AnimaliAnimaliaa

Distinguishing Characteristics• Entirely eukaryotic

• Completely multi-cellular

• Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!

• All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually

•The most diverse of the kingdoms (1 million different species have been named, but it is estimated that there are over 3 million species of animals living on our planet today)

• Specialization in tissues and most even demonstrate organ systems.

• Mobile ~ move to find food, shelter, or mates (some animals can only move during stages of their lives)

•Two Main Divisions ~ invertebrates & vertebrates

Method of ReproductionMethod of ReproductionAll reproduce sexually, and some can also

reproduce asexually Definition: budding - new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by

means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. Specific animal example of budding ~ Asexual reproduction in jelly fish ~ budding in hydra (a cnidarian = jelly-fish)

Method of NutritionMethod of NutritionCompletely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!

The GoodThe Good

• All animals are good – they are necessary in order to maintain balance in our natural world (a.k.a. ecosystem).

The BadThe Bad

* So other than disease & illness, animals only become problems for us when we intrude into their natural habitat and disrupt the natural balance in an ecosystem or if we purposefully or accidentally introduce a species into a new area were there is no natural competition against the new species. Remember – kudzu? The same thing happens with animals that are brought into a new area with no competition.

So I have to ask you ………

If there are no bad animals, are their bad humans?

• The animals that we consider bad, are the ones that become problems for us. For example – worms, insects, and rodents/vermin can cause disease and illness in plants, animals & humans.

Ex – tapeworms, pinworms, & hookworms are parasitic; ticks,

mosquitos, fleas, mice, and rats can spread disease

*But even these nasty critters are necessary for maintaining balance in an ecosystem – WHY?

InvertebratesInvertebrates•No backbone.

•Demonstrate one of three types of symmetry in their body plans ~ bilateral, radial, asymmetrical – see page 380 in your textbook

•All (except the sponges) have special tissues that make up fibers called neurons.

•All (except the sponges) digest food in a gut that is enclosed in a cavity called a coelom.

Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex ….Porifera ~ sponges

Cnidarians ~ jellyfish & corals

Flatworms ~ planarians, flukes, & tapeworms

Roundworms ~ pinworms & hookworms

Mollusks ~ snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses

Annelid Worms ~ earth worms, leeches, & marine worms

Arthropods ~ centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects

Echinoderms ~ sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins

Invertebrate Examples

PORIFERA = sponges

CNIDARIANS = jelly fish & corals

Dendrogyra cylindricus = pillar coral

FLATWORMS = planarians, flukes, & tapeworms

Planaria dactyligera = planarian

Taenia saginata = tapeworm

More Invertebrate Examples

ROUNDWORMS = hookworms, pinworms, & whipworms

Toxocara canis = dog roundworm

MOLLUSKS = snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses

ANNELIDS = earthworms, leeches, & marine worms

Lumbricus terrestris = earthworm

Hirudo medicinalis = leech

And Even More Invertebrate ExamplesARTHROPODS = centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, &

insects

ECHINODERMS = starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.

VertebratesVertebrates•All vertebrates have a backbone.

• Have a well developed head that is protected by a skull

• All vertebrates have to live at certain temperatures and have body systems & functions that help maintain a constant internal temperature

•Belong to the phylum Chordata (not all chordates have a backbone – lancelets & tunicates)

•All chordates do have each of the following four body parts within their lifetime ~

1) tail

2) notochord (stiff but flexible rod that gives the body support) ~ replaced by a backbone late in an embryonic development

Vertebrates continuedVertebrates continued3) hollow nerve cord ~ called a spinal cord in

vertebrates

4) pharyngeal pouches ~ all chordate embryos have these pouches that develop into gills, or other body parts as the embryo matures

Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex ….•0

Fish ~ Jawless fish, cartilagenous fish, and boney fish

Amphibians ~ caecilians, newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads

Reptiles ~ dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocidiles, alligators, snakes, lizards, & tuataras

Birds ~ flightless, water, perching, & birds of prey

Mammals ~ placentals (whales, cats, humans), monotremes (the echidnas & the platypus) , & marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, & opossums)

Vertebrate ExamplesVertebrate Examples

FISH = cartilaginous & bony

AMPHIBIANS = newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads

Oncorhynchus mykiss = Rainbow Trout

Carcharodon carcharias = Great White Shark

Agalychnis callidryas = Red-Eyed Tree Frog

Rhinella marinus = Cane Toad

REPTILES = dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, snakes, & lizards

More Vertebrate More Vertebrate ExamplesExamples

Chamaeleo calyptratus = Yemen chameleon.

Agkistrodon contortrix = copper head snake

Even More Vertebrate Even More Vertebrate ExamplesExamples

BIRDS

MAMMALS

Phoencopterus ruber = flamingo

Equus ferus caballus = domesticated horse

Homo sapien = human