annika pöyhtäri - theseus

Annika Pöyhtäri

DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF A HISTORICAL GARDEN

Case study of Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim Castle park in Iszkaszentgyörgy, Hungary

DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF A HISTORICAL GARDEN

Case study of Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim Castle park in Iszkaszentgyörgy, Hungary

Annika Pöyhtäri Bachelor`s thesis Autumn 2011 Degree program of landscape planning Oulu University of Applied Sciences

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ABSTRACT

Oulu University of Applied Sciences Degree program of landscape planning

Author: Annika Pöyhtäri Title of Bachelor`s thesis: Development plan of a historical garden, case study of Amadè- Bajzàth- Pappenheim Castle Park in Iszkaszentgyörgy, Hungary Supervisor: Pirjo Siipola Term and year when the thesis was submitted: Autumn 2011 Number of pages: 37+ 4

There are many historical gardens and parks in Hungary. The current state and future aspects of the sites is dependent on their location. Sites that are widely visited are more likely to get renovated. Main principles for the renovation of historical gardens are known, but finding funds for the projects in a country that is dealing with economical crisis is often hard. Project started in spring 2010 while I was an exchange student in Budapest. The work was commissioned by the municipality of Iszkaszentgyörgy. The main aim for the project was to lay down guidelines for the future development of the site.

The outcome of the project is the map data of a division of the developed area and analysis maps of the current state of the site (vegetation and structures). The development plan was made based on these maps. The future of the site is unclear at this point and therefore schedule and funding for the development are not there to be found. The thesis report covers also the history of the site and different phases in Hungarian garden art.

Keywords: gardens, history, garden art, plans, development planning, renovation, Hungary

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TIIVISTELMÄ

Oulun seudun ammattikorkeakoulu Maisemasuunnittelun koulutusohjelma

Tekijä: Annika Pöyhtäri Opinnäytetyön nimi: Historiallisen puutarhan kehittämissuunnitelma- esimerkkinä Amadè- Bajzàth- Pappenheim Unkarin Iszkaszentgyörgyssä Työnohjaaja: Pirjo Siipola Työn valmistumislukukausi ja – vuosi: Syksy 2011 Sivumäärä: 37+ 4

Unkarissa on useita historiallisia puisto- ja puutarhakohteita. Kohteiden nykytila ja tulevaisuudennäkymät vaihtelevat suuresti. Suuremmat kohteet ovat usein matkailijoiden suosiossa ja näin ollen niitä on restauroitu. Historiallisen puutarhan kunnostamisen periaatteet ovat alalla toimijoille tuttuja, mutta rahoituksen löytäminen hankkeille on talousvaikeuksien kanssa kamppailevassa maassa usein vaikeaa. Opinnäytetyö käynnistyi keväällä 2010 Budapestissä vaihto-opiskelujeni aikana muodostuneiden kontaktien kautta. Tilaajana työllä toimii Unkarissa sijaitseva Iszkaszentgyörgyn kunta. Työn tavoitteena on löytää ratkaisumallia pahoin laiminlyödyn puutarhan ennallistamiseksi.

Työn tuloksena syntyi esiselvitysvaiheessa kartta-aineistoa kohteen kasvillisuuden sekä rakenteiden, kalusteiden ja varusteiden nykytilasta, aluejako kehittämissuunnitelman pohjaksi sekä edellisten pohjalta valmisteltu kehittämisehdotuskartta. Kohteen tulevaisuudesta ei ole tällä hetkellä varmaa tietoa ja näin ollen alueen kehittämisen aikataulu ja rahoitus eivät ole vielä selvillä. Opinnäytetyöraportissa kerrotaan lisäksi historiallista taustaa kohteesta sekä käydään läpi unkarilaisen puutarhataiteen vaiheita.

Asiasanat: puutarhat, historia, puutarhataide, suunnitelmat, kehittämissuunnittelu, kunnostus, Unkari

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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7

2 HUNGARIAN GARDEN ART ...................................................................................................... 8

Florence declaration .................................................................................................................. 8

3 THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE PLAN.................................................................................... 10

4 REFERENCES AND METHODS .............................................................................................. 11

4.1 Analysing the area ............................................................................................................. 11

4.2 Literature, interviews and photos as a source for inventory ............................................... 11

5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE ................................................................................ 13

6 DIFFERENT PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE ............................................... 16

7.1 General description of the site ........................................................................................... 19

7.2 Maps for analysing ............................................................................................................ 19

7.2 The main entrance ............................................................................................................. 21

7.3 Formal garden- 1st terrace ................................................................................................ 22

7.4 Formal garden- 2nd terrace “Water garden” ...................................................................... 22

7.5 Formal garden- 3rd terrace ................................................................................................ 23

7.6 Ladies` garden ................................................................................................................... 24

7.7 Kitchen garden .................................................................................................................. 24

7.8 Event square ..................................................................................................................... 25

8 DEFINING THE CHARACTERISTICS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE SITE ............... 26

9 DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................................................................ 27

9.1 Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 27

9.2 Boundary conditions .......................................................................................................... 27

9.3 Principles ........................................................................................................................... 28

10 PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE .............................................................. 29

10.1 The main entrance ........................................................................................................... 29

10.2 Event square ................................................................................................................... 30

10.3 Formal garden- 1st terrace .............................................................................................. 30

10.3 Formal garden- 2nd terrace ” Water garden” ................................................................... 31

10.4 Formal garden- 3rd terrace .............................................................................................. 31

10.5 Ladies` garden ................................................................................................................. 32

10.6 Kitchen garden ................................................................................................................ 32

11 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 33

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REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 35

ATTACHEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 37

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1 INTRODUCTION

There are a great number of historical gardens in Hungary. Nowadays majority of the sites are landscape gardens. The use of properties with historical value is often undefined which also affects the level of maintenance in gardens. Without a proper use of the properties and lack of constant maintenance of buildings and gardens, sites are deteriorating slowly. Finding a form of use for the properties is vital at this point. Innovative ideas and fearless investors are in demand. Sites with strong historical background are suitable for various uses. They can be harnessed into tourist attractions and cultural centres that offer activities from relaxation in a beautiful nature to great experiences with culture and art. They also have a strong meaning for the people who live in their immediate vicinity. Local communities can use these sites for gatherings and celebrations. This thesis examines different phases of historical gardens in Hungary the main focus being in French style classical garden of Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle. The property has had versatile history with different owners and changing conditions in the society. The historical value of the site cannot be argued. It is one of the few classical gardens in the country. The project was commissioned by the municipality of Iszkaszentgyörgy in Hungary and Oulu University of Applied Sciences in Finland. Work was supervised by Mrs. Pirjo Siipola, the principal lecturer in the degree programme of landscape planning in the School of Renewable Natural Resources in Oulu University of Applied Sciences. Mayor of Iszkaszentgyörgy, Mr. Gáll Attila, was the main contact person in Iszkaszentgyörgy. Mr. Ari S. Kupsus with his strong connections to Hungary was a great help as the project progressed.

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2 HUNGARIAN GARDEN ART

According to Central European historic garden database there is altogether 1548 historical gardens in Hungary and in the county of Fejér the number is 155 (Central European historic garden database 24.5.2011). Majority of historical gardens in Hungary are landscapes gardens. The renaissance gardens and formal gardens of the seventeenth century no longer coexist; many of them were redesigned as landscape gardens and others were created as adjuncts to the country houses built in the nineteenth century. When the fashion of garden design changed into English landscape garden style, renaissance and formal garden style were put aside. Lack on constant maintenance was also a problem. (Fatsar 2008, 272-273.) In the era of first municipal parks and increase of private gardens, landscape architects in Hungary started to be concerned with the restoration of historic gardens. Historic country houses suffered a great deal during the World War II and post war period; they were physically neglected and used in inappropriate way. As a result of progressive deterioration and a lack of maintenance these sites where almost in a condition of irreversible decay. To save these sites expert landscape gardeners and noticeable financial support was needed. (Szikra 2000, 112-115.)

Florence declaration

On 21st of May 1981 the ICOMOS-IFLA International committee for historic gardens met in Florence to set the generally accepted rules of the philosophy and methodology for restoration of historic gardens. The committee drafted a declaration about a special area of conservation issues that was registered by ICOMOS on 15th of December 1982 as a part of the Venice charter (Charter of Florence. 24.5.2011). Venice charter is in international charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites set in 1964 (Charter of Venice 27.5.2011).

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Extract from the Firenze declaration:

RESTORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION

Art. 15. No restoration work and, above all, no reconstruction work on an historic garden shall be undertaken without thorough prior research to ensure that such work is scientifically executed and which will involve everything from excavation to the assembling of records relating to the garden in question and to similar gardens. Before any practical work starts, a project must be prepared on the basis of said research and must be submitted to a group of experts for joint examination and approval. Art. 16. Restoration work must respect the successive stages of evolution of the garden concerned. In principle, no one period should be given precedence over any other, except in exceptional cases where the degree of damage or destruction affecting certain parts of a garden may be such that it is decided to reconstruct it on the basis of the traces that survive or of unimpeachable documentary evidence. Such reconstruction work might be undertaken more particularly on the parts of the garden nearest to the building it contains in order to bring out their significance in the design. Art. 17. Where a garden has completely disappeared or there exists no more than conjectural evidence of its successive stages a reconstruction could not be considered an historic garden. (Charter of Florence 24.5.2011.)

Declaration underlines the importance of thorough research prior to any practical work. It also takes a stand on the question how different historical layers should be treated when restoring a site.

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3 THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE PLAN

Historical development In this project historical development means the principals set for the development of a site that has a strong historical background. One of the main questions regarding the development of historical site is how the different layers of history should be valued. What is there to be saved and what features are not the most important ones. Analysis A thorough analysis on the current state of the site is a good way to start of with planning. Analysis shows the forms of use that the site has. It gets into the ways that public is using the area and reveals pros and cons of the site in a simple and easily understandable way. Development plan A development plan lays down main principals and guidelines on the future development of the site. Instructions are based in generally excepted rules of how historical gardens should be treated. Formal garden Garden that has regular forms. The style combines symmetry, axis and highlighted architectural usage of structures and space. Landscape garden Landscape gardens consist of free-shaped and irregular forms. Style is often closely linked to artistic landscape photography and natural philosophy.

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4 REFERENCES AND METHODS

The research on the formal garden of Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle started of with a site visit and a photographical documentation of the premises. During the site visits the aim was to get into the mental atmosphere and the physical state of the garden. While visiting the village it was important to collect tacit knowledge from the villagers as well as gathering the reference material such as the main plan of the village area and old maps of the premises.

