AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and

Aerospace Program

March 29 2007

Dr. Jim C Chang

Program Director

AFOSR/AOARD

Air Force Research Laboratory

ECE Department

North Carolina State University

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AOARDDetachment 2

EOARDDetachment 1

Air Force Research Laboratory

Air Force Materiel Command

9 other Technology

Directorates

3 Technical

Directorates

International

Office

Where AOARD Fits

AFOSRBASIC RESEARCH IS THE FOUNDATION

HQ AFRL

HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS

INFORMATIONPROPULSION MUNITIONS

TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATES

AFOSR is the Sole Manager of US Air Force Basic Research Funds

AFOSR Within the AF Research Lab

DIRECTED ENERGY

SPACE VEHICLES

AIR VEHICLES

SENSORSMATERIALS &

MANUFACTURING

Focused Long Term Challenges

Example Transformational Capabilities

Combined Air Operations Center of the Future

Reusable Launch Vehicle

Rapid Access to Space

Long Range Strike

Sensor Craft Persistent ISR

Cyber Craft

Strategic Technologies

Cooperative Aerospace Operations

Cooperative Aerospace Operations

20 Km Spot

Integrated-Automated Target RecognitionIntegrated-Automated Target Recognition

Thermal ManagementThermal Management

Airborne Laser

Nanoscience & Technology

Nanoscience & Technology

Local Environment NanoSensors (LENS)

Biological Materials & Systems ExploitationBiological Materials & Systems Exploitation

Rapid Decision ManagementRapid Decision Management

 

Aerospace and Materials Sciences

Chemistry and Life Sciences

Physics and Electronics

Sub-thrusts

AFOSR Research Areas

• Physics• Electronics• Space Sciences

• Solid Mechanics and Structures

• Materials• Fluid Mechanics• Propulsion

• Info Sciences• Mathematics

• Chemistry• Bio Sciences• Human Performance

Mathematics and Information

Sciences

Areas of enhanced emphasis:• Information Science• Computer-Assisted Human Decision-Making• Micro UAV Swarms• Nanoscience• Novel Energy Technology

• Funded by AFOSR since 1986

• AFOSR support established initial femtosecond facilities

• Allows new insights into reaction mechanisms, the effects of solvation, and HEDM synthesis.

1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:Femtochemistry

Prof. Ahmed ZewailCaltech

•1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry

•Awarded for development of “femtochemistry” methods to visualize, understand, and predict reactions

• Funded by AFOSR since 1989

• AFOSR support branched into other applications of conjugated polymers

• Discovery of Ultrafast (300 fs) photoinduced charge transfer led to organic solar cell research and bio-chemical sensor development

2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:Conductive Polymers

Prof. Alan J. HeegerUCSB

•2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry

•Awarded "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"

1Opt. Commun. 141, 243 (1997)2Phys. Rev. B56, 4573 (1997)

n

e-

O R

RO

RO

O R

RO

O R

hAcceptor

Donor

300 fs

+

-

AFOSR Leadership Roles• Foster Revolutionary Basic Research for Air Force Needs

– 728 extramural research grants at 211 universities

– 194 intramural research projects at Air Force laboratories

– 133 STTR small business - university contracts

– 368 transitions to DOD and industry

• Build Relationships with Leading Researchers – Here and Abroad

– 79 summer faculty; 40 postdocs at AFRL

– 264 short-term foreign visitors; 37 personnel exchanges

– 58 technical workshops; 205 conferences sponsored

– Liaison Offices in Europe and Asia

• Educate Tomorrow’s Scientists and Engineers– About 2000 post-docs and grad students on research grants

– 430 National Defense Science & Engineering Fellowships

World S&T Investment1996* to 2004**

+78%

** OECD 2005 PPP; Global S&T Report (Batelle) - PPP data Lyons, Mikami 2006, AOARD

1%

2%

3%

2%

1%

EU 25% 12% 3%

5%

33% 13%

<1%

Lyons, Mikami 2005, AOARD

Asia Share1996: 26%2004: 35%

2%

1%3%

2%

2%

EU 28%

4% 3%38% 16%

<1%* UIS S&T database; World Bank - PPP data

1%

Window-on-Science Visits (WOSs)

• AOARD invites prominent Asian Scientists to USAF labs/centers:

– Visitor provides a seminar and engages in technical discussions with USAF S&T’s

– Official travel expenses are paid by AOARD

– Short-term visits to one or more locations

• Foreign military and civilian government employees may not be eligible, unless they are academicians

• AOARD sends out Base Clearance Data -- FDO and Hosting POC

• Lead time: At least 60 days before travel start date

Photo courtesy of Mr. William Rieken

Conference Support (CSP)

• AOARD funds workshops and conferences in Asia to promote scientific interactions:

– We provide financial support to Asian conference organizers

– AOARD sponsorship must be separate from corporate sponsorship

– The support may be for a stand-alone workshop or for an individual session within a large conference

• Lead time: As early as possible

AOARD, 2006

R & D Contracts/Grants (R&D)

• AOARD funds small research proposals submitted in response to AFOSR Broad Area Announcement (BAA) and USAF interests:

– USAF S&Ts evaluate the proposals

– The Proposer’s Guide is on the AFOSR web page through AOARD web page http://www.tokyo.afosr.af.mil

• Follow-on contracts are cost-shared by other USAF organization

• AOARD administers larger contracts on behalf of AFOSR and AFRL

• Lead time: Usually 60-90 days to complete the process

(White paper → Proposal → Evaluation → Contract)

AOARD, 2006

AOARD Program Activities FY-06

WOS CSP R&D TOTAL

30 11 16 57

16 15 16 47

16 5 18 39

9 3 14 26

8 8 10 26

4 5 7 16

3 2 0 5

3 2 0 5

0 2 1 3

2 1 0 3

1 0 1 2

0 1 0 1

JAPAN

COUNTRY

AUSTRALIA

KOREA

TAIWAN

INDIA

SINGAPORE

THAILAND

VIETNAM

INDONESIA

MALAYSIA

NEW ZEALAND

CHINA

PROGRAM GOALS

• Seek and Cultivate

• Teaming and Leverage

• Harvest and Discovery

OVERVIEW TOPICS

• Power and Energy

• Intelligent Structures/Systems for Aerospace Systems

• Multi-Scale and Interfaces for “Materials-by-Design”

• AFOSR/Taiwan Nanotechnology Initiative

• Aerospace Sciences Topics

Taken from a presentation by Baldwin “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Energy: A 21st Century Perspective; National Academy of Engineering; June 2, 2005”

BEST RESEARCH – CELL EFFICIENCIES

Effic

ienc

y (%

)

Universityof Maine

Boeing

Boeing

Boeing

BoeingARCO

NREL

Boeing

Euro-CIS

200019951990198519801975

NREL/Spectrolab

NRELNREL

JapanEnergy

Spire

No. CarolinaState University

Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)

Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si

Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2

CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)

Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)

Varian

RCA

Solarex

UNSW

UNSW

ARCO

UNSWUNSW

UNSWSpire Stanford

Westing-house

UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp

AstroPower

NREL

AstroPower

Spectrolab

NREL

Masushita

MonosolarKodak

Kodak

AMETEK

Photon Energy

UