unicef annual report

Copyright © The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New York, 2000

c o n t e n t s

2000 unicef annual report Covering 1 January to 31 December 1999

The mission of UNICEF ........................................................................................... 1

Foreword ........................................................................................................... 2By United Nations Secretary-General

Overview ........................................................................................................... 3By UNICEF Executive Director

Poverty: Breaking the patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

AIDS: Shattering the silence .................................................................................... 8The AIDS preventive: Awareness (photo essay) ..................................................10

Armed conflict: Rebuilding lives ..............................................................................14

Discrimination: Creating equality .............................................................................16

Partnerships and fund-raising .................................................................................18

Where UNICEF works (map) ...................................................................................22

Resources and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Tables and chartsUNICEF income 1997-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Contributions to UNICEF vs. GNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Programmes funded from regular resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26UNICEF expenditure on programmes by sector, 1995 and 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Contributions to UNICEF by source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Top 20 donors to UNICEF, 1999 .....................................................................28Total UNICEF income by source of funding, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

UNICEF is mandated by the United NationsGeneral Assembly to advocate for the protectionof children’s rights, to help meet their basicneeds and to expand their opportunities toreach their full potential.

UNICEF is guided by the Convention on theRights of the Child and strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical principlesand international standards of behaviourtowards children.

UNICEF insists that the survival, protection and development of children are universaldevelopment imperatives that are integral tohuman progress.

UNICEF mobilizes political will and materialresources to help countries, particularly developing countries, ensure a “first call forchildren” and to build their capacity to formappropriate policies and deliver services forchildren and their families.

UNICEF is committed to ensuring special protection for the most disadvantaged children – victims of war, disasters, extremepoverty, all forms of violence and exploitationand those with disabilities.

UNICEF responds in emergencies to protect therights of children. In coordination with UnitedNations partners and humanitarian agencies,UNICEF makes its unique facilities for rapidresponse available to its partners to relievethe suffering of children and those who providetheir care.

UNICEF is non-partisan and its cooperation isfree of discrimination. In everything it does,the most disadvantaged children and the countries in greatest need have priority.

UNICEF aims, through its country programmes,to promote the equal rights of women and girlsand to support their full participation in thepolitical, social, and economic developmentof their communities.

UNICEF works with all its partners towards theattainment of the sustainable human develop-ment goals adopted by the world communityand the realization of the vision of peace andsocial progress enshrined in the Charter of theUnited Nations.

the missionof unicef

f o r e w o r dNow in its eleventh year of existence, the Convention on the Rights of the Child isthe most widely ratified human rights treaty in history. Yet children around the worldcontinue to be vulnerable to grave threats such as chronic poverty, armed conflict,AIDS and discrimination. We must therefore continue to uphold our commitment tothe spirit of the Convention.

UNICEF leads the way in helping the world community make good on its commitments to children. Through its work with governments, other UnitedNations agencies, international organizations, civil society groups, communities, theprivate sector and others, UNICEF works to ensure that the principles of theConvention underpin laws, policies and practices of importance to children’s rights.

UNICEF and its partners made headway in 1999 by assisting millions of childrenaffected by AIDS, bolstering social services for the poor, rebuilding schools in war-torn societies and promoting equal rights for girls and women. Still, much moreremains to be done. Nothing short of full and universal application of the rights andprinciples set forth in the Convention will allow for the full protection of all childrenand for full realization of the potential that each young life represents.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child was a milestone for internationalhuman rights. But a paramount challenge remains: turning its words into action. Only then will we be able to build a more prosperous and peaceful world for all ofhumanity, one child at a time.

Kofi A. AnnanSecretary-Generalof the United Nations

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An undeclared war is raging – a confla-gration stoked by poverty, HIV/AIDS,outright armed conflict and discrimina-tion. Day after day in country aftercountry, one or more, and sometimesall, of these sabotage development andthe realization of rights, especially forchildren and women.

Vastly broadened partnerships are avital and effective way to fight thesefoes. One of the greatest challenges is toknit together a common front, a globalsafety net of such alliances, to ensurethat children can grow up in a world safefrom violence and exploitation and freeof poverty and discrimination, wheretheir gender is not a liability and wherethey can be healthy and free to learn anddevelop to the fullest, both as engagedcitizens and as caring family members.

In 1999, one such partnership pushedthe world closer to a much-desire dmilestone: the near eradication of polio.For the second year in a row, more thantwo thirds of the world’s children underfive were immunized against the disease,thanks largely to the long-standingcooperation of governments, RotaryI n t e rnational, UNICEF, the Wo r l dHealth Organization and other part n e r s .In conflict areas, where access to immu-nization is difficult, UNICEF workedwith many parties to help negotiatetruces that allowed health workers tovaccinate millions of children (nearly 9 million in the Democratic Republic ofCongo alone) against polio and otherchild-killer diseases.

With achievements such as this to spurus on, the world needs to turn its time,e n e rgy and re s o u rces to halting therelentless spread of HIV/AIDS, which isthe gravest of all threats to children. Insub-Saharan Africa, in particular, theepidemic is reversing decades of childs u rvival and health gains, orphaningmillions, imperilling yet another gener-ation of young people and laying waste tomuch of the fragile social and economic

progress societies have made. In 1999, we intensified our efforts to

contain the ravages of HIV/AIDS andcontinued our efforts to assure childrena better future in the 21st century, witheducation a paramount focus as the keyto a world of greater equity, peace andproductivity. Ensuring that every girlenjoys her right to an education is a particular concern, even more so as wehave learned that when schools are suc-cessful in educating girls, they are successful in educating all children.

All our efforts for children continueto build on the momentum created bythe 1990 World Summit for Childrenand by the nearly universal ratificationof the Convention on the Rights of theChild. This landmark treaty, togetherwith the Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen, guides all of UNICEF’s work.

Our vision is clear and our commit-ment is firmer than ever that a significantleap in human development is possiblewithin a single generation if we do three

things: help children obtain the bestpossible start in their early years; g i v ee v e ry child a quality basic education; andmake sure that adolescents have ade-quate support and opportunities todevelop their capabilities.

The re s o u rces, know-how and means allexist to make these outcomes for childre npossible. What is now required are newalliances of people working for the real-ization of child rights – from leaders ingovernment and civil society, includingprivate enterprise, to community gro u p s ,families and children themselves.

I begin my second term as UNICEF’sExecutive Director determined to bro a d e nand strengthen the vital constituency forc h i l d ren. Given the daunting challenges,we must do all we can for children. And we must do it now.

Carol BellamyExecutive DirectorUNICEF

o v erv i e w

Carol Bellamy (centre) visiting a refugee camp in Kukes (Albania).

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Facing the C h a l l e n g ePoverty is a fact of life for more than 1 billionpeople on earth – and half of them are children.Along with women, children suffer the mostwhen resources are scarce. At least 600 millionchildren and adolescents grow up in familiesstruggling to survive on incomes of less than$1 a day. But no dollar measurement can conveythe hardship of children who are malnourished,whose water is unsafe to drink, who miss schooland who grow up without ever visiting theinside of a health facility.

Poverty not only destroys hopes and opportu-nities but also causes lasting damage to youngminds and bodies. In developing countries,poverty is the root cause of the tragic fact that

around 11 million children under five die eachyear, mostly from preventable diseases, andmalnutrition plays a major role in around halfof these deaths. Pneumonia, diarrhoea, malariaand measles are the main killers.

P o v e r t y ’s hand is also evident when childrenare not in school or receive poor-quality educa-tion, when children work at hazardous andexploitative jobs, when girls marry and becomepregnant early and when families succumb todomestic violence.

In poverty, girls fare the worst. They are morelikely than boys to miss out on health, educationand other basic social services, and their disad-vantage grows in times of economic downturn.

Many factors are quickening the downwardspiral of poverty: the devastation brought on by

HIV/AIDS, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; there-emergence of malaria and tuberculosis asmajor health emergencies in many countries;and armed conflicts, which continue to decimatesocieties and drain their resources. Nations aregrappling with all these problems at a time whendevelopment assistance has plummeted anddebt burdens have reached an all-time high.

Ac h i eving ResultsChildhood is the most crucial time forb reaking povert y ’s cycle. Our workbegins during a child’s first years, whenthe foundations are laid for lifelong educational attainment, health and productivity. We support programmesthat provide very young children withgood health care, adequate nutrition,intellectual stimulation, protection fromviolence and opportunities to play. Andwe work with partners at all levels tohelp provide school-age children with aquality education – the most importantstepping stone out of povert y. During theadolescent years, we assist in providingyoung people with the support andguidance they need to develop theirpotential and contribute their ideas andtalents to the societies in which they live.

UNICEF values children’s opinionsabout how best to accomplish these endsand encourages young people to partic-ipate in making decisions affecting theirlives. In 1999, for example, in 20 countriesin the Americas and the Caribbean,UNICEF polled 12,000 children aged 9to 18 about which issues were importantto them. Results of the poll will helpinform our work in the region.

UNICEF supports the eff o rts ofnations to invest in good health care,quality education and a safe and sup-portive environment for children and tomeet the year 2000 goals for the surv i v a l ,protection and development of children,established at the 1990 World Summitfor Children. One result of these effortsis that nearly three out of every fourchildren in developing countries nowhave access to clean water. And a largerp e rcentage of children are now inschool than at any time previously.

p o v e r t y :breaking the patterns

Bolivian children, such as these four from the Andean highlands, enjoy free health care under a health insuranceprogramme launched by the Government in 1999, with UNICEF support.

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But many World Summit promiseshave not been fulfilled, and there are indi-cations that the pace of progress slowedduring the 1990s. UNICEF is helpingcollect data to assess progress and eachyear has published a score c a rd of nations’achievements in The Progress of Nations.

To bolster national efforts to alleviatepoverty, we have increased the percent-age of our resources allocated to leastdeveloped countries.

Seizing crucial opportunitiesBreaking the poverty cycle in ways thatwill last must begin with improving

the quality of children’s lives. There areo p p o rtunities in the life cycle of childre nand adolescents when the appropriateinvestments can make a world of difference. UNICEF believes that thefollowing three outcomes for childrendeserve priority attention. ■ A good start to life: All infants shouldbegin life in good health, and youngchildren should be nurtured in a caringe n v i ronment that enhances their physical,emotional and intellectual capabilities. ■ A good-quality basic education: All c h i l d ren should have access to, andcomplete, basic education in learningenvironments that are clean, safe, intel-lectually stimulating and that build confidence and life skills. ■ Adolescents who are caring, productiveand responsible citizens: Adolescence is atime of both promise and vulnerability,and young people should be guaranteeda safe and supportive environment pro-viding ample opportunities to partici-pate in the community and developtheir full potential.

Caring for the ‘whole’ childHelping the poorest children survivetheir first years of life has always been at the heart of UNICEF’s work. Now,we must make greater efforts to meetthe challenge of protecting and deve-loping their physical, emotional andintellectual potential.

To better match our resources to theexciting possibilities unfolding in childdevelopment, we are working towardsimproving our strategies to meet theneeds of the ‘whole’ child. A good startto life for children requires that all thoseworking on their behalf strive for a con-v e rgence of activities in health, education,water and sanitation and protection. ■ The Philippines has combined manyactivities in its early childhood care pro-gramme. For example, community healthand nutrition posts set up in 1999 in fivecities and in various villages (barangays)in 20 provinces provide an array of services that include growth monitoring

and promotion, immunization, oral re h y-dration therapy for diarrhoeal diseasesand prevention and treatment of acuterespiratory infections. The centres, runby community volunteers, also counselmothers on the benefits of play and otherforms of early psychosocial stimulationfor their children. A complementaryeffort is improving day-care services forthe very young. UNICEF pro v i d e stechnical support, supplies and training.■ In Jordan, an early childhood pro-gramme focuses on children with dis-abilities. UNICEF helps train healthworkers in the early detection of disabil-ities, which is a key aspect of householdsurveys being conducted. By the end of1999, the surveys had covered 60,000people. In Mafraq, an urban area of171,000 people, hundreds of childrenwith disabilities receive specialized services as well as better care both athome and at school thanks to aUNICEF-supported home visit project

In Sri Lanka, where more than 450,000children work as domestic serv a n t s ,UNICEF joined government agencies, themedia and the private sector to launch an anti-child labour campaign. The tele-vision spot created for the campaign wonthe 1999 Gold Award from the Sri LankaInstitute of Marketing. The campaign urgedpeople to call a hotline set up by authoritiesif they saw a child domestic under the ageof 14, the legal limit. Free time and spacefor the campaign were donated by variousmedia. This poster, published in Sinhalaand Tamil languages, reads, in part: “It isyour duty to free employed children! Callthe hotline!”

During a vaccination campaign in Mozambique, a toddlertakes a slip of paper indicating that he should receive a doseof vitamin A, which prevents blindness and boosts immunityto disease. The number of African children receiving thisessential micronutrient has doubled since 1997, largelybecause of vitamin A distribution during UNICEF-supportedNational Immunization Days.

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implemented by government healthworkers and community volunteers.

Caring for the child also means caring for the mother, and UNICEFcontinues to work with a range of partners to ensure that women haveaccess to health care and can claim theirrights. In 1999, UNICEF helped reduceiron deficiency among women throughvarious means. In Cuba, Indonesia,Oman, Yemen and other countries,UNICEF supported efforts to fortifyfood with iron and, in 57 countries,

helped pregnant women obtain iro nfolate tablets.■ In Cambodia, in just one year, from1998 to 1999, a village-based pro g r a m m ecombining health, nutrition, sanitation,women’s literacy and early childhoodcare has reduced malnutrition amongwomen and children under five by 10 percent and more. Around 40,000 childrenand 60,000 women in 581 villages wereweighed regularly as part of growthmonitoring and promotion activities.Women were counselled on variousissues: the importance of nutritiousdiets, the benefits of breastfeeding andhow to obtain health care and improvehygiene at home.

Improving basic social servicesPoverty’s grip cannot be broken withoutgreater investments in basic health careand education, nutrition and clean waterand sanitation. UNICEF promotes the20/20 Initiative, which encourages bothdeveloping and donor nations to allocate 20 per cent of their budgets and devel-opment assistance, respectively, to thesebasic social services. We also encouragedebt relief for the most heavily indebtedcountries so that they can channel moreof their resources into basic social serv-ices. In Uganda, for example, resourcesfreed from debt servicing are being usedto ensure children’s right to a qualitybasic education.■ In Zimbabwe, hundreds of families inpoor neighbourhoods on the outskirtsof Harare, the capital, now have low-cost, ecologically sound latrines in ornear their homes thanks to a UNICEF-supported project, launched this year,that aims to improve sanitation for16,000 people in the area thro u g hhygiene education and safe disposal ofhuman waste. The latrines already constructed are properly used and main-tained because community re s i d e n t swere fully involved in the design andimplementation of the project.

Amela Bajram, age four, stares at thebrightly illustrated educational cardslaid out on the kitchen table. Slowly,she begins to pair colours and shapesas her mother looks on with pride.

Amela is from a poor Roma familyin the town of Bitola in the formerYugoslav Republic (TFYR) of Mace-donia. The cards are her only play-thing. Like most poor children, shedoes not attend pre-school; only 13per cent of children do.

But Amela’s days have become morestimulating thanks to the Lifestartprogramme for early childhood care.Each month, she and her mothermeet with a ‘Family Visitor’ hired andtrained with support from UNICEF.He discusses good parenting withher mother and gives Amela a poem

or song to learn. He also lends the girl an educational game or toy, whichshe returns to him on the following visit.

“Be patient with Amela, encourage her,” he tells Amela’s mother as heexplains the stages of a child’s physical, emotional and intellectual development. These stages are described in the ‘Growing Child’ curricu-lum, a set of simple reading materials developed by a psychologist andadapted for TFYR Macedonia with the help of the Ireland-based LifestartFoundation. The Foundation also helps train the programme’s staff andassists with monitoring and evaluation.

The Lifestart programme, begun in 1998, is implemented by govern m e n tagencies and women’s NGOs. It has reached 7,000 families through homevisits and community sessions that the mothers often arrange themselves.The aim is to reach half of all pre-school children by the end of 2000.

Amela enjoys the increased attention from her mother and she especiallylikes the toys and games she receives. Already prizing this month’s selection,she calls out to the Family Visitor as he prepares to go, “Don’t forget toleave me the cards!”

a Roma girl learns through play

In the town of Gaurpara (Bangladesh),children examine hygiene information ona sandwich-board at the local latrine-partsshop. UNICEF supports the distribution anddisplay of hygiene messages in such shopsin Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Nigeria.

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In 1999, UNICEF worked with many partners to increase enrolment, improvequality in the classroom and – as an increasing priority – open education’s doorsto the more than 110 million school-age children not in school.

education: reaching the unreached

girlsIn the Gambia, girls’ enrolment jumpedfrom 41 per cent in 1991/92 to 63 per centin 1998/99 because of schools welcominggirls through various means, including sen-sitizing teachers, parents and communityleaders to the obstacles girls face. TheGambia is one of the more than 30 countriestaking part in the African Girls’ EducationInitiative, a UNICEF-led coalition of gov-ernments, NGOs and other organizations.

children who workIn 1999 in Brazil, UNICEF joined a coalitionof 42 national groups to launch ‘Children ingarbage dumps, never again!’, a campaignto provide education to 50,000 childrenwho collect waste for resale. The campaignaims to eventually eliminate such labour.UNICEF launched a 29-nation pilot pro-gramme in 1999 to promote education as apreventative to child labour.

children living inremote areasIn Nepal, the ‘BalShiksha’ (childre n ’splace of learning) non-formal education pro-gramme operating in23 districts helped83,000 children livingin remote areas go toschool in 1999.

children ofminoritiesIn Viet Nam, nearly30,000 Khmer andother minority childre nenjoyed early gradei n s t ruction in theirlocal languages in 1999,thanks to the Multi-grade and BilingualEducation pro g r a m m eserving Viet Nam’s 53ethnic minorities.

children in emergenciesIn the United Republic of Tanzania’s camps forrefugees from the crisis in the Great Lakes region,UNICEF helped 96,000 children receive primaryschooling in 1999. Textbooks were procured fromBurundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo –home countries to most of the camps’ children –and eff o rts were made to have the results of pass/fail examinations accepted in these two countries. The curriculum also used theatre andgames to teach children about conflict resolution.

children in extreme povertyIn Nicaragua, children who are very poor, whowork or who are older than the primary school age benefit from a programme offering primaryeducation with flexible schedules and mixed gradelevels. Launched in 1997, the programme had beenadopted by more than 500 schools by the end of1999, reaching 175,000 children. Among theschools participating in the project, enro l m e n tjumped by 48 per cent.

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Facing the C h a l l e n g eAn epidemic that is destroying more lives thanall the armed conflicts raging today, AIDS is acomplex global emergency demanding themost urgent attention of the world community.In sub-Saharan Africa, the disease is the worstsocial and human catastrophe in history. Of the2.8 million people who died of AIDS in 1999,79 per cent were African.

AIDS is draining the resources and staminaof extended families and governments alreadystrained to the limit. It has set back hard-wongains in child survival, health and education inmany countries and will do even more damageas millions of people infected with HIV developAIDS. Poverty and armed conflict worsen thetragedy of HIV/AIDS, and the ‘culture of silence’surrounding the issue has prevented neededaction from taking place.

The AIDS toll on childrenOn any one day in 1999, millions of childrenaround the world grieved for dead or dying parents and other loved ones affected by

HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many of thesechildren, lacking the care and support of theirparents, went without nutritious meals, healthcare and schooling. And a good number ofthose who did attend school were likely to losetheir teachers to AIDS: An estimated 860,000children in sub-Saharan Africa lost their teachersto the disease in 1999 alone.

The tragedy does not end there. Because ofmother-to-child transmission of HIV and otherforms of exposure to the virus, large numbersof these same children have begun their ownpainful slide towards disease and death. Todate, nearly 4 million children under the age of15 have died from AIDS, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

By the end of 1999, a cumulative total of13.2 million children had, before the age of15, lost their mother or both parents to AIDS.Some children orphaned by AIDS have lovingfamily members, usually grandmothers, totake care of them. But many others end up isolated, in abusive households, in institutionsor on the streets.

A I DS:shattering the s i l e n c e

In Zambia, a young girl orphaned by AIDS reads near her foster mother, who holds a baby.

AIDS: A tragedy told in numbers

■ Every minute, six young peoplebelow the age of 25 become infectedwith HIV.

■ At the end of 1999, 34.3 millionpeople in the world were living withH I V, 24.5 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

■ In 1999, AIDS killed 10 times morepeople in sub-Saharan Africa than didall the conflicts raging in that region.

■ Girls’ rates of infection outpacethose of boys in many places. InZambia, more than twice as many girlsare infected with HIV as are boys.

■ In the Mekong region of South-EastAsia, 7.2 million people are livingwith AIDS. One fifth of them wereinfected in one year, between 1998and 1999.(See also photo essay, ‘The AIDS preventive:Awareness’, pages 10 to 13.)

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Each year, we learn more about how bestto support families, communities andgovernments in their struggle againstAIDS, through our work with thesepartners as well as with NGOs, themedia and the private sector. UNICEFis a key member of the Joint UnitedNations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS), a leading global force in the struggle against AIDS. We alsocooperate with other UN agencies in theUnited Nations Development AssistanceFramework (UNDAF), which has laidthe groundwork for a collaborativeapproach to fighting AIDS in easternand southern Africa.

U N I C E F ’s goal is to address theunderlying causes of the AIDS epidemic,reduce the vulnerability of childre n ,adolescents and women and mitigate theimpact of disease and death. In 1999, weexpanded our staff in the most-affectedcountries, and we continued to supportcommunities in protecting the rights ofc h i l d ren, young people and womenaffected by AIDS.

Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIVUNICEF plays a leading role in effortsto prevent what is a prime cause of deathamong children in many countries in eastern and southern Africa – by supporting prevention programmes inmore than 20 countries. In 1999, 11countries – 9 of them in sub-SaharanAfrica – took part in a pilot programme,launched with support from UNICEF,that offers voluntary and confidentialcounselling and testing for women andtheir partners; administers AZT (ananti-retroviral drug that reduces HIVtransmission from mother to child); andp rovides information about bre a s t f e e d i n g ,counselling on infant feeding optionsand improved prenatal care. The pro-gramme improves HIV prevention andre p roductive health services for all women,including those not infected with HIV.

Strengthening young people’shealth and developmentIn Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda andZimbabwe, UNICEF assists the StraightTalk project, a series of newspapers andradio talk shows coordinated by youthsto provide their peers with informationon reproductive health. By the end of1999, Kenya’s Straight Talk newspaperhad a monthly circulation of 700,000.

UNICEF also works with partners toset up youth-friendly health services foradolescents and youth. And we helpchildren who could be at risk of sexualexploitation by supporting their right toeducation, which is the best prevention.To reduce HIV infection among childre nand adolescents who are exploited, wes u p p o rt programmes that offer inform a t i o nabout sexually transmitted infections aswell as counselling, legal advice andprotection and other services.

Education: The ‘AIDS vaccine’Education, especially for children andyoung people, is crucial to prevent HIV/AIDS, and it helps counter the discrim-ination suff e red by those infected.UNICEF helps provide inform a t i o nthat addresses the underlying attitudes,values and skills. ■ In Namibia, UNICEF worked withyoung people to develop a school curriculum, entitled ‘My Future Is MyChoice’, which teaches youth vital lifeskills, such as how to negotiate in relationships and make informed deci-sions. More than 40,000 young peoplein Namibia have used the 11-sessioncurriculum – 17,000 in 1999 alone. ■ In Zimbabwe, adolescents participatein role-playing and other activities thathelp them learn about HIV/AIDS andlife skills. The weekly lessons are pro v i d e dt h rough the UNICEF-supported nationalAIDS Action Programme for Schools.■ In Myanmar, UNICEF and theMyanmar Red Cross support a life skills project, which by the end of 1999had trained more than 17,000 youthsaged 15 to 24 and had helped conveyprevention messages to an additional80,000 young people.

Helping children and families obtain care and servicesChildren orphaned by AIDS are bests u p p o rted in a caring family and community environment. In Malawi,UNICEF provides training and othersupport to Village Orphan Committeesmade up of children, adults and villageleaders. The project has helped morethan 240,000 orphaned children thro u g hservices such as community gardens andday-care centres.

Support for staff affected by AIDSMany UNICEF staff members havedied from AIDS or have been otherwiseaffected by the disease. In Zambia, theCaring for Us project was developed tohelp staff cope with grief, tension andother problems caused by the epidemic.The project is being adopted by otherUNICEF offices and UN organizations.

Ac h i eving Results

This illustration is from the comic book,C h o i c e s , produced by UNICEF in 1999, thatteaches adolescents in sub-Saharan Africaabout HIV and other risks of early sexualactivity. Developed with input from youngpeople, Choices is part of a multimediaseries based on the life of Sara, a fictionalcharacter between 13 and 15 years oldwho acts as a strong role model for girls.

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the A I D S p r e v e n t i v e : a

AIDS takes a ruthless toll on the young. Nearly 4 million children under 15years old have died of the disease since the epidemic began, and approx i m a t e l y1.3 million children 15 and under are living with HIV. Millions more havebeen orphaned when their mothers or both parents died of AIDS.

In addition to grief and loss, children affected by AIDS face untold hardshipswhen their extended families are strained to extremes in trying to care for them.M a ny children are left to fend for themselves and for their siblings. Resourcesand support are vital if these and other children are to be protected. And to p r event yet another generation from suffering, governments and communitiesmust rally to the cause of AIDS awareness and prevention.

Children orphaned by AIDS in Kenya.

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a w a r e n e s s

Religious leaders receive training in AIDS prevention and care in Bangladesh.

Soccer star George Weah leads an AIDS prevention rally in Liberia.

Breaking the SilenceA ‘culture of silence’ in which fear and discrimination thrive surrounds AIDSin many societies. Programmes areneeded that foster openness about thedisease, awareness about its causes andrespect for those affected by it.

Young people under 25 are thosemost likely to become infected withHIV, so they deserve and need AIDSeducation and information at school aswell as training in life skills that willhelp them make sound, informed deci-sions about their health and well-being.Young people often learn best fro mtheir peers and need ample opport u n i t i e sto interact with each other about keyissues – at school, at youth-friendlyhealth clinics and in community settings.The most successful initiatives inviteyoung people to take part in programmeplanning and management.

A boy leads an HIV/AIDS information session in Egypt.

Monks receive HIV/AIDS materials for distribution in Cambodia.

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Young people need our focusedattention. But if the epidemic has taught us one lesson, it is that AIDS is every-one’s problem. The fight against thedisease must involve all members ofsociety – women and girls alongsidemen and boys – and must galvanize theconscience and resources of the entireglobal community.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes children’s right tobe informed about their health anddevelopment. Yet this right re m a i n sunrealized for the millions of childrenwho need it most, largely because commitment and adequate resources arelacking. In the case of AIDS, denyingyoung people access to information andservices is a tragedy in the making.

UNICEF supports myriad efforts toi n c rease HIV/AIDS awareness for youngpeople in many countries, includingthrough school programmes, youth-runnewspapers and radio programmes, peercounselling projects, media campaignsand popular theatre. Encouraging re s u l t sshow that these efforts, many of themstill fledgling or small-scale, are helpingdevelop positive attitudes and behavioursregarding AIDS. This is especially truewhen the programmes are backed upwith AIDS-awareness activities for families and communities.

Adolescents perform a play about AIDSwritten by young people in Tanzania.

Two girls from Brazil.

Adolescents attend an HIV/AIDS community leadership workshop in Brazil.

Facing the C h a l l e n g eChildren and women are especially vulnerablein times of armed conflict and upheaval, andthey are increasingly targeted by warringgroups aiming to spread terror among civilianpopulations. During conflict, children commonlylose their homes, their schools, their parents ortheir hope for the future. The resulting traumacan have a deep and lasting effect. Makingmatters worse is the fact that several conflicts,especially those in Africa, have slipped frompublic attention, leaving devastated societieswith little hope of assistance from donors.

In conflicts, the rights of the most vulnerablechildren and women are grossly violated: ■ More than 2 million children died or werekilled in the last 10 years as a direct result ofarmed conflict. ■ In the last year alone, an estimated 31 million refugees and displaced persons –mostly women and children – were caught upin conflict situations. ■ An estimated 300,000 children are servingin armed forces, often forcibly, as soldiers ands e rvants, and many are forced into sexual slavery. ■ Each year, about 6,000 children are killed ormaimed by landmines planted where childrenlive, play and go to school.

Ac h i eving ResultsWith a strong presence in 161 countries,a reas and territories, UNICEF has stru c-tures and capacities in place to respondto the needs of children affected by conflict. In addition, the UNICEFSupply Division – one of the largest ofany international organization – is ableto provide a range of items childrenneed when emergencies strike.

UNICEF also works to help affectedpopulations rapidly regain their abilityto manage their lives, for example by

restoring school systems and educationand by supporting families and childrenin dealing with trauma from exposure toviolence and other atrocities. ■ In 1999, UNICEF helped train teachersand establish temporary schools for nearly30,000 children in Burundi’s camps fordisplaced people. To boost education inthe rest of the country, UNICEF helpedprovide 80,000 students with notebooksand pens and promoted teacher trainingand peace education in 1,500 schools. ■ In Kosovo, where schools were decimated during the war, a UNICEF-led alliance of relief org a n i z a t i o n s ,international donors and local commu-nities provided alternative spaces forclassrooms and repaired and equippeddamaged schools. As a result, 97 percent of primary schoolchildren whose

schooling had been disrupted were backin class by the end of 1999.

One of UNICEF’s most pre s s i n ggoals is to make certain that childrenand their families receive humanitarianassistance, needed services and vital supplies during conflict. In some cases,we negotiate agreements with all sidesto a conflict under the auspices of the Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs (OCHA), toensure that children and women can beimmunized and receive other essentials e rvices. At the same time, these i n t e rventions help build respect forhumanitarian principles.

In conflict situations, including thosein Angola, Burundi, the DemocraticRepublic of Congo, East Timor, SierraLeone, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Sudan,

a r m e d c o n f l i c t :rebuilding live s

Children at a refugee camp near Kisangani, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1997.

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U N I C E F, together with the World HealthOrganization (WHO), negotiated andorganized ‘days of tranquillity’ to immu-nize children. In Afghanistan, an agre e m e n ts e c u red access by health workers tonorthern provinces for the first time in ayear, allowing almost 4 million childrento be vaccinated against polio.

Adolescents need special support duringcrises, as they are particularly vulnerable

to violence and abuse, including rapeand exploitation as child soldiers. ■ In Liberia, where as many as 6,000 to10,000 children served as soldiers duringthe civil war (1989-1997), UNICEFsupported the demobilization of morethan 4,000 child soldiers and continuesto build the skills and capabilities ofthese and other war- a ffected young people – including girls abducted and

raped during the war – so that they canlead productive lives. Activities include extensive counselling for those sufferingpsychosocial trauma and an innovativeeducation programme that condensessix primary grades into three to help provide basic education to olderchildren who missed school. From theinception of the programme in 1994 tothe end of 1999, 6,000 such childrenwere being reached. A related educationproject helps adolescents and youthsl e a rn marketable skills and impart si n f o rmation about HIV/AIDS andother sexually transmitted infections. ■ In six refugee camps for displacedKosovars in Albania, UNICEF helpedyouths aged 15 to 24 set up Youth Councilsthat planned and managed camp servic-es, including schooling, cleaning crews,landmine awareness and inter- c a m pfootball and volleyball tournaments foryoung people. An important aim was top romote leadership skills that wouldhelp youth make an active contribution toYu g o s l a v i a ’s post-war re c o v e ry and to thestrengthening of democratic processes.

UNICEF’s Peace and Security AgendaThis year, UNICEF launched a Peaceand Security Agenda to help guidei n t e rnational eff o rts on behalf of childre nand women in armed conflict. The set ofgoals, presented to the United NationsSecurity Council in Febru a ry 1999,builds on our ongoing Anti-war Agenda.This new Agenda includes measure ssuch as ending the use of child soldiers;enforcing the Ottawa Treaty banninganti-personnel mines; protecting childre nfrom the effects of sanctions; reducingthe availability of small arms and lightweapons; and improving safety forhumanitarian workers.

Tragically, staff safety issues took ong reater urgency for us this year asUNICEF staff members were takenhostage, assaulted and robbed, or werevictims of other violent acts. LuisZuñiga, UNICEF Representative inBurundi, and Dr. Ayoub Sheikh Yerow,a UNICEF health officer in Somalia,were murdered while performing theirhumanitarian work, victims of the conflicts raging in those two countries.

Kosovar girls enjoy a history class intheir tent school in the town of Drenica(Kosovo, Yugoslavia). UNICEF providedthe school with tents, recreational materials and backpacks containingbasic school supplies.

Young people in Colombia have created a powerful Children’s Movement for Peace,with backing from national and localgroups, UNICEF and other organizations.Here, Mayerly Sanchez (centre), 15, aMovement leader, walks with other members in the town of Soacha.

Around 300,000 children serve in armiesthroughout the world, as this boy did during recent hostilities in Sierra Leone.UNICEF works with partners to end the useof child soldiers and to help children whohave served in armed forces reintegrateinto their communities.

This poster, translated from Portuguese,reads “Beware: Dangerous area! Don’tenter this zone!” It was distributed in1999 as part of a massive UNICEF-supported landmine awareness campaignin Angola, where more than 70,000 peoplehave been killed or maimed by mines andmany more remain at risk. By trainingteachers in mine awareness in 1999,UNICEF helped an estimated 55,000schoolchildren avoid the dangers of land-mines. An additional 400,000 Angolanslearned about mine safety through plays,skits and cultural events.

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Facing the C h a l l e n g eDiscrimination invades society like a disease.Its symptoms include poor communities withoutclean water and sanitation facilities, healthand other basic services; classrooms withoutgirls and children with disabilities; legal systems that turn a blind eye to violenceagainst women and children; and societiesthat shun people with HIV/AIDS.

Girls and women are often the most affectedby discrimination, and their rights are furtherviolated when they are denied access toschooling and health care. In the most extremecases, they are victimized by unconscionableacts of violence.

Statistics tell a cruel story:■ Girls make up nearly 60 per cent of themore than 110 million school-aged childrennot in school. ■ Nearly 600,000 women – 1 per minute – dieevery year in childbirth or from pregnancy-related causes, largely because they do nothave the power to negotiate when and how oftenthey bear children or because they are deniedtheir right to quality and timely health care, ade-quate nutrition, information and counselling.■ An estimated 60-100 million girls andwomen are ‘missing’ from the world – victims offoeticide, infanticide, malnutrition, neglect andother rights violations – according to demogra-phers. This is attributed primarily to practicesthat favour male over female children.

Ac h i eving ResultsAntidotes to the ‘disease’ – awareness,education and commitment – are alre a d yat work in thousands of communitiesa round the world as UNICEF joins withgovernments, NGOs and civil society toraise awareness about discrimination’seffects and to change the cultural normsthat value and reinforce men’s powerand privilege over women.

Highlighting gender concerns in everyaspect of its programmes, UNICEF workswith several partners towards betterlegal protection of women and strictere n f o rcement of existing laws. We supportprogrammes in schools, youth clubs,police academies and other organizations

d i s c r i m i n a t i o n :creating equality

Holding a banner that reads "We excisors lay down our knives once and for all," these womenfrom the town of Kouroussa (Guinea) stood before 10,000 spectators in June 1999 to renouncefemale genital mutilation – a ritual procedure that removes part or all of the female genitalia.Around 2 million girls and young women around the world undergo female genital mutilationeach year. Families and religious leaders in this town of 150,000 people decided to end thepractice, thanks in part to awareness-raising efforts by UNICEF and NGOs, including CPETAFE(Coordinating Group on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children).

Tw e l v e - y e a r-old Werlyn from the city of Davao (the Philippines) attends a multigrade school that helps working andother poor children complete a basic education and pays special attention to the needs of girls.

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that encourage boys and men to embracetolerance and equality.

Girls’ educationAlong with improving health care andliteracy programmes for women, educationfor girls is the single greatest initiator ofhuman development. It equips girls withthe knowledge, skills and confidenceneeded to make the most of their abilities,to lead healthier lives and to protect them-selves from discrimination and violence.

UNICEF supports programmes thathelp girls gain access to schools andcomplete their education. Measure sinclude setting up schools close to communities so that girls do not havefar to travel; protecting girls’ privacythrough provision of separate latrinesfor girls and boys; developing textbooksand curricula free of gender bias; andtraining teachers and administrators tobe more sensitive to girls’ needs. ■ All of these goals drive the GlobalGirls’ Education Programme, initiated in1994 and implemented by UNICEF andits partners in more than 60 countries. ■ In Zimbabwe, in 1999, a governmentp rogramme sensitized regional educationdirectors, 4,600 primary school headsand 280 facilitators to the special needsof girls in school.

Equality in early childhood careUNICEF supports programmes, such as the Roving Caregivers home-visitprogramme in Jamaica, that interveneduring a child’s first years to help childre nand their parents promote equality among

girls and boys and change the attitudes,values and behaviour that devalue andmarginalize girls.

Adolescent girlsThe adolescent years are a time of greatpromise, but they are also a time of par-ticular vulnerability, especially for girls.To help promote solutions to problemssuch as AIDS and gender-based discrim-ination, adolescents from 16 countrieshave been brought together by the Inter-country Project on Adolescent Girls’Rights to Participation and Development,which is backed by R. E. (‘Ted’) Turner’sUnited Nations Foundation and imple-mented by UNICEF. In Jordan, in 1999,the Foundation helped support a YouthForum and Future Search Conferenceled by youth. Young people who led thec o n f e rence identified marriage and pre g-nancy at an early age as key problemsfor girls and young women. They beganan advocacy campaign to raise the legalage of matrimony.

Safe motherhoodUNICEF supports a variety of measuresto reduce high rates of maternal mort a l i t y,ranging from educating communities on safe motherhood and the rights ofwomen to strengthening prenatal careand improving nutrition. ■ In Bolivia, free health care for pre g n a n twomen and their children, establishedin 1997, increased prenatal visits to healthfacilities by 80 per cent, deliveries at healthfacilities by 48 per cent and treatment of emergency cases by 90 per cent, in its first year.■ In Indonesia, in 1999, UNICEF sup-ported efforts to improve emergencyobstetrical services in district hospitals andhelped train 40,000 village-based mid-wives in providing safe home deliveries.

Ending violence against girls and womenLike maternal mort a l i t y, violence againstgirls and women is rooted in the low statusaccorded them in their societies and theunequal power relations between womenand men. UNICEF works to assist victimsand to help change underlying values,attitudes and behaviour (see panel at right).

These illustrations from Mexico are part ofa flashcard set developed by local govern-ment agencies and UNICEF to help promotec o m m u n i t y awareness about equal rights.

Majeda was 17 years old andseven months pregnant when aneighbour, angry over a familyland dispute, threw a glass of sulphuric acid in her face.

Acid attacks against women –especially young women – haverisen steadily in Bangladesh, withas many as 200 re p o rted in any oneyear. These attacks occur duringdisputes over marriage dowry orproperty, or when male suitorsfeel the sting of rejection. Thesurvivors of these attacks oftenendure lifelong disfigurement.

F o rt u n a t e l y, Majeda and otherslike her have found help throughthe Acid Survivors Foundation,established in May 1999 withsupport from UNICEF and theCanadian International Develop-ment Agency. The foundationworks with the Government ofBangladesh, NGOs and the inter-national community to raise aware-ness about the horrific practice.It provides survivors with access tomedical care, counselling, legalhelp, education and employment.

Majeda, blinded by the attack,has been helped to obtain medicalcare. Now 18, she has undergoneextensive facial re c o n s t ru c t i o nand eye surgery, which restored20 per cent of her vision. InJanuary 1999, six months aftergiving birth to her son, Majedawas able to look at him for thefirst time.

attacked with acid

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UNICEF’s work is supported by gov-ernments and by strong alliances withindividuals, foundations and corporations.The private sector contributes one thirdof UNICEF’s resources. These alliancesare often built and maintained throughthe work of 37 Committees for UNICEF(see contact information, inside back cover),which raise funds for UNICEF andadvocate on behalf of children.

The oneworld™ Alliance for UNICEF In December 1999, UNICEF

joined nine major commer-cial airlines to launch the‘o n eworld™ Alliance for

UNICEF’, the first airlinealliance to adopt a charitable cause. Themembers are Aer Lingus, AmericanAirlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines,Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, LanChileand Qantas. The o n eworld Alliance will support UNICEF’s efforts in polioeradication, health care, nutrition andimmunization. Participating airlines havepledged to raise $25 million over thenext five years through various activities,including Change for Good®, the pro-gramme that collects unused foreigncurrency from passengers aboard inter-national flights. Seven of the oneworldAlliance airlines were already long-standing UNICEF partners in Changefor Good®, which has raised over $24million since its start in 1991, with BritishAirways contributing more than half ofthe total amount. These airlines havesupported UNICEF in other ways as

well, for example, by showing videos thatp rofile UNICEF’s work and occasionallyassisting with shipping emergency sup-plies. In 1999, Lord Marshall, Chairm a nof British Airways, visited UNICEF pro-grammes in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Other airlines participating in Changefor Good® are Air Mauritius, Alitalia, AllNippon Airways, Asiana Airlines, Cro s s a i r,Japan Airlines and TWA.

Rotary International Rotary International is the volunteerarm of a global partnership dedicated toeradicating polio, whose major partnersinclude UNICEF, the World HealthO rganization (WHO) and the US Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).R o t a ry contributions will total almost halfa billion dollars by the year 2005 and have

a l ready helped protect more than 1 billionchildren from the disease. Since 1987,R o t a ry has given $149 million to UNICEFfor polio programmes. And thousands o fR o t a ry volunteers have assisted in vaccined e l i v e ry, social mobilization and logisticalsupport during National ImmunizationDays (NIDs) in many countries. The globalcampaign has helped nearly eradicatepolio, although 30 countries remain atrisk. The campaign aims to achieve globalc e rtification of polio eradication in 2005.

Kiwanis InternationalIn 1999, Kiwanis International, through itsWorldwide Service Project, contributedmore than $7.5 million to UNICEF-supported projects to eliminate iodinedeficiency disorders. This brought theKiwanis six-year total to over $25 million.

p a r t n e r s h i p sa n d f u nd-r a i s i n g

At a Kosovar refugee camp in TFYR Macedonia, children enjoy a show by Joanna Sherman andMichael McGuigan of the Bond Street Theatre. By arrangement with UNICEF, the New York-based theatre group and the Theatre Tsvete of Sofia (Bulgaria) performed for more than 10,000children in seven camps.

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As a result of these and other efforts, in1999, 12 million fewer children were atrisk of mental impairment due to iodinedeficiency than in 1990.

Check Out for Children™Sheraton Hotels and Resorts has raised$4.1 million for UNICEF through CheckOut for Children™, a fund-raisingalliance with UNICEF that invites each hotel guest to donate $1, or theequivalent in local currency, to benefitUNICEF programmes. First launchedin Europe in 1995, Check Out forC h i l d ren™ today operates in 154Sheraton enterprises worldwide.

Football as a ‘play for peace’Football, or soccer, was recruited to thecause of children during the year whenUNICEF began cooperating with theFédération Internationale de FootballAssociation (International Federation ofFootball Association, or FIFA) on a number of projects. The opportunityarose in June, when Sepp Blatter, FIFAP resident, and United Nations Secre t a ry -General Kofi Annan agreed to a FIFA-UN partnership. FIFA’s first step was tohelp Kosovar children living in refugeecamps obtain equipment – balls, shoes,uniforms and other items – through adonation made in cooperation with UEFA(the European soccer association).

In 1999, FIFA’s creative agency usedfootball as a theme in designing a seriesof 13 child rights posters as well as thecover of the media kit celebrating the 10th

anniversary of the Convention on theRights of the Child. FIFA and UNICEFalso began work on a line of p ro d u c t suniting football images and child rightsmessages, to be launched in 2000.

Corporate partnershipsUNICEF forges many alliances withcorporations, involving fund-raising, in-kind donations, product licensinga g reements and other arr a n g e m e n t s .Major partnerships made or strength-ened in 1999 include: the Sunshine forChildren Telethon (Argentina); LouisVuitton and Lancôme (France); FujiTelevision Network (Japan); ScheringPlough (Mexico); Manchester United(United Kingdom); and Pier 1 Imports,Merck & Co., Inc., TNT and Time

Wa rner Cable Company (United States).In addition: ■ B r a z i l ’s Banco Itau now offers a finan-cial investment option, PIC Criança, thatbenefits UNICEF. Proceeds from theoption raised $5.7 million from 1994 to1998 and $3.0 million in 1999. Theproject will run until the year 2003 andis expected to raise a total of $6 million. ■ In Japan, Nippon Telephone and Te l e -graph’s Pressed Flowers programme hasa l ready generated $30 million since 1990and continues to raise $2 million annually. ■ The GSM Association, in the UnitedKingdom, supported UNICEF’s globaltelecommunications and information tech-nology with a contribution of $1.2 million.■ Tata, Uruguay’s largest supermarketchain, invites clients to add to their bills

In December, 10 young rights activistsjoined thousands of schoolchildren at an international conference on non-discrimination, held in Florence (Italy).The conference was organized by theUNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, basedin Florence, in partnership with the ItalianCommittee for UNICEF and the RegioneToscana (Tuscan Regional Authority). TheCentre, which receives core funding fromthe Government of Italy, aims to strengthenresearch on child rights issues. Here,Italian television personality Red Ronniei n t e rviews Dragos Radu Bacurenci, aRomanian child rights advocate.

The well-maintained compound inKenya, with neat bungalows clustere daround colourful playground swingsand slides, looks like a small board i n gschool. But Nyumbani – a name thatmeans ‘at home’ in Kiswahili – is ahospice and a home for up to 70young children, most of them HIVpositive, who have been orphaned or

abandoned because of AIDS. A complementary outreach programme in thecommunity assists approximately 150 HIV-positive children and their families.

Nyumbani, which operates completely on donations and has receivedsupplies from UNICEF, has found many staunch supporters, includingcrew members from British Airways, who often spend their layovers inNairobi caring for and playing with the children. Crew members have alsostaged fund-raisers to help buy the children toys, clothes and other items.

BA crews help c h i l d r e n

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one Uruguayan peso (about nine UScents), which is donated to UNICEF.The campaign aims to raise $250,000. ■ The US company Becton Dickinsonentered into a five-year partnership withUNICEF to help eliminate maternal andneonatal tetanus. In 1999, the companydonated $1.2 million to this eff o rt and maycommit as much as $14 million by 2004.■ In 1999, Procter & Gamble enteredinto agreements with UNICEF thatbenefited nine countries with donationsof products and other support for nutrition,education and hygiene. A total of $5million will support education in Indiaand the 10-member Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bythe year 2004.

Celebrity SupportersSince the time when Danny Kaye andA u d rey Hepburn first travelled around theworld visiting and publicizing UNICEFp rogrammes, celebrity advocates –Goodwill Ambassadors, Special Repre s e n-tatives and International Spokespersons –have made an enormous contribution to the cause of children by devotingtheir time and eff o rts to furt h e r i n gUNICEF’s work.

Among the highlights of their activitiesin 1999: In December the internationallaunch of UNICEF’s The State of theWorld’s Children 2000 report featured asguest speakers Special RepresentativeSusan Sarandon in New York andGoodwill Ambassador Sir Peter Ustinovin Berlin. Goodwill Ambassadors Te t s u k o

K u royanagi and Roger Moore madefield visits to the Balkans, generatingsupport for emergency efforts. SpecialRepresentative for the Performing ArtsJudy Collins organized a special showand performed at The Hague Appeal forPeace conference in May. GoodwillAmbassador Harry Belafonte part i c i p a t e din the ‘Oslo Challenge’ workshops onc h i l d ren and the media. Special Repre s e n -tative for the Performing Arts VanessaRedgrave spearheaded a festival of musicand theatre in Kosovo; and a variety ofregional and national events commemo-rated the 10th anniversary of the Con-vention on the Rights of the Child. Allof these activities were augmented by thework of numerous ‘national’ celebrityadvocates affiliated with National Com-mittees for UNICEF and UNICEFcountry offices.

International Celebrity Spokespersons

Lord Richard Attenborough,Goodwill Ambassador

H a rry Belafonte, Goodwill AmbassadorJudy Collins, Special Representative

for the Performing ArtsJulio Iglesias, Special Representative

for the Performing ArtsJohann Olav Koss, Special

Representative for SportsTetsuko Kuroyanagi, Goodwill

AmbassadorLeon Lai, Special Representative

to YouthRoger Moore, Goodwill AmbassadorNana Mouskouri, Special Repre s e n t a t i v e

for the Performing ArtsYoussou N’Dour, Special Repre s e n t a t i v e

for the Performing ArtsVanessa Redgrave, Special Repre s e n t a t i v e

for the Performing ArtsSusan Sarandon, Special Repre s e n t a t i v eVendela Thommessen, International

SpokespersonLiv Ullmann, Goodwill AmbassadorSir Peter Ustinov, Goodwill AmbassadorMaxim Vengerov, Envoy for MusicGeorge Weah, Special Representative

for Sports

Goodwill Ambassador Harry Belafontedelivering a keynote speech at the ‘OsloChallenge’, a series of internationalworkshops on children and the mediaheld in Oslo in November.

Roger Moore, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, distributes toys toKosovar refugee children in the Stenkovic II camp near Skopje.

“Every child in the world deserves a tomorrow.” – Susan Sarandon, appointed as UNICEFSpecial Representative in 1999, speaking on 13 December at the New York media launch ofUNICEF’s The State of the World’s Children 2000. The report, which this year focused on thechallenges and opportunities in realizing children’s rights, is launched each December throughspecial events around the world that are sponsored by UNICEF offices and NationalCommittees. The report receives widespread coverage in print, broadcast and electronic media.

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UNICEF’s advocacy and fund-raisinga rm in industrialized countries comprises37 Committees for UNICEF, which fosterlinks with civil society and the privatesector, sell UNICEF greeting cards andp roducts and advocate for childre n ’srights, among other activities. UNICEF’sRegional Office for Europe (GRO), locatedin Geneva, guides and coordinates theactivities of all the committees by pro-viding policy, planning and communica-tion support.

In 1999, many Committees lent stro n gs u p p o rt to the GRO initiative on forg i n gan alliance with the Coalition to Stop theUse of Child Soldiers. National Commit-tees helped raise funds and create coalitionsa round the issue of child soldiers in severalcountries – Austria, Belgium, Germany,the Netherlands, Spain and the UnitedKingdom. As a result of these and otherglobal advocacy efforts, the OptionalP rotocol to the Convention on the Rightsof the Child raised the minimum age forchildren participating in armed conflictfrom 15 to 18, although voluntary non-combatant recruitment of children aged16 and older is still allowed.

National Committees also lent vitalinformation and fund-raising support towomen and children in emergencies,including those in Colombia, East Ti m o r,Kosovo (Yugoslavia), Orissa (India),Sierra Leone, Turkey and Venezuela.Committees raised an average of 34 per cent of emergency funds.

A child rights milestone: The first 10 yearsWhen the Convention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRC) was adopted in 1989, itwas a ray of hope for children. Within 10years it had become the most widely ratifiedhuman rights treaty in history and astrong guiding light for the realizationof children’s rights the world over.

In November, UNICEF joined theworld in celebrating the Convention’s 10thanniversary, sponsoring several events atthe General Assembly’s special commem-orative session. GRO organized various

panel discussions and an exhibition atthe Palais des Nations in Geneva entitled‘Human rights begin with childre n ’s rights’.

To encourage children’s participationin the implementation of the CRC,UNICEF launched ‘What do youthink?’, an ongoing initiative that enableschildren to report their views to theCommittee on the Rights of the Child,the 10-member group elected by StatesParties to examine the progress made inimplementing the CRC. One event waslinked to a special meeting jointlyorganized by the Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights and theCommittee on the Rights of the Child.UNICEF invited 15 young people fromseven countries to the meeting to sharetheir experiences in promoting humanrights in their communities. Also inGeneva, UNICEF launched ‘MakingChildren Count’, a web-based databasethat provides information on intern a t i o n a lmeasures to implement the Convention.

UNICEF also supported commemo-rative projects by the British Broad-casting Corporation (BBC) and CableNews Network International (CNN).CNN aired a special theme week of programmes called The World’s Children,featuring documentaries on key issues.

UNICEF field offices held specialevents. For example, in Ethiopia, parlia-mentarians, governmental officials andcivil society leaders joined children at aspecial gathering in the GovernmentConstitution Hall in Addis Ababa, duringwhich children presented their views.

Among the activities that NationalCommittees staged were a week-longcelebration organized by the GermanCommittee. The Australian Committee forUNICEF produced a CD-ROM featuringarticles by children about the CRC. InNorway, the Committee co-hosted aparty for children in the Oslo City Hall.

The Canadian and Swiss Committeesproduced hard-hitting reports on childrights issues. The Canadian Committeehelped organize a children’s election on

rights, and the Belgian Committeeinvolved 70 children and young people ina Senate debate. The Italian Committeefor UNICEF sponsored a ‘Train forChild Rights’ carrying to various citiesan interactive exhibit on child rights,which attracted 8,000 visitors. TheSpain and United Kingdom Committeesalso organized many events.

In 1999, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) WorldService Trust reached more than 140 million listeners with A World for Children, accounts of the lives of children aroundthe world, told in their own voices. A World for Children, withguidance and funding from UNICEF, broadcast 250 radio programmes in 22 languages. Here, BBC World ServiceProducer Marie-Jose Nyonzima interviews children who liveand work on the streets of Kigali, Rwanda’s capital.

National Committees for UNICEF

In celebration of the 10th anniversary ofthe Convention on the Rights of the Child,the Office of the Mayor of Paris and theParis City Council joined with the FrenchCommittee for UNICEF to place some 200 banners featuring the Convention’sarticles along the Champs-Elysées, themain boulevard in Paris.

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where UNICEF worksIn 1999, UNICEF worked in 161 countries, areas and territories through 8 regional offices and 125 country offices.

Antigua and BarbudaArgentinaBarbadosBelizeBoliviaBrazilBritish Virgin IslandsChileColombiaCosta RicaCubaDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoMontserratNicaraguaPanamaParaguayPeruSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the

GrenadinesSurinameTrinidad and TobagoTurks and Caicos IslandsUruguayVenezuela

The Americas and Caribbean

BeninBurkina FasoCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadCongoCôte d’IvoireDem. Rep. of CongoEquatorial GuineaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauLiberiaMaliMauritaniaNigerNigeriaSao Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneTogo

West and Central Africa

Regional OfficeAbidjan

Innocenti Research CentreFlorence

New YorkHeadquarters for UNICEF

Supply DivisionCopenhagen

Brussels Office

Regional Office for Europe Geneva

AlgeriaBahrainDjiboutiEgyptIraqIslamic Rep.

of IranJordanKuwaitLebanonLibyan Arab

JamahiriyaMoroccoOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaSudanSyrian Arab Rep.TunisiaUnited Arab

EmiratesWest Bank

and GazaYemen

Middle East and North Africa

RegionalOfficeSantafé de Bogotá

k s

AngolaBotswanaBurundiComorosEritreaEthiopiaKenyaLesothoMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaRwandaSeychellesSomaliaSouth AfricaSwazilandUgandaUnited Rep. of TanzaniaZambiaZimbabwe

Eastern andSouthern Africa

CambodiaChinaCook IslandsFijiIndonesiaKiribatiKorea, Dem.

People’s Rep. ofLao People’s Dem. Rep.MalaysiaMarshall IslandsMicronesia

(Federated States of)MongoliaMyanmarNiuePalauPapua New GuineaPhilippinesSamoaSolomon IslandsThailandTokelauTongaTuvaluVanuatuViet Nam

Note: This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delineation of any frontiers. Dotted line re p resents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agre e dupon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Photo credits (left to right):UNICEF/88-037/Gray; UNICEF/92-0426/Toutounji; UNICEF/94-1228/Piro z z i ;UNICEF/93-2136/Noorani; UNICEF/92-0009/Thomas; UNICEF/92-578/Lemoyne; UNICEF/92-004/Hart l e y.

East Asia and the Pacific

AlbaniaArmeniaAzerbaijanBelarus Bosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicEstoniaGeorgiaHungaryKazakhstanKyrgyzstanLatviaLithuaniaPolandRepublic of MoldovaRomaniaRussian FederationSlovakiaTajikistanThe former Yugoslav Rep.

of MacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUzbekistanYugoslavia

Central and Eastern Europe,Commonwealth of IndependentStates and the Baltic States

AfghanistanBangladeshBhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka

South Asia

Regional OfficeNairobi

Regional Office

Amman

Regional OfficeKathmandu

Regional OfficeBangkok

Central and Eastern Europe,Commonwealth of Independent

States and the Baltic StatesRegional Office Geneva

Tokyo Office

I n c o m eUNICEF derives its income from v o l u n t a ry contributions. These comefrom two main sources: governmentsand interg o v e rnmental org a n i z a t i o n s ;and non-governmental/private sectorgroups and individuals.

Total income for 1999 was $1,118million (compared with $966 million for1998). Contributions from govern m e n t s /i n t e rg o v e rnmental organizations accountedfor 61 per cent of total income ($687million). An additional $394 million (36 percent) came from non-govern m e n t a l /private sector sources, while $37 million(3 per cent) was derived from a variety ofother sources. (See also pie chart, page 28.)For estimated governmental and non-gov-ernmental/private sector contributionsby country, see pages 29 through 32.

In 1999, $589 million (53 per cent ofincome) was contributed to re g u l a rre s o u rces. Regular re s o u rces incomeincludes contributions from govern m e n t s ;net income from the sale of greeting card sand products; funds contributed by thepublic (mainly through National Commit-tees for UNICEF); and other income.

Regular re s o u rces are used forUNICEF’s participation in UNICEFCountry Programmes of Cooperationapproved by the Executive Board, aswell as for programme support andmanagement and administration of theo rganization. The UNICEF pro g r a m m ebudget in each country is allocatedaccording to three criteria: under-fivemortality rate (the probability of dyingbetween birth and five years of age,e x p ressed per 1,000 births); incomelevel (GNP per capita); and the size ofthe child population. The table on page26 shows the distribution of regularresources by country.

Contributions to other re s o u rc e sfrom governments, intergovernmental o rganizations, non-governmental org a n-i z a t i o n s and the private sector totalled

$529 million (47 per cent of income).Of these funds, $332 million (30 per centof income) supported projects approvedby the Executive Board as extensions ofCountry Programmes of Cooperationfunded by regular re s o u rces; $197 million(17 per cent of income) supported reliefand rehabilitation programmes inemergency situations, which by theirnature are difficult to predict. (See alsograph at right.)

G ove r n m e n tC o n t r i b u t i o n sG o v e rnments and interg o v e rn m e n t a lorganizations contributed $687 millionof UNICEF’s $1,118 million income in1999. Nine governments of the Organi-sation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment/Development AssistanceCommittee increased their local curre n c y

contributions to regular resources over1998, while eleven governments decre a s e dtheir contributions and one maintainedits contribution at the same level. Amongintergovernmental agencies, the highestcontribution – about $16 million – camefrom the European Community Huma-nitarian Office.

The United States remained the larg e s tg o v e rnment donor to UNICEF, pro v i d i n ga total of $204 million. Its annual re g u l a rresources contribution, which has beensustained at $100 million since 1993,increased to $105 million in 1999. TheUnited States also increased its contribu-tion to other re s o u rces from $62 millionin 1998 to $99 million in 1999 – a 60 percent increase. (See chart, page 28.)

Sweden continues to be the secondlargest government donor, contributing$70 million, of which $33 million was toregular resources.

r e s o u r c e sand management

UNICEF emergency supplies bound for East Timor in 1999, part of an overall effort to supportpost-conflict health and education in the territory.

24

Japan became the third largest gov-ernment donor, contributing a total of$65 million, with $25 million going toregular resources.

Norway became the fourth largestg o v e rnment donor, providing a total of $60 million. Norway maintains itsposition as the largest per capita donor,contributing around $13.50 per person,and is the second largest donor to re g u l a rresources, contributing $36 million.

The Netherlands, with a total contri-bution of $53 million that reflected anincrease to other resources, became thefifth largest government donor.

The United Kingdom remained thesixth largest government donor, con-tributing $51 million.

Canada moved up one place from its1998 status to become the seventh larg e s tgovernment donor with a total of $41million, $9 million of which was to regular resources.

Denmark became the eighth largestgovernment donor, providing a total of

$33 million, with $26 million going toregular resources.

Australia and Italy, with contribu-tions of $15.2 million and $14.9 million,respectively, became the ninth and tenthlargest government donors.

E x p e n d i t u r e sThe Executive Director authorizesexpenditures to meet recommendationsapproved by the Executive Board for

p rogramme assistance. The pace ofexpenditure in any country depends onthe speed of programme implementation.

In 1999, UNICEF total expenditure s ,including write-offs, amounted to $1,064million (compared with $882 million in1998). Of these expenditures, $971 million(91 per cent) was for programme coop-eration, $89 million (8 per cent) was formanagement and administration of theo rganization, and about $4 million (1 percent) went towards write-offs and othercharges. (For programme expenditure bysector, see chart on page 27.)

Biennial SupportBudget 1998-1999In January 1998, the Executive Boardapproved the Biennial Support Budgetfor 1998-1999. This was a no-growthbudget over the 1996-1997 biennium,achieved through efficiency measure sand implementation of the ManagementExcellence Programme. In this budget,the organization has been able to absorbthe impact of inflation and add the programme support costs of 25 countryo ffices. Excluding these costs, the SupportBudget for 1998-1999 re p resents areduction of 6 per cent over the 1996-1997 biennium in real terms. In addition,in September 1999, the Board approveda Biennial Support Budget for 2000-2001,which is also a no-growth budget over1998-1999.

The Support Budget comprises twocategories: 1) programme support for

UNICEF income 1997-1999 (in millions of US dollars)

Regular resources

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

547 243 112 902

571 279 116 966

589 332 197 1 , 1 1 8

c o n t r i b u t i o ns* to UNICEF vs. GNPMember countries of the Development Assistance Committee

Per capita US$ contributions to UNICEF

12 9 6 3 0 0 10K 20K 30K 40K

Per capita US$ GNP– – – – – – – – Norway – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Sweden – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Denmark –––––––– – – – – – – Netherlands – – – – – –– – – – – – Luxembourg – – – – – –– – – – – – – Switzerland – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Finland – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – Ireland – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Canada – – – – – – – –– – – – – – United Kingdom – – – – –– – – – – – – – Australia – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – Japan – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Belgium – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Germany – – – – – – – –– – – – – – United States – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – France – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – – Italy – – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – Austria – – – – – – – – –––––––––– Spain – – – – – – – – ––––––– New Zealand – – – – – –– – – – – – – – Portugal – – – – – – – –

13.78

8.09

6.57

6.51

5.84

3.38

3.25

1.83

1.74

1.25

1.12

1.12

1.03

0.99

0.93

0.82

0.73

0.63

0.61

0.33

0.31

34,310

25,580

33,040

24,780

45,100

39,980

24,280

18,710

19,170

21,410

20,640

32,350

25,380

26,570

29,240

24,210

20,090

26,830

14,100

14,600

10,670

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _*Includes governments, National Committees, NGOs and other contributors.Sources: 1999 contribution figures from UNICEF. Population figures from the United NationsPopulation Division. Per capita GNP figures from 2000 World Bank Atlas.

Other resources (regular) Other resources (emergency)

25

UNICEF cooperated with 161 coun-tries, areas and territories in 1999:46 in sub-Saharan Africa (ESAROand WCARO); 35 in Latin Americaand the Caribbean (TACRO); 33 inAsia (EAPRO and ROSA); 20 in theMiddle East and North Africa(MENARO); and 27 in Central andEastern Europe, Commonwealth ofIndependent States (CEE/CIS) andBaltic States.

Financed from funds for regionalactivities: in ESARO – Seychelles; inMENARO – Libya. Financed from otherresources only: Croatia, Yu g o s l a v i a .

____________________________________

* Includes additional regular resources allocatedsince the funds were first approved by theExecutive Board.1 Covers Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic,Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,the Russian Federation, Slovakia and Ukraine.2 Includes Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados,the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada,Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintLucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turksand Caicos Islands.3 UNICEF is providing assistance for Palestinianchildren and women for 1998–2000 in thefollowing: Jordan – $600,000; Lebanon –$1,050,000; Syria – $600,000; West Bankand Gaza – $2,550,000.4 Includes Cook Islands, Federated States ofMicronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, To k e l a u ,Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

Afghanistan2000–2002: $26,461,000Albania1996–2000: $4,850,000Algeria1998–2000: $2,748,000Angola1999–2003: $18,729,000Argentina1997–2001: $5,000,000Armenia2000–2004: $3,430,000Azerbaijan2000–2004: $4,519,000Bangladesh1996–2000: $88,000,000Belize1997–2001: $3,750,000Benin1999–2003: $5,913,000Bhutan1997–2001: $5,000,000Bolivia1998–2002: $4,480,000Bosnia & Herzegovina1999–2001: $2,335,000Botswana2000–2002: $2,073,000Brazil1994–2000: $11,900,000Burkina Faso1996–2000: $14,000,000Burundi2000: $2,266,000Cambodia1996–2000: $11,550,000Cameroon1998–2002: $6,500,000Cape Verde2000–2004: $3,115,000CEE, CIS andBaltic States1

2000–2001: $7,000,000Central African Rep.1997–2001: $5,000,000Chad1996–2000: $8,500,000Chile1997–2001: $5,000,000China1996–2000: $100,000,000Colombia2000–2001: $1,666,000Comoros1997–2001: $3,750,000Congo1999–2000: $1,690,000Costa Rica1997–2001: $3,750,000Côte d’Ivoire1997–2001: $10,250,000

Cuba1997–2001: $5,000,000Dem. People’s Rep.of Korea1999–2000: $1,677,000Democratic Rep. of Congo2000–2002: $46,030,000Djibouti1999–2003: $3,304,000Dominican Republic1997–2001: $5,000,000E. Caribbean Islands2

1998–2002: $6,000,000Ecuador1999–2003: $3,799,000Egypt1995–2000: $30,000,000El Salvador1997–2001: $5,000,000Equatorial Guinea1999–2003: $3,378,000Eritrea1996–2000: $7,500,000Ethiopia2000–2001: $30,790,000Gabon1997–2001: $3,750,000Gambia1999–2003: $3,594,000Georgia1996–2000: $4,850,000Ghana1996–2000: $15,000,000Guatemala1997–2001: $5,000,000Guinea1997–2001: $7,400,000Guinea-Bissau1998–2002: $4,500,000Guyana2000: $655,000Haiti2000–2001: $3,902,000Honduras1996–2000: $4,850,000India1999–2002:$120,042,000Indonesia1995–2000: $72,000,000Iran2000–2004: $3,902,000Iraq*1999–2000: $3,026,413Jamaica1997–2001: $3,750,000Jordan3

1998–2002: $4,250,000Kazakhstan2000–2004: $4,500,000

Kenya1999–2003: $16,785,000Kyrgyzstan2000–2004: $4,038,000Lao People’s Dem. Rep.1998–2002: $5,265,000Lebanon3

1997–2001: $5,000,000Lesotho1997–2001: $5,000,000Liberia1999–2000: $2,046,000Madagascar1996–2000: $15,900,000Malawi1997–2001: $14,750,000Malaysia1997–2000: $3,000,000Maldives1999–2002: $2,552,000Mali1998–2002: $16,605,000Mauritania*1999–2003: $5,474,753Mauritius1996–2000: $3,750,000Mexico1996–2001: $6,280,000Mongolia1997–2001: $3,750,000Morocco1997–2001: $7,360,000Mozambique1999–2001: $18,238,000Myanmar1996–2000: $32,500,000Namibia1997–2001: $5,000,000Nepal1997–2001: $18,400,000Nicaragua1997–2001: $5,000,000Niger2000–2004: $31,672,000Nigeria1997–2001: $67,000,000Oman1997–2000: $4,000,000Pacific Islands4

1997–2001: $7,000,000Pakistan1999–2003: $56,943,000Panama1997–2001: $3,750,000Papua New Guinea1998–2002: $4,250,000Paraguay2000–2001: $1,417,000Peru1996–2000: $5,380,000

Philippines1999–2003: $12,499,000Rep. of Moldova1997–2001: $3,750,000Romania2000–2004: $3,625,000Rwanda1998–2000: $4,860,000Sao Tome and Principe1997–2001: $3,750,000Senegal1997–2001: $5,080,000Sierra Leone2000–2001: $4,837,000Somalia1999–2000: $5,859,000South Africa1997–2001: $5,200,000Sri Lanka1997–2001: $5,000,000Sudan1997–2001: $19,650,000Swaziland1996–2000: $3,750,000Syria3

1996–2000: $5,000,000Tajikistan2000–2004: $6,080,000Tanzania1997–2001: $31,720,000Thailand1999–2003: $3,965,000The former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia1999–2001: $1,853,000Togo1997–2001: $5,000,000Tunisia1997–2001: $5,000,000Turkey1997–2000: $4,920,000Turkmenistan2000–2004: $4,288,000Uganda1995–2000: $32,600,000Uruguay1997–2001: $3,750,000Uzbekistan2000–2004: $8,070,000Venezuela1998–2002: $4,250,000Viet Nam1996–2000: $44,000,000Yemen1999–2001: $7,861,000Zambia1997–2001: $10,250,000Zimbabwe2000–2004: $8,391,000

The following country programmes, approved for multi-year periods by the UNICEF Executive Board as of 31 December 1999, are funded from regular resources. UNICEF’s additional programmes are funded from other resources.

programmes funded from regular resources

26

country and regional offices and a smallp a rt of headquarters operations that assistsprogramme development and delivery;and 2) management and administration, covering those parts of headquarters thatc a rry out functions of executive dire c t i o n ,organizational policy, external relationsand administration of inform a t i o n ,finances and human re s o u rces. Thebudget for headquarters in 1998-1999decreased by 8 per cent over the 1996-1997 period in real terms, following acontinuing trend of decentralization andi m p roving work processes. Managementand administration accounted for 8.5 percent of total expenditure for 1998-1999.

Management and Operations Information technologyThe main information technology (IT)systems supporting global managementof programmes, finances and humanre s o u rces were fully functional by the endof 1999. These include the ProgrammeManager System (PROMS), the head-quarters Financial and Logistics System(FLS) and the human resources compo-nent of the Integrated ManagementI n f o rmation System (IMIS). A personnelcomponent of PROMS was also deployedto field offices, and a payroll componentwas in the final stages of development.

All infrastru c t u re and software weretested and verified for Y2K compliance.The IT Enterprise Management Projectwas initiated during the year, aimed atreducing the risk and cost of global ITinitiatives and improving both qualityand manageability.

We also introduced a pre-packagedemergency telecommunications system,consisting of satellite telephones, laptopcomputers and other equipment, tos t reamline UNICEF’s responses to crises.

Public interest in the UNICEF Website continued to gro w, with the number ofvisitors to the site tripling from 4 millionin 1998 to almost 12 million in 1999.

Providing essential suppliesThrough its Supply Division, located inCopenhagen, UNICEF oversees globalp ro c u rement of essential items to supportprogrammes, including medical equip-ment, essential drugs, micronutrients,educational materials, water and sanitationequipment, vehicles and computers. Theseand other supplies were valued at $291million in 1999, with nearly half that total representing vaccines and immu-nization equipment. Local procurementby UNICEF field offices amounted tomore than $120 million.

The greatest challenge in 1999 wasensuring an adequate supply of oralpolio vaccine (OPV), demand for which

UNICEF expenditure on programmes by sector*(in percentages)

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 9

36 13 7 10 13 21

33 9 6 14 16 22

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* Excludes programme support.** Includes programme expenditures that cannot be directly identified to specific sectors. These costs relate to programmeplanning, monitoring, evaluation, statistics, social mobilization, advocacy, technical assistance and other support.

UNICEF at a glance: 1999UNICEF carries out its work through itsheadquarters in New York, 8 regionaloffices and 125 field offices worldwide.UNICEF offices in Tokyo and Brussels support fund-raising. UNICEF also has aresearch centre in Florence and a supplyoperation based in Copenhagen. The 37Committees for UNICEF raise funds andspread awareness about the organization’smission and work.

Countries, areas and territories withUNICEF programmes: 161

Percentage of posts located in the field: 86%

Posts worldwide: 5,594

Top government donors (in total funds):United States, Sweden, Japan

Top government donors (per capita): Norway, Sweden, Denmark

UNICEF executive board1 January to 31 December 2000

UNICEF is governed by a 36-memberExecutive Board, an intergovernmentalbody that establishes policies, reviews programmes and approves budgets. Mem-bers are elected by the United NationsEconomic and Social Council and normallyserve a three-year term.

Officers for 2000:

PresidentH.E. Anwarul Karim Chowdhury(Bangladesh)

Vice-PresidentsMs. Lala Ibrahimova (Azerbaijan)H.E. Mr. Alberto Salamanca (Bolivia)Mr. Luc Schillings (Netherlands)H.E. Mr. Mubarak Hussein Rahmtalla (Sudan)

Members of the Board:Term of office expiring on

31 December 2000: Antigua and Barbuda,Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Comoros, Congo,Finland, Greece, Japan, Kazakhstan, LibyanArab Jamahiriya, South Africa, Spain,Sudan, Turkey, United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Ireland, Yemen

31 December 2001: Canada, China, Den-mark, Guyana, Pakistan, Paraguay, RussianFederation, Ukraine, Zimbabwe

31 December 2002: Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire,Guinea, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy,Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Trinidadand Tobago, United States of America

Child and maternal care

Child nutrition

Hygiene, water and environmental sanitation

Community development, women’s programmes and children and women in need of special protection measures

Education and early childhood care and development

Planning, advocacy and cross-sectoral support**

27

Dolls, crayons, toys and books are a few of the items found in this children’s kit, distributed in 1999 in Colombia to children displaced from their homes by violence. The kit is part of the Return to Happiness (El retorno de la alegria)programme supported by UNICEF, which encourages volunteers from displaced communities to get involved in designing, producing or coordinating learning and recreational activities for children. In Colombia, teenagers volunteered to lead children’s play groups, finding ananchor in community involvement during a difficult time in their lives.

increased after May, when the WorldHealth Assembly decided to acceleratepolio eradication. Priority was given to polio endemic countries in whichNational Immunization Days (NIDs)were scheduled. Most needs were met,although some NIDs were postponedand OPV was not always available forroutine immunization. Nonetheless,881 million doses of OPV were shippedin 1999, the largest quantity ever.

Supplies were key to emergency sup-p o rt in the Democratic People’s Republicof Korea, Iraq (as part of the Oil forFood Programme), Turkey, East Timor,Kosovo, the Great Lakes region of Africaand the Horn of Africa. Supplies werecritical to the back-to-school effort forchildren in Kosovo and included winter-ized tents, school furn i t u re and materials.

Human resourcesIn 1999, more than 100 staff membersfrom UNICEF, other UN agencies andNGOs participated in six re g i o n a l /national workshops on child rightsapproaches to programming in complexemergencies. In several regions, trainingenhanced programming skills in impro v -ing children’s access to and quality ofeducation. For the end-decade assessmentof progress towards achieving develop-ment goals for children and women,UNICEF staff and counterparts in sev-eral regions were trained in conductingmultiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS),a cost-effective technique for gatheringdata. In 1999, a Lessons On-line modulewas launched on the Intranet to providestructured distance learning courses forUNICEF staff.

In 1999, UNICEF focused attentionon improving the conditions of service forstaff members serving in high-risk anddifficult duty stations. Through the UN

I n t e r-Agency Working Group on Entitle-ments for High-Risk Duty Stations –c h a i red by UNICEF – staff entitlementswere improved and standardized.

Private sector fund-raisingUNICEF derives more than one thirdof its income from the private sector,mainly through fund-raising and thesale of greeting cards and related pro d u c t s .Much of the organization’s success inmobilizing resources is due to the workof National Committees for UNICEFand country office staff, supported bythousands of volunteers worldwide. In1999, to improve operations, we: ■ continued to target specific marketsin countries with high fund-raising andsales potential.■ i m p roved our brand development strat-egy to reach more donors and potentialconsumers of greeting cards. UNICEF’srevitalized greeting cards and productswill help broaden our market.■ entered into new corporate alliancesthat will open additional avenues of mer-chandising and help UNICEF expandits product line to include such items aseducational software. ■ introduced common financial report-ing formats in the National Committeesfor UNICEF that will improve financialtransparency and accounting of privatesector fund-raising.■ initiated work on an E-commerce strat-egy to gain a stronger position in therapidly expanding on-line marketplace.

contributions to U N I C E F by source(for 1999, in US dollars)

Total: $1,118 million

top 20 donors to UNICEF, 1999G o v e r n m e n t s C o n t r i b u t i o n Per capita*

(in US$ c o n t r i b u t i o nthousands) (in US$)

United States 203,765 0.74Sweden 69,684 7.85Japan 64,778 0.51Norway 59,670 13.50Netherlands 52,639 3.36United Kingdom 51,124 0.87Canada 40,773 1.33Denmark 33,005 6.26Australia 15,196 0.82Italy 14,922 0.26Finland 13,721 2.66Switzerland 13,319 1.82France 7,626 0.13Germany 7,323 0.09Ireland 5,009 1.36Belgium 3,787 0.37Spain 2,581 0.07Austria 1,798 0.22New Zealand 1,785 0.47Korea, Rep. 1,200 0.03__________________________________________

C o m m i t t e e s C o n t r i b u t i o n Per capita* for UNICEF (in US$ c o n t r i b u t i o n

thousands) (in US$)Japan 74,290 0.59Germany 74,220 0.90Netherlands 49,297 3.14France 40,751 0.69United States 30,833 0.11Italy 26,887 0.47United Kingdom 22,253 0.38Spain 21,586 0.54Switzerland 11,004 1.51Canada 9,453 0.31Belgium 6,641 0.65Australia 5,620 0.30Hong Kong 5,192 0.78Greece 4,507 0.43Austria 3,321 0.41Finland 3,021 0.59Korea, Rep. 2,682 0.06Portugal 2,314 0.23Sweden 2,106 0.24Ireland 1,715 0.47_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

*Per capita contribution was calculated from data inthe 2000 World Bank Atlas.Sources: 1999 contribution figures from UNICEF;population figures from the United NationsPopulation Division.