4.1 Analysing the area

The work started by making a comprehensive analysis on the current state of the site. There were some documents to be found on the site like for example preliminary study that was made in 1990 by three experts: Dr. Èva Szikra (landscape architecture), Dr. Örsi Károly (architecture) and H.Sallay Marianne (researcher). This study includes old maps that came in handy when visiting the site. During the year 2010 three site visits occurred. First visit took place in February 2010, second time around I visited the site in June 2010 and last site visit was in November 2010. Mr. Attila Gáll, the mayor of Iszkaszentgyörgy was a great help when collecting source material for the work. The analysis was done with the guidelines given in a booklet made for inventing historical gardens (Hautamäki 2000). While surveying the current state of the vegetation and structures such as pathways and buildings of the site it was also important to capture the atmosphere of the garden. After site visits project continued with drawing the analysis maps and getting deeper into the topic through literal references. Different cultural background from mine is something that I could not ignore while getting into the topic.

4.2 Literature, interviews and photos as a source for inventory

Material for the thesis has been collected from various sources. Interesting output data to start from was the preliminary study that was already mentioned above. The study covers majority of the information to be found on the different aspects of the site. As the value of the site can not be denied, the topic has been covered in various publications, some having Hungarian as their

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original language and some English. Historic garden database has an information sheet also on Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle park. (Central European historic garden database 24.5.2011). Also many libraries, public and private, were visited while collecting reference material. Often after these visits I ended up with no new information but sometimes visits were a success. An article written by Dr. Éva Szikra found in the book “Historic gardens in and around Hungary- studies on research and restoration” gives important information about the topic. Original language of the article was Hungarian but Mr. Levente Benei translated it into English.

Information has been collected also by interviewing Ms Cybil Mola, daughter of the Pappenheim family who was living in the premises up until the year 1947 and the socialisation of the site. Interview took place in Budapest on May 4th 2010.

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5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE

Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle is located in a village of Iszkaszentgyörgy in the county of Fejér in Hungary. Iszkaszentgyörgy is a village of approximately 2000 inhabitants. It is located about 80 kilometres southwest from Budapest and 12 kilometres northwest from the city of Szekesfehervar. Coordinates of latitude are 47.242947 and coordinates of longitude 18.299884.

Figure 1. Location of Iszkaszentgyörgy. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszkaszentgy%C3%B6rg.30.5.2011).

The village was first mentioned in 1193. In the middle ages there were three villages in the area; Iszka, Szentgyörgy and Atya. Village has been called Iszkaszentgyörgy since 1590. Iszkaszentgyörgy has strong history with agriculture, forestry and handicrafts. Wine produced in the area had a good reputation and its bath was famous during the World War I and II. Nowadays the village is visited mainly because of the Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle and its park. First parts of the castle were built in first part of the 18th century and it has characteristics of styles from Baroque age to the Neo- Baroque of the 20th century.

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Figure 2 Extract from the main plan. Area to be developed (with red hatch) consists of the surroundings of the main building and the formal garden of the Amáde- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle.

Figure 3 Aerial photo from the premises, published with the permission of Mr. Attila Gáll.

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Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle park was among other sites in the country created by wealthy aristocrats. Altogether the garden around the castle is 16 hectares, the formal garden, created early 1900s, being 4,5 hectares in three terraces. It is a rare example in Hungary of this scale of a formal garden. Landscape garden is 14 000 hectares and the earliest parts of that area date from the last decades of the nineteenth century. Restoration in the garden has been taking place at a slow pace. The task with these kinds of sites is to protect gardens from further deterioration and to introduce restoration programmes to promote their recovery. Cooperation of landscape architects, proprietors and users is really important to make restoration in a successful way. (Szikra 2000, 112-115.) At the moment the property is partly being used by a local primary school. Municipality of Iszkaszentgyörgy is hoping to build up a new property for the primary school in the future. After this the building would be unused, but there are some long term plans for the site to be found. One of these plans includes a design for a hotel. What comes to the classical garden that this project is focusing on, municipality would like to keep it open for public in the future as well. This means that the funds for renovating the garden would have to come from a public source. In order to make a development plan for the site some background work had to be done. The work started by collecting information on the history of the garden and analysing the current state of the site. Also looking into different phases of garden history was important to get more into the topic. In order to make a good plan that meets the needs of the customer it was also good to look into plans that are made for the future usage of the premises.

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6 DIFFERENT PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

Dr. Éva Szikras article covering the story of Amadè- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle reveals the development of the site. Article is to be found in the book “Historic gardens in and around Hungary- studies on research and restoration”, a collection of articles edited by Géza Galavics. (Szikra 2000, 112-115). Original language of the article is Hungarian and it was translated into English by Mr. Levente Benei. First notes about the site can be dated to the year 1736. That year the site was first mentioned in Amade Antal`s testament. Amade László inherited the site from Amade Antal. Amade László made the French garden to the site which turned out to be the central place of the area. During the next two decades the castle was extended by building more wings and walls to it. After every new owner the appearance of the castle changed to fit the needs and taste of the new owner. In the year 1783 the King József II made a survey on the site to know the actual size of the area. The survey were made mainly because of the taxing reasons. Around the same time the main building in north west- north east orientation got new extension wings. It is said that around these wings there was separated areas surrounded by walls and inside these walls there would have been gardens. During the years 1846- 47 a new map sketch, more detailed one, was made. Some time in late 18th century- early 19th century there are plenty of remarks indicating that the property was owned by Bajzáth György. At this time the garden got more romantic and classical features among its neo-gothic style. 1882 coloured cadastre map was made. Cadastre map is a systematic and up to date register about properties in a certain area. In this document the buildings, fences, entrances, bridges, group of walls and flower beds are determined. At the time there were arranged flower beds with annuals on the side of the buildings. There was a separated group of evergreens and conifers and another, bigger group with deciduous trees. Light green colours were there to indicate fields. At the time there were also two pavilions in the style of Ludwig the 14th. Pavilions were connected

