antibacterial s
TRANSCRIPT
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Kill bacteria primarily by inhibiting protein
synthesis Uses: gram negative microorganisms
UTI, meningitis, wound infections, septicemia Amikacin Gentamicin eomycin
!treptomycin Kanamycin
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"toto#icity ephroto#icity
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$otent broad%spectrum antibiotics resistant
to beta%lactamase en&ymes secreted bybacteria
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
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Imipenem%'ilastatin% an inhibitor of therenal dipeptidase en&yme dehydropeptidaseI(
'ilastatin% no antimicrobial property butprevents the inactivation of imipenem(
Indications: )ower respiratory tract Infection
!evere infections
*oripenem +rtapenem eropenenem
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!evere diarrhea 'onfusion, di&&iness, sei&ure $hlebitis
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Acts by inhibiting the bacterial en&yme thatis necessary for cell wall synthesis(
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!emisynthetic derivatives !tructurally and pharmacologically
related
to penicillins -actericidal action -road spectrum *ivided into groups according to their
antimicrobial activity
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.irst generation !econd generationThird generation
.ourth generation .ifth generation /not yet marketed0
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Good gram%positive coverage !treptococci, staphylococci
$oor gram%negative coverage +( coli, !almonella
$arenteral and $" forms +#amples
cefadro#il
cephradine
cefa&olin
cephale#in
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Used for surgical prophyla#is, and forsusceptible staphylococcal infections cefa&olin /Ancef and Kef&ol0: I1 or I
cephale#in /Ke2e#0: $"
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Good gram%positive coverage -etter gram%negative coverage than
3rst generation +#amples: cefaclor
cefpro&il
cefo#itin
cefuro#ime loracarbef
cefotetan
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cefo#itin /efo#in0: I1 and I
Used prophylactically for abdominal orcolorectal surgeries
Also kills anaerobes cefuro#ime
4inacef is parenteral form5 'eftin is $"
!urgical prophyla#is
*oes not kill anaerobes
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ost potent group against gram%negative bacteria)ess active against gram%positive bacteria+#amples
ceftibuten
cefota#imecefta&idime
cefdinir
cefti&o#ime
ceftria#one
cefta&idime
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ceftria#one /6ocephin0
I1 and I, long half%life, once%a%day dosing
+limination is primarily hepatic +asily passes meninges and di7used into '!.
to treat '! infections
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cefta&idime /'epta&0
I1 and I forms
+#cellent gram%negative coverage
Used for di8cult%to%treat organisms such asPseudomonasspp(
+liminated by renal instead of biliary route
+#cellent spectrum of coverage
6esistance is limiting usefulness
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-roader spectrum of antibacterialactivity than third generation, especiallyagainst gram%positive bacteria
Uncomplicated and complicated UTI
cefepime /a#ipime0
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'eftobipriole /not available0 -roader spectrum of antibacterial
activity +7ective against a wide variety of
organisms 6!A
Pseudomonasspp(
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!imilar to penicillins ild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritus,
redness, edema
$otential cross%sensitivity with penicillins if
allergies e#ist
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*iarrhea !econdary infections 9epatoto#icity
ephroto#icity 9ypoprothrombinemia +lectrolyte imbalanceThrombophlebitis
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demeclocycline /*eclomycin0 o#ytetracycline tetracycline
do#ycycline /*ory#, 1ibramycin0 minocycline tigecycline /Tygacil0
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atural and semisynthetic "btained from cultures of Streptomyces -acteriostaticinhibit bacterial growth
Inhibit protein synthesis !top many essential functions of the
bacteria
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-ind /chelate0 to 'a;
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@ide spectrum Gram%negative and gram%positive organisms,
proto&oa, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia,syphilis, )yme disease, acne, others
*emeclocycline is also used to treat !IA*9by inhibiting the action of A*9
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!trong a8nity for calcium
*iscoloration of permanent teeth and toothenamel in fetuses and children, or nursing
infants if taken by the mother ay retard fetal skeletal development if taken
during pregnancy
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Alteration in intestinal 2ora may result in: !uperinfection /overgrowth of nonsusceptible
organisms such as Candida0 *iarrhea
$seudomembranous colitis
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ay also cause: 1aginal candidiasis
Gastric upset
+nterocolitis
aculopapular rash
"ther e7ects