latin tea cayo n Multilingual teach fema v A priori teacher fem-omo n lesson + person Compound tear tolo n a result of crying Slavic technique sanato n Altaic teenage kamasi adj Uralic teenage kamaso n Uralic telephone ans-mekos n speech + system Compound television wi-meko n eye + system Compound tell ansa v Germanic temple wati-oyos n diety + place Compound tempt lowkwa v Uralic ten den num Multilingual ten-thousand

syon num A priori

tenth sol-deni adj Multilingual terror baysuo n Uralic terrorize baysua v Uralic test gogea v Uralic test gogeo n Uralic text buko n Germanic Thailand tayo n International than de prep comparison A priori thank mila v A priori that do n A priori that lae part relative clause A priori there di oyo phr A priori there are tae part A priori

125

there is tae part A priori therefore sayu adv Sinitic they le lo n A priori thief dolobo n Altaic thing olo n A priori think noa v Sinitic third sol-tini adj Multilingual this fo n A priori thorn astelo n Uralic thread naluo n Uralic three tin num Multilingual throat galono n Indic through inale prep 3-dimensional A priori throughout bye prep A priori throw kelea v Semitic thunder lad-awaso n lightning + sound Compound Thursday kan-hio n four + day Compound tie funda v Niger-Congo tie nalua v Uralic tiger weago n Indic time samino n Indic tiny lafi adj Slavic tissue sep-webo n cell + web Compound titanium titano n International to de prep A priori tobacco ke-teno n smoke + plant Compound toe dakto n Greek together ekunu adv as a group Niger-Congo together soyusi adj Slavic together soyusu adv bonded Slavic tolerance sahano n Indic tomato tomato n Uto-Aztecan tongue yaso n Slavic tool olos n A priori tooth tiso n Slavic top kimao n Greek tornado unoleo n Iroquoian touch mana v Latin

126

trade kaela v Altaic tradition tawako n Uralic transgender kwii adj Germanic trap lowkwo n Uralic travel safala v Arabic tree fao n A priori trench okopo n Slavic triangle tin-ondo n three + side Compound trillion ohanen num A priori Trinidad and Tobago

tulinidad ye tobago

n International

trunk estamo n of a tree Germanic truth istino n Slavic try atempa v attempt Latin try gogea v to test something Uralic tube lokao n Sinitic Tuesday don-hio n two + day Compound tunnel lokao n Sinitic Turkey tulukso n the country Altaic turkey pakito n the bird Muskogean turn into kaela v Altaic turtle penyo n Austronesian twig fimbo n Niger-Congo two don num Multilingual type tipo n Greek

U Ukraine ukulayno n International umbrella yang-bayt-

olos n sun + block + tool Compound

uncle wan-na-siso n parent + male + sibling

Compound

under ake prep Muskogean understand no-ba v brain + grasp Compound union soyuso n Slavic unite soyusa v Slavic

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United States

amelika-soyusos

n America + union Compound

universe kosmoso n Greek university bali fem-

oyos n big + lesson +

place Compound

unless salie part A priori until hiante prep A priori uranium yulanio n International Uranus ulanos n the planet and

god Greek

urine ulino n Multilingual Uruguay ulugwayo n International use kinoa v Sinitic use kinoo n Sinitic using tongwe prep Sinitic usual kuwii adj Uralic

V vacuum wakalo n Latin valley gileno n Celtic valuable wedi adj Germanic value wedo n Germanic vanilla wanilo n International vapor palo n Slavic vegetable ofosyo n Slavic Venezuela feneswelo n International venom poyso n Latin venomous poysi adj Latin Venus afodityo n the planet and

god Greek

verb kodo n Sinitic verify bewisa v Germanic very istinu adv Slavic vessel hayo n A priori via tongwe prep Sinitic video game wi-mek-

gemo n eye + system +

game Compound

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Vietnam wietnamo n International virus wiluso n International vitamin eyoso n Sinitic volcano kasano n Altaic volume meno n Germanic vomit hanyasa v Uralic vomit hanyaso n Uralic vowel ayn-awaso n one + sound Compound

W wait sahana v Indic walk gia v Athabaskan wall walo n Germanic walrus seolo n Germanic want desa v Latin war mili-sukobo n military + conflict Compound warm tepuli adj Slavic wash sabona v International wasp waspo n Germanic waste gomio n Altaic watch wia v Latin water panio n Indic watermelon pani-hwao n water + fruit Compound wave pado n Sinitic wax momo n Iranian we le wo n A priori weapon siho n Semitic wear dafa v to wear

something A priori

weather pogodo n Slavic web webo n International Wednesday tin-hio n three + day Compound week hi-meko n day + system Compound weigh wasnaa v Semitic weight wasnao n Semitic west konec-kuo n end + direction Compound

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whale afiko n Eskaleut what ko n A priori when ki ceo phr A priori where ki oyo phr A priori which ki adj A priori while hibye prep A priori white lus-amo n light + color Compound whole entayi adj Latin whole entayo n Latin why ki kodo phr A priori win liana v Sinitic wind bafelo n Semitic window windawgo n Germanic wine wayno n Multilingual wing panho n Indic Winter ays-sesono n ice + season Compound wish desa v Latin wish deso n Latin with mwe prep A priori without ede prep A priori wolf wayo n Iroquoian wonder diwio n Slavic woo ulana v Semitic wood fao n A priori wool wolo n Germanic word kalimo n Semitic work kama v Indic work kamo n Indic world nehaso n Athabaskan worm kilao n Indic wound liso n Germanic write aksala v Indic

Y yarn naluo n Uralic year taho n Austronesian

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yell yawa v Onomatopoeic yellow yang-amo n sun + color Compound yes se part A priori yet olose prep A priori you to n A priori young anaki adj Austronesian your ti adj singular Multilingual your le ti adj plural (you all) A priori yourself idu adv Latin yourselves idu adv Latin

Z zebra sebulo n Latin zenith kimao n Greek zinc sinko n International

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The International Phonetic Alphabet for Angos

IPA Symbol Example Sound in

Angos Example Sound in

English [a] kaso “product” father

[b] bogo “bow” boy

[tʃ] ceo “instance” church

[d] dalo “gift” dog

[e] ego “egg” lake

[ɛ] ego “egg” bed

[f] fi “this” frog

[g] gelao “gravity” gold

[h] hedo “head” hat

[x] hedo “head” Scottish “loch”

[i] di “that” bee

[j] yo “anything” yarn

[k] kamo “work” car

[l] lago “law” long

[m] mego “cloud” mom

[n] nano “bread” nut

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[o] ko “what” oval (but without the rounding of the lips)

[ɔ] ko “what” English Received Pronunciation (England) bog

[p] pado “wave” pearl

[s] solu “then” say

[t] teno “plant” toy

[u] natulo “nature” food

[w] wo “I” wing

[ʔ] fa-oyo “forest” uh-oh, English Received

Pronunciation (England) button

[aʊ] awkela “choose”

bisau “maybe”

cow

[ɛʊ] ceu “again” (none, but similar to English Received

Pronunciation “sew”)

[oʊ] nou “smartly” go

[aɪ] ayn “one” nae “no”

eye

[ɛɪ] eyfo “area” yefei “futuristic”

hay

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[oɪ] oyso “sheep” noi “smart”

boy

[:] bisaa “to be able to” noo “brain”

marks an elongated sound