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by rose tunnels. Next to the pavilions there was a small stream and a structured garden. Unfortunately this map was not found while gathering reference material for this project. Next to Duzzogó Fürdő there was a tree nursery which indicates that people in charge of the property at the time took effort on refreshing and replacing plants. Next to the castle is a hill with woods. Trees were harvested because of the Hungarian bandits. Later on trees were let to grow because it was noticed that harvesting made changes to the micro climate of the area. This is the reason why the trees in the area are not that old. Garden pavilions and their surroundings seem to have been built also around this time. In late 19th century Sándor Pappenheim described amazing views in a letter. At the time there was an empire style building with a tile roof and columns among the staples. Carved bathtub in the 1st terrace of the formal garden was the only one in the property at the time. In front of a small fountain there was a statue of Platoon. On the side there was a classical statue that was made with marble, presenting a man. Some ruins of the statues are still there to be seen in the garden. In 1904 Szigfrid Pappenheim and count Erzsébet Károlyi had the western outbuilding completely reconstructed. Reconstruction was based on a plan made by Gabriel Seidl, an architect professor from Munich, Germany. This reconstruction ended in 1908. At the same time the garden was extended into a square shaped area in front of the main facade. At this time formal garden with three terraces was also set up in south east. The style fits in to the row of world wide famous formal gardens. It consisted of symmetric arrangements, geometric shapes, cut hedges, tree allees, plenty of different structures, supporting walls, stairs and pools. There were two entrances to the garden; a “French reception” built at the time consisted of four pillar- entrance with Pappenheim- logo. Another gate was in Hungarian style with thatched roofs. This gate was on the edge of the village next to a road leading to Szekesfehervar. In 1947 the property was socialised and after this it has not been maintained regularly. Big portion of the furnishings in the castle disappeared during the war after the family Pappenheim was forced to leave the premises.

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Present condition of the site is poor. Formal garden is abandoned, small trees are dying out. Gates are still there. French guard house is completely reconstructed and it is not recognisable anymore. Also some family houses are built next to the area. In the 1960s the castle became a property of a local council. After this there were some offices, a local police station, pharmacies and a grocery store. Later it grew to be more like a cultural house with a library, cinema and primary school functioning in the premises. In 1985 the renovation of the castle started by demolishing of the rebuilding of the Baroque wing. Former connections between rooms and different spaces were restored and roof structures and the surface formation were renewed. Frescos of the big lounge were restored at the same time.

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7 ANALYSIS

The analysis of the site was the first thing to do when starting off with the project. A thorough analysis is a good basis for a good plan. In this project the analysis was done on a very general level. The main focus was not on the exact number of existing trees and structures. I found that it was more important to point out pros and cons of each aspect that was analyzed.

7.1 General description of the site

Castle was built on the top of the highest hill of the village. This way the view from the castle is good but also it is easy to spot from far for the people who want to come for a visit. So, when coming for example from Székesfehérvár one can spot the castle and its premises easily. The present condition of the garden is deteriorated. Formal garden is abandoned and small trees are dying out and everything is really overgrown. The last period when the garden was fully maintained was the time prior to 1947 before the property was socialised.

7.2 Maps for analysing

When visiting the site I made notes on different aspects of the current state of the premises. With these notes I prepared two maps; one about the vegetation and one analysing the structures, views and pathways of the site. Maps are to be found as attachments number 2 and 3. All maps have the same structure to make it easier to follow the process. Maps combine schematic information with photographs taken from the site during the site visits. 7.2.1 Vegetation The map about the vegetation shows the structure that hedges and single trees give to the garden. Hedges divide the area of formal garden into smaller areas still allowing to take a glance at the whole area at the same time. Vegetation is really overgrown in all parts of the garden. Light

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green colour on the map indicates lawn, meadow and everything that is growing in there. Map gives really simplified view on the garden. Photos are there to supplement the document. (Attachment 2.) 7.2.2 Structures, views and pathways The map about structures, views and pathways studies the ways people are using the site. The main pathways for cars and pedestrians are put on the map and main structures are shown in it. The placement of structures was made with the notifications made during the site visits and with the help of a map that was included in the preliminary study made in 1990 (Iszkaszentgyörgy, kastélypark elötanulmány. 1990). A schematic map with photos can be found as attachment 3. While analysing the site I divided it into seven separate areas to give a structure to the plan. Division can be seen in the attachment number 1. Areas to be developed:

Figure 4. Division of the areas to be developed. excerpt from annex No. 1.

A. The main entrance B. Formal garden- 1st terrace C. Formal garden- 2nd terrace ”Water garden”

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D. Formal garden- 3rd terrace E. Ladies` garden F. Kitchen garden G. Event square

7.2 The main entrance

The main entrance is marked on a reference map above with a letter “A”. The area is in a poor state at the moment; it s messy and unstructured. Edges between different surface materials are undefined. Parking lots are not pointed out but still there is always cars parked in front of the building. Because of this the main entrance seems difficult to spot for one that comes into the premises for the first time.

Figures 5& 6. Views by the main entrance, photos taken by Annika Pöyhtäri in June 2010.

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7.3 Formal garden- 1st terrace

The 1st terrace of the formal garden is situated on the Southeast side of the main building. The surroundings of the building among the 1st terrace of the formal garden are pretty much the only areas on the site that are somehow maintained. Maintenance means in this case one or two scythes per season. There are still some structures to be seen from the old days of the garden; a pool that is now filled with rose plants and a fence of Thujas. Old steps are going down to the other terraces and a staircase “Crotta” is connecting 1st and 2nd terrace. Letter “B” on the reference map indicates the location of this part of the garden.

Figures 7& 8. Views from the backdoor of the main building on the 1st terrace. (photos taken by Annika Pöyhtäri).

7.4 Formal garden- 2nd terrace “Water garden”

The 2nd terrace of formal garden is located in the lower part of the back garden Southeast from the main building. Area is marked with a letter “C” on the reference map. It is scythed once or twice a year and the area is really overgrown. Many trees are old and in a poor shape. There are two pits in the area as well which were I assumed, were constructed as water features. My assumption turned out to be right. However, when interviewing Mrs Cybil Mola, it turned out that these pits were never filled with water. 2nd terrace is important part of the garden and an

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important passage to the 3rd terrace when coming from the 1st terrace and from the other areas in the back garden of the property.

Fiqures 9&10. Current state of the pits in 2nd terrace. (photos taken by Annika Pöyhtäri).

7.5 Formal garden- 3rd terrace

3rd terrace (area D on a reference map) is the biggest separate area of the formal garden. Like all the other areas it is also really overgrown and unstructured. There is a big pit in the middle of the area and the lines of old pathways are there to be seen. Old benches and the lines of trees are in a poor shape but at least they are there to be seen to figure out the main lines of pathways and spots for different structures. Like in other parts of the garden, pit was never filled with water but it was still constructed as a dream of the old inhabitant of the property.

Fiqures 11&12. View from the 3rd terrace towards the castle in summer and winter. (Photos taken by Annika

Pöyhtäri).

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7.6 Ladies` garden

Ladies` garden has its own, almost romantic atmosphere and it is a separate area of a bigger ensemble. Ladies` garden consists of a pool, a salon with columns, a gate to the area and a memorial for soviet soldiers that are buried into the pool. Area is located in Southeast corner of the garden (letter E on a reference map). The structures such as pool, salon and the gate are in poor shape. Vegetation has taken over the garden and it is unstructured. Interesting topic regarding this area is the different layers of history; how this kind of area with lots of different influences should be treated?

Figures 13, 14 and 15. Ladies` garden in June 2010. (photos taken by Annika Pöyhtäri).

7.7 Kitchen garden

Kitchen garden is located in the East corner of the main building (letter F on a reference map). After three site visits the kitchen garden is still a bit of a mystery. For the time being the area is closed by wooden blanks and a barbed wire. In an interview made with a formal resident, Mrs Cybil Mola I was told that the area used to be a kitchen garden (Interview May 2010).

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Figures 16&17. Barbed wire and wooden planks block the way to the kitchen garden. (Photos taken by Annika

Pöyhtäri).

7.8 Event square

Area G on a reference map, Event square, is located on Westside of the main building. For the time being the square is used for bypassing when going out from the premises by car. This can be seen in the surface of the square; there is a road going in the middle and cars are also parked there. Presently there are two surface materials on the square; turf and macadamised road surface. Turf had been spreading to macadamised surface over the years because of lack of maintenance.

Figure 18. “Event square” (Photo taken by Annika Pöyhtäri).

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8 DEFINING THE CHARACTERISTICS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE SITE First parts of the castle were built in first part of the 18th century and the building has it characteristics of styles from Baroque age to the Neo- Baroque of the 20th century. According to Central European Database the garden of Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle has the characteristics of classical garden (Central European historic garden database 24.5.2011). Classic themes were dominant in French baroque. Classic style was seen in architecture which is often called Baroque classicism. The artistic aims of the era are all to be found in Versailles. This monument combines architecture, interior design, visual arts and garden art exceptionally. André Le Notre (1613-1700) had a strong influence on the garden art and landscape architecture in this era and he was also present in the project Versailles. The terraces of the classical garden had a majestic, open and widely spread structure instead of the terraces in Italian baroque style garden with their steep and small terraces that were surrounded by walls. In French style baroque garden terraces were usually the entire width of the garden. Terraces were connected to each other by stairs, ramps or embankments covered with lawns. (Sinisalo 1997. 99-109.) The basis of a garden of this style was the main axis that goes via main building. According to this axis geometrical garden beds “broder parterres”, tree allees, pathways and water features were located. Area that are left from these structures are filled with decorative motifs (Broderie) garden beds (parter) and shrub plantings (Bosquet). Statues and other decorative motifs give rhythm to the pathways. The layout of the garden turns more natural when going further from the main building. (Stylistic features of a formal garden 30.5.2011).