Other: 3% – $37 million

Non-governmental/private sector: 36% – $394 million

Governments: 61% – $687 million

28

AlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaArgentinaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBrazilBritish Virgin IslandsBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaCongoCosta RicaCôte d’IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDem. People’s Rep. of KoreaDenmarkDjiboutiDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFijiFinland

RegularResources

20,000

12,600

2,809,096

1,556,045

32,000

8,082

1,996,596

50,505

4,000

70,000

38,434

2

94

8,940,375

77,000

1,100,000

450,000

5,000

145,350

55

26,222,996

1,000

(56)

49,276

2,475

11,271,691

OtherResources2

50,000

47,533

12,386,965

241,527

1,790,587

621,987

49,809

31,832,810

60,186

2,032,014

60,525

3,000

6,782,406

152,280

2,449,007

RegularResources3

50,901

842,0384

1,822,061

3,669,339

102,878

3,914,412

240,468

1,494,044

(40,121)

1,461,0614

OtherResources2

141,194

4,778,392

1,499,008

2,971,831

5,538,834

69,897

124,856

1,560,238

RegularResources3

(165)

1,195

930,438

3,746

(9,036)

34,206

(1,634)

330

10,615

1,109

243,802

(12,899)

3,903,049

11,923

2,565

8,684

298

14,053

(43)

3,543

138,368

512,401

1,127,603

(2,508)

(15,245)

33,799

229,882

183,373

274,584

4,201

2,512

142,412

258,042

13,269

1,768

(612)

15,046

(23)

33,979

OtherResources2

2,066,091

60,000

8,550

5,907,888

3,301

15,901

30,080

24,549

485,968

Total

(165)

20,000

254,695

1,195

3,044,063

20,820,236

5,118,641

50,964

34,206

32,000

6,449

10,428,684

50,505

14,615

1,109

944,339

(12,899)

9,810,937

38,434

102,880

12,017

49,809

2,565

11,985

50,226,729

14,053

76,043

2,035,557

245,448

1,697,475

2,063,572

(2,508)

(15,245)

38,799

229,882

183,373

274,584

458,715

55

34,628,503

3,512

142,412

258,042

152,224

13,269

1,768

(612)

(40,121)

64,322

2,452

16,775,976

National CommitteesPrivate Sector Contributions

Governmental ContributionsOther Contributions

total U N I C E F income by source of funding, 19991

1) All contributions shown in US dollars; amounts have been rounded throughout. 2) Includes funds for emergency programmes. 3) Private Sector Division (PSD) income included. 4) This includes net proceeds from private sector fund-raising activities raised in 1998 but reported by partners in 1999 as follows: Australia – $0.1 million; Finland – $0.1 million; France – $11.8 million; Germany – $15.9 million.

29

FranceGabonGambiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGuatemalaHaitiHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran, Islamic Republic ofIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKenyaKuwaitLao People’s Dem. RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMonacoMongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNepalNetherlandsNew Zealand

RegularResources

7,704,011

5,921,110

5,000

230,000

22,198

131,816

718,270

1,989,264

55,000

7,563,542

25,298,891

200,000

5,000

3,835

4,965

426,179

1,270

84,000

7,500

(4)

203,285

14,111

10,000

21,000

25,316,272

789,881

OtherResources2

(77,790)

154,000

1,401,405

60,000

69,440

3,019,980

22,123

7,358,830

39,479,350

32,464

45,118

517,200

27,322,444

994,820

RegularResources3

35,010,2104

45,546,9954

4,207,173

3,432,959

159,730

22,150

903,545

29,391

23,214,033

58,006,798

5,492

(23,664)

629,619

30,975,772

(17,952)

OtherResources2

5,740,854

28,673,260

300,200

1,758,911

811,192

3,673,418

16,283,298

13,238

889,959

18,321,156

RegularResources3

26,076

2,126

(2,021)

8,611

16,029

2,781

10,041

(6,392)

(28,890)

135

125,410

265,432

414,177

2,319

4

33,257

(20,829)

57,020

53,506

56,249

14,112

5,161

208,914

2,350

402,657

(128)

(21,320)

7,392

5,831

6,489

1,901,936

28,061

383

225,235

1,647

4,430

2,567

10,478

OtherResources2

(105)

174,912

12,437

15,000

105

123,652

79,628

18,007

2,058

18,021

628,784

7,595

Total

48,403,362

154,000

2,126

81,540,748

13,611

16,029

4,800,154

10,041

(6,392)

62,748

5,191,870

159,864

153,966

843,575

440,344

414,177

2,319

6,723,984

106,514

41,855,517

(20,829)

139,140,357

53,506

56,354

214,112

10,161

5,492

365,030

6,185

402,657

129,710

(10,426)

2,462,830

18,007

1,270

64,737

7,500

7,392

5,831

(4)

24,510

2,734,004

42,172

10,383

225,235

22,647

4,430

10,162

10,478

101,935,643

1,766,750

National CommitteesPrivate Sector Contributions

Governmental ContributionsOther Contributions

total U N I C E F income by source of funding, 19991

30

NigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRepublic of KoreaRepublic of MoldovaRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTanzania, United Republic ofThailandThe former Yugoslav Rep. of MacedoniaTogoTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Kingdom United States UruguayVenezuelaViet NamWest Bank and GazaYemen

RegularResources

36,020,980

50,000

122,214

33,581

78,595

46,000

200,000

1,200,000

4,689

500,000

2,700

1,000

1,000,000

50,000

1,902

33,540

1,719,637

15,500

32,932,495

11,190,709

210,629

1,587

34,797

120,000

100,000

21,015,504

105,000,000

30,000

16,730

OtherResources2

214,946

23,649,451

92,330

500,000

116,064

861,125

250,000

36,751,809

2,128,191

30,108,948

98,765,369

RegularResources3

1,097,746

290,591

2,112,814

2,073,986

(33,298)

184,392

1,207,342

11,587,9805

2,079,674

7,756,521

434,511

9,613,440

10,494,678

OtherResources2

110,332

201,119

607,916

30,000

38,000

100,000

9,997,529

26,595

3,247,773

12,639,973

20,338,391

RegularResources3

401,390

393

16,259

210,061

127,242

12

40,932

503,555

181,214

1,296

(381)

655

5,016

1,658

189,941

147,170

681

224,899

0

(828)

6,070

17,754

6,915

136,306

48,170

(6,961)

271,562

13,978

1,260

(1,346)

192,572

23,664

10,228

260

586,874

325,720

19,452

248

5,824

OtherResources2

21,472

4,758

5,950

10,875

618,475

17,454

2,899

113,105

6,593

1,404

190,188

1,381,223

4,000

600

54,494

35,621

Total

637,807

60,878,903

71,017

332,274

166,773

12

51,808

595,885

878,284

336,591

3,015,229

(381)

3,881,902

18,109

4,689

500,000

5,016

2,700

1,000

(3,298)

1,658

1,189,941

150,068

681

388,004

222,392

1,309,244

148,776

24,178,933

34,658

6,915

250,000

71,790,572

24,649,689

48,170

(6,961)

1,863,413

13,978

1,260

241

227,369

558,511

23,664

100,000

73,388,693

234,653,192

616,874

361,341

19,452

248

22,554

National CommitteesPrivate Sector Contributions

Governmental ContributionsOther Contributions

total U N I C E F income by source of funding, 19991

5) Includes $784,724 contributed by the Basque Government for regular and other resources.

31

YugoslaviaZambiaZimbabweMiscellaneous resourcesSUBTOTAL UN system, inter-governmental and non-governmental contributorsAGFUNDAssociation Mondiale des Amisde l’Enfance (AMADE)Bernard Van Leer Foundation,NetherlandsBill and Melinda Gates FoundationColumbia University,New York CityEuropean CommunityHumanitarian OfficeEuropean UnionInternational DevelopmentResearch CentreInternational Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD)Joint United Nations Programmeon HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)Kiwanis InternationalLions Clubs InternationalOPEC FundOrganization of African UnityRädda Barnen, SwedenThe Rockefeller FoundationRotary InternationalTetsuko Kuroyanagi, JapanUnited Nations Foundation, Inc.United Nations Office of the Iraq ProgrammeUN Centre for HumanSettlements (Habitat)UN International Drug Control ProgrammeUN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsUN SecretariatUN Voluntary Trust Fund forAssistance in Mine ActionUNHCRUNIFEMWorld Bank WHOWorld University Service of CanadaSUBTOTALAdjustments to prior years6

Other incomeLess cost of goods deliveredand other expenses7

GRAND TOTAL

RegularResources

(3,374)

343,318,427

30

343,318,457

1,213,450

OtherResources2

(52,373)

332,345,878

141,000

16,355,636

(141,860)

225,000

463,820

349,389,474

(6,373,373)

RegularResources3

264,062,904

264,062,9044

1,515,742

OtherResources2

140,487,364

140,487,364

(3,027,826)

RegularResources3

98,558

(18,319)

5,237

389,949

16,601,807

25,000

999,600

1,291

45,425

17,673,123

976,641

OtherResources2

15,395

2,087

12,169,016

56,908

100,700

1,444,800

1,042,000

1,381,150

(28,645)

1,830,332

160,859

7,120

6,468

25,000

6,981,250

1,044,000

18,012,279

622,710

165,611

156,600

190,700

1,076,389

185,251

52,455

2,978,721

10,000

1,619,207

51,290,880

(1,536,550)

Total

113,953

(18,319)

5,237

336,289

1,108,985,396

141,000

81,908

100,700

1,444,800

1,042,000

16,355,636

(141,831)

1,381,150

(28,645)

1,830,332

160,859

7,120

225,000

463,820

6,468

25,000

6,981,250

2,043,600

18,012,279

622,710

1,291

165,611

156,600

190,700

1,076,389

185,251

52,455

2,978,721

55,425

1,619,207

1,166,222,201

(7,231,915)

36,781,329

(77,441,712)

1,118,329,903

National CommitteesPrivate Sector Contributions

Governmental ContributionsOther Contributions

total U N I C E F income by source of funding, 19991

6) Includes refunds and adjustments to income recognized in previous years. 7) Cost of goods delivered and other operating expenses incurred by PSD, excluding commission retained bysales partners.

32

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Photo credits from the top (left to right): U N I C E F / 9 6 - 1 0 6 5 / Toutounji; UNICEF/92-030/Hartley; UNICEF/91-0013/Horner; UNICEF/97-1155/Pirozzi; UNICEF/97-1159/Pirozzi; UNICEF/97-1028/Pirozzi; UNICEF/00-0048/Holmes;UNICEF/98-0933/Pirozzi; UNICEF/97-0308/Noorani; UNICEF/93-1942/Pirozzi; UNICEF/92-717/Lemoyne. Front cover: UNICEF/93-2318/Pirozzi.

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