anuraga jayanegaraanuragaja.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2012/02/lecture-1... · 2016-02-09 · department...
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Feed Processing Technology
Anuraga Jayanegara
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Outline
A. Course design and contract
Introduction
Physical properties of feeds
Chemical properties of feeds
Physical and mechanical processing
Chemical processing
Biological processing
Feed evaluation
Feed quality assurance
B. Introduction to feed processing technology
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Short CV:• Anuraga Jayanegara• Bojonegoro, 2 June 1983• Married (27 July 2005; 22 years old; 1 wife & 3 children)• 2003: BSc (Bogor Agric. Univ., Indonesia)• 2008: MSc (Univ. Hohenheim, Germany)• 2010: PgDip (Polytech. Univ. Catalunya, Spain)• 2011: PhD (Swiss Fed. Inst. Tech. Zurich, Switzerland)• 2013: Internat. training dairy nutrition (Ghent Univ., Belgium)
International teaching experience:• ETH Zurich, Switzerland (2010-2011): Tropical Animal Nutrition• Ghent University, Belgium (2013): Dairy Nutrition• Mie University, Japan (2015): Feed Science
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
A. Course design and contract
Course design and contract:Feed Processing Technology)
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
B. Introduction to feed processing technology
Why processing feeds/feedstuffs?
1. Maintaining or improving nutritive value: increasing digestibility and nutrient accessibility
2. Preventing spoilage3. Isolating specific components from feeds4. Detoxifying poisons or anti-nutritive factors5. Improving handling efficiency, reducing wastage
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Pastures
& Fodder
• Grasses
• Legumes
• Browse
• Multi-purpose
plants
Crop residues
• Straws / Stovers
• Legume hays
• Horticulture residues
Agroindustrial
by-products
• Starch sources
• Oil sources
• Animal meals
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Pastures
& Fodder
• Elephant grass
• King grass
• Leucaena
• Indigofera
• Gliricidia
• Cassava leaves
• Papaya leaves
• Katuk leaves
Crop residues
• Rice straw
• Maize stover
• Bagasse
• Oil palm frond
Agroindustrial
by-products
• Dried cassava
• Rice bran
• Soybean meal
• Groundnut meal
• Copra meal
• Palm kernel meal
• Cocoa pod
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Elephant grass
Leucaena
Indigofera
Cassava leaves
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Rice bran
Rice straw
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Oil palm (Elais Guineensis)
Palm oil
Palm kernel oil
Copra Coconut oil kernel : 48% fat
(about 60% fat)
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
fruits
palm
frond
stem
leaflets
petiole
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Cocoa pod
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Pastures
& fodder
• Whole plants
exclusively for
animal feed
Crop residues
• Residues from
ripe plants
Agroindustrial
By-products
• Fed directly,
residues from
processing
Energy & protein content
Cell wall content
Pastures and fodder: may contain considerable amount of plant
secondary compounds such as tannins and/or saponins
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Quality comparison between tropical and temperate grasses
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Influence of age on yield and digestibility of tropical grasses
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Belitz et al. (2009)Food Chemistry, 4th Ed.
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Classification – based on types of process
1. Physical processing- Drying (pengeringan)- Heating (pemanasan)- Soaking (perendaman)- Boiling (perebusan)- Steam (pengukusan)- Irradiation2. Mechanical processing- Chopping (pencacahan)- Grinding (penggilingan)- Pengupasan (peeling)- Extruding
- Pelleting- Crumbling- Cubing- Flaking
- Baling- Wafering - Micronizing- Popping
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
3. Chemical processing- Acid treatment- Alkali treatment- Ammonation- Use of animal manure for
processing feed
4. Biological processing- Mould (fungi)- Yeast- Bacteria- Silage- Enzyme- Probiotic and prebiotic
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Some selected processing techniques
Cubing The process of compressing cut hay into small square cubes
Advantages: - Easier to store and handle- Eliminates dust - Reduces selectivity by animals- Can also be used with
roughage/concentrate mixture
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Pelleting
The process of forcing a ground, moist feed through a die and compressing it, then cutting at certain lengths; These can vary in length and diameter
Advantages:- Easier to store and handle- Less bulky - Reduces dusts - Reduces selectivity by animals
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Crumbles
Crumbles are pelleted feeds that have been further reduced into granular form.
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Block
In the block form, feed is compressed into a single mass that holds its form (usually a square or rectangle).
Blocks are most commonly used to supplement minerals or protein to animals in the pasture.
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Ensilage processSilage can be made from grain corn, grass, legumes, grass-legume mixtures, etc.
Advantages: - A wide variety of crops can be used- Harvesting and feeding can be mechanized to
reduce labor - Less field and harvest losses than hay - Less possibility of weather damage - Can be stored for long periods of time - Decreased selectivity by animals - Highly palatable
Disadvantages:- Requires specific equipment and storage
facilities- Bulky- Requires skilled management
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
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Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Thank you for your attention!