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9 DEVELOPMENT PLAN

9.1 Guidelines

The key to conceptualization of the site is to define the future use of the property. This sets ground rules on the guidelines of the development plan. Finding one main concept for the plan is really important in order to support the characteristic of the historical garden. The history of the site is something one can not ignore. This should be presented in a way that fits into the concept; elements that do not go along with the concept are to be removed. In the site in question these kind of elements could be for example chicken yards and gas changing station. As Dr. Éva Szikra noted in her article (Szikra 2000, 112-115), passages and roads are to be built or deconstructed following the old lines. Some parts of the garden need harvesting and dead trees and plants should be removed and replaced with new ones. Formality of the garden is to be restored into its old glory as well as the structures that are still there to be found. The key point of the plan is to find a way to combine historical features with modern ones. Garden buildings should be renovated along with sculptures, pools and terraces.

9.2 Boundary conditions

Firenze declaration sets main boundary conditions on the ways the site should be treated in future. Thorough research prior to the actual work has to be made with special care. It has to include excavations and thorough preliminary study of the records relating to the garden. The garden that is under research should be related also to other similar gardens. Also financial resources can be seen as a boundary condition. In this project financial resources can be regarded as a boundary condition, as at the moment there are no funds to restore and develope the site.

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9.3 Principles

Principles for the development plan can be found in the Firenze declaration. In 16th article it is stated, that restoration work has to respect the successive stages of evolution of the site that is being studied. It also points out, that all the different phases and periods that the garden has undergone should be respected and none of them should be highlighted on an expense of the other. It is important to make thorough research on a historical site before starting of the practical work.

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10 PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

Proposals on how the site should be developed are based on the research that was made during the project. As the future use of the property is not clear yet, proposals are stated on a very general level. Suggestions are to be found on the schematic map “Development plan”. The division of the area that was first introduced in the analysis maps is the same to make it easier to follow the plan. Overall there are a few actions that should be done everywhere in the site; vegetation should be cleared and some trees and plants replaced, buildings and old structures should be renovated and the maintenance of the structures and vegetation should be organized.

10.1 The main entrance

To give the area more structure and emphasize the main entrance it is important to define the borders between different surface materials. It is seen in an old black and white photos, that the area used to be open and there were not so many different surface materials there in the old days. Based on this it is justified to suggest that the main surface material would be macadamized surface. In the immediate vicinity of the entrance the pavement has been layed with natural stones that fit well to the atmosphere. The condition of the natural stone pavement should be valued and prepared if needed. When visiting the site and from aerial photos, it is clear, that there is a need for official parking lot in the premises. There should be a few parking spaces addressed next to the main entrance as well. From an old photo it can be seen, that there used to be climbers growing next to the main entrance. Éva Szikra was also stating that there was some annual flowers placed next to the buildings. This suggests that there should be some vegetation added but what and where is still to be investigated.

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At the moment there are some signs to be found around the premises but if the site is to be more frequently visited and the number of people adds up it would be good to offer proper guidance to the recreation routes of the landscape garden and place a base plan of the site for visitors to study.

10.2 Event square

I gave the name “Event square” to this area because it is an important spot for the events organized in the village every year; St. George days in April, the Late Summer Merry- making around (national holiday on the 20th of August) and the vintage procession in September- October (Presentation document, 2010). Celebrations are spread everywhere in the park, but it is good to have some open space for these kinds of events. In every day life the area is used for bypassing when going out from the premises. During the site visits there were many cars parked in the area as well. As the area is going to be kept open it would be a good area for the main parking lot as well. The turf was spread onto the macadamized surface. It should be cleared and the area should be set on the level and covered with macadamized surface. In the future it is vital to maintain the area regularly.

10.3 Formal garden- 1st terrace

The first terrace is the main entrance to the formal garden when coming from the main building. The old structures that still remain in the area should be renovated. Many structures, such as statues have disappeared from the site, like it is seen in the old photos. Trees and plants should be cut and the ones that can not be saved should be replaced. The comfortability of the area should be increased by adding some vegetation (annuals) and furniture. The main axis line should have a defined structure and it could be covered with macadamized surface material to easy up the way to the other terraces. The staircase “Crotta” connecting this terrace to the 2nd terrace should be renovated and made safe to use.

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10.3 Formal garden- 2nd terrace ” Water garden”

The first thing to do in the 2nd terrace is the clearing of vegetation and replacement of trees that are dying out. The maintenance of the area should be done on more regular bases to give the area more defined structure. There could be a straight pathway covered with macadamized surface material to make the crossing from the 1st terrace to the 3rd one easier. Next to the pits there is a demand for relaxed seating places. Pits were meant to be filled with water but maybe water could be brought to the area in future with environmental art/ land art pieces. This would give a nice twist to the atmosphere and combine old fashioned and modern style well. The idea of environmental art would advocate its place especially if the site is going to be turned into a cultural center in future.

10.4 Formal garden- 3rd terrace

It is seen in the old photos and maps that there used to be a strict structure in the 3rd terrace of the formal garden. This structure is there to be found also in current aerial photos. Old lines should be defined again and parterre structure introduced to the spot. The question of annuals should be investigated more; were there any to support the parterre structure like it often happened in the era concerned? Old benches are in a poor shape and they should be removed and replaced with new ones. The style for the benches and other furniture should be defined. Trees that are in a poor shape should be replaced and the ones that can be saved should have their old strict forms back. According to Ms. Mola, there should have been water in the pit that is in the middle of the structure. However, this was never realised because of a lack of water in the area. Maybe some environmental art could be introduced to the site in future. Pieces of art could be made with vegetation or some other structures to resemble water features.

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10.5 Ladies` garden

The name “Ladies` garden” came up when interviewing Ms. Cybil Mola. The family knew the area by this name in the old days. Ladies` garden consists of a pool, a salon with columns, a gate to the area and a memorial for soviet soldiers that are buried in the pool. The structures such as pool, salon and the gate should be renovated and overgrown vegetation should be cleared. Defining the borderlines between different surface materials is important to give the garden more structure and finalized look. To respect the different phases that the area has undergone, it would be appropriate to keep the memorial of soviet soldiers as well as the pool as it is now.

10.6 Kitchen garden

Kitchen garden was also a topic that came up when talking to Ms. Mola. There is now indication on the usage of the place in the reference material that was found when researching the site but the idea of kitchen garden seems to advocate its place strongly. The area should be reopened for the public and could be renovated into a relaxing small scale garden for the visitors. The idea of “Potager”, a French style structured kitchen garden with commercial plants could be investigated. This structure would fit to the same era which the garden is from and would give a nice bonus to the atmosphere of the garden (Stylistic features of a kitchen garden 11.5.2011).

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11 DISCUSSION

The objective of this thesis was to study the history of Hungarian garden art and get in to the principles of how historical garden development and renovation are handled on European level. Historical gardens are well presented in Hungary. Sometimes the deterioration of the sites seems inevitable. However, while working on this project it became clear to me, that these sites are well respected among locals and there is definitely a strong will with people to take action to make sure that these sites have a future. In the beginning of the report the main points of the history of Hungarian garden art are covered to orientate the reader into the topic. Majority of historical gardens in Hungary are nowadays turned into landscape gardens. The future of the Amadè- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle garden is still unclear. The garden, which this project has a focus on is one of the few formal gardens in Hungary, which makes the question of how to develop the site even more important. The outcome of the study are the maps made about the analysis of the current state of the site and finally suggestions on how to develop the site in future based on the information that was gathered as the project progressed. Surveying the topic was challenging not only because of the language barriers, but also because information seems to be scattered around in different offices with various locations. The results of this project can be used in future as the basis of more detailed environmental plan, but before that, the results should be complemented. When making a detailed base plan on the garden it would be really important to get a hold of some old garden plans on the site. During this project I was not successful in finding them but there are indications that such maps exist. After studying of the maps the garden could be renovated into its old glory. There have been various ideas for the future use of the Amáde- Bajzáth-Pappenheim castle and its surroundings. Before more detailed plans can be made on the garden it is crucial to define the future use of the property.

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The project was interesting and challenging to do, something new to me. Working in an international environment was interesting and I learned a lot. I managed to get enough info to make some suggestions to the development of the site but there is still more things to cover if and when the project takes some steps ahead.

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REFERENCES

Interview: Ms. Cybil Mola. Budapest 2010. Interview 4.5.2010.

Printed references: Fatsar, K. 2008. Magyarszági Barokk kertmuvészet. Helikon Kiadó. Hautamäki, R. 2000. Portti puutarhaan, historiallisten puutarhojen inventointiopas. Museoviraston rakennushistorian osaston julkaisuja 21. Helsinki: Edita Oy. Iszkaszentgyörgy, kastélypark elötanulmány. 1990. Országos Muenléki Felugyelöség. Németh Guyla& Gombsné Kis Edit. 2001. Iszkaszentgyörgy Története. Magyar Millenium Kormánybiztos Hivatala. Preliminary study/inventory. Presentation document from March 2010 (Used by the municipality and Mr. Attila Gáll to present the village and the site for partners of the village). Sinisalo, A. 1997. Puutarhataiteen historian perusteet: luennot 1966-1986 (toim) Maunu Häyrynen. Viherympäristöliiton julkaisu. Helsinki: Painotalo Miktor. 99-109.

Szikra, É. 2000. Iszkaszentgyöry, az Amadè- Bajzáth- Pappenheim- kastél parkja. From a book Galavics Géza (edit.) Historic gardens in and around Hungary- studies on research and restoration. Budapest: MTA Muvészettörteneti kutatuntézet Mágyskiadò, 112-115.

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References on the internet: Central European historic garden database. 24.5.2011. http://www.historicgarden.net/?orszag=1&megye=7&nyelv=&varos=486 Charter of Florence. 24.5.2011. http://www.international.icomos.org/e_floren.htm Charter of Venice. 27.5.2011. http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.htm Map of Hungary. 30.5.2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszkaszentgy%C3%B6rg Stylistic features of a formal garden. 30.5.2011. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muotopuutarha Stylistic features of a kitchen garden. 11.5.2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_garden

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ATTACHEMENTS attachment 1: Division of the areas to be developed 1:2000 attachment 2: Vegetation 1:2000 attachment 3: Structures, views and pathways 1:2000 attachment 4: Development plan

puh. 08- 3126011Metsäkouluntie 90650 OULULUONNONVARA-ALAN YKSIKKÖOULUN SEUDUN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU

K.OSA

RAKENNUSKOHTEEN NIMI JA OSOITE

PÄIVÄYSSUUNNITTELIJA

VIRANOMAISTEN MERKINTÖJÄ

PIIRUSTUSLAJI JUOKS.No

PIIRUSTUKSEN SISÄLTÖ MITTAKAAVAT

SUUN.ALA TYÖ No MUUTOSPIIR.No

YHT.HENKILÖ

KORTTELI/TILA TONTTI/RNo

RAKENNUSTOIMENPIDE

A. Pöyhtäri31.5.2011

be developed

1:2000Division of the areas to

Annika Pöyhtäri

Amadé- Bajzáth- Pappenheim castle garden

Iszkaszentgyörgy, Fejér county, Hungary

AB

C

D

E

F

G

C. 2nd terrace- "Water garden", 2 pits that were never filled with water- Important passage to the 3th garden

DIVISION OF THE AREAS TO BEDEVELOPED

B. 1st terrace- Entrance to the area from the backdoor of the building- Basic maintenance done- Some old structures still remain; a small basin, steps

A. The main entrance- Messy and unstructured- Edges for different surface materials are undefined- The passage is not emphasized

D. 3rd terrace- Overgrown and unstructured- Pit in the middle, lines of old pathways still seen

F. Ladies garden- Overgrown and unstructured- Many structures and layers of history

E. Kitchen garden- Area closed by wooden planks and barbed wire- Deserted area, used to be kitchen garden

G. Event square- Bypass area when going out from the premises- Edges between different surface materials unclear

Building

Sports field

Pathways

Steps Ruins

Border

Woods

Hedge

Stonewall

Structures of ladies garden

Axis

LEGEND

Pit BasinTrees

Benches

All photographs taken by Annika Pöyhtäri

ATTACHMENT 1

Deciduous tree Conifer

Ady Endre Utca

Szabadság utca

Rákóc

zi Fer

enc u

tca

József Attila utca

N

10m 100m

135


K.OSA







YHT.HENKILÖ


RAKENNUSTOIMENPIDE


1:2000The vegetation

Annika Pöyhtäri


Iszkaszentgyörgy, Fejér County, Hungary

Formal lines and structures coveredby overgrown vegetation

Views are blocked due to lack of maintenance

Edges between different surface materials are unclear

Ivy has taken over many structures on the site

Building

Sports field

Pathways

Steps Ruins

Border

Woods

Hedge

Stonewall

Structures of the Ladies garden

Axis

LEGEND

Deciduous tree

Pit

Conifer

Elevation Basin

Benches

ATTACHMENT 2

THE VEGETATION


Ady Endre Utca

Szabadság utca

Rákóc

zi Fer

enc u

tca

József Attila utca

N

10m 100m

150

145

135

140

135


K.OSA







YHT.HENKILÖ


RAKENNUSTOIMENPIDE


1:2000Structures, views and pathways

Annika Pöyhtäri


Iszkaszentgyörgy, Fejér County, Hungary

Pathways- Surface materials in varying condition- Pathways spreading

Furniture& Structures- Some old stone columns, vases and

other structures still remain- Old benches in a poor shape

"Crotta"- The nest- Staircase connecting two

terraces- Vegetation taking over

structures

Ruins- Photo on left: a round-shaped garden building in

romantic style- Photo on right: cold cellar

Pools- Photo on left: an old pool inladies`garden- Photo on right: pool taken over by roses

Photo on left: a pole fencePhoto on right: "French gate", main entranceto the site

STRUCTURES, VIEWS ANDPATHWAYS

Building

Sports field

Pathways

Steps Ruins

Border

Woods

Hedge

Stonewall

Structures of ladies` garden

Axis

LEGEND

Benches ViewsMain passages

Trees BasinPit


ATTACHMENT 3

Ady Endre Utca

Szabadság utca

Rákóc

zi Fer

enc u

tca

József Attila utca

N

10m 100m


K.OSA







YHT.HENKILÖ


RAKENNUSTOIMENPIDE


1:2000Development plan

Annika Pöyhtäri


Iszkaszentgyörgy, Fejér county, Hungary

Ady Endre Utca

Szabadság utca

Rákóc

zi Fer

enc u

tca

József Attila utca

N

10m 100m

150

145

135

140

Building

Sports field

Pathways

Steps Ruins

Border

Woods

Hedge

Stonewall

Structures of ladies garden

Axis

LEGEND

Basin

Pit BenchesTrees

Elevation135

ATTACHMENT 4

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

1. Parking- Main area for parking is area G, "Event square"- Few parking lots are provided in front of the main entranceas well

A. The main entrance- Pavement- Defining borderlines between different surface materials- Parking- Guidance to the recreation routes of the landscape garden

B. 1st terrace- Basin should be cleared from vegetation- Renovation of the old structures- Increasing the comfortability of the area (byadding plants/ structures i. e benches& tables)

C. 2nd terrace- Scything and maintenance of whole area-Replacement of old and damaged trees- Environmental art: plants or material that indicatewater e.g by colour

D. 3rd terrace-Defining old pathways-Parterres to be defined again and reconstructed according to the style ofera

E. Kitchen garden- A place for relaxation with herbal plants etc.- Clearing the area, making it safe for public- Following the idea of "Potager" (French style structured kitchen garden)

F. Ladies garden- Clearing of overgrown vegetation- Pool remains as the grave of soviet soldiers- Defining different surface materials and edges

G. Event square- Removing overgrown lawn, covering the whole area with macadamisedsurface- Parking area

2. Annuals- Arranged flower beds on the side of the buildings- Annuals could be added to the parterres as well toemphasize the structure

3. Info boards- Renovation of existing signs- Adding signage to recreation routes oflandscape garden

5. Environmental art- Environmental art to combine historical atmospherewith modern facilities and structures for example inwater features

6. Furnishing- Removing and replacing of existing furniture

7. Vegetation, harvesting etc.- Vegetation should be cleared throughout the area to open the views and finalizethe maintained look of the park

4. Lighting-- Styling of lamps and furniture compatible- Timing of lighting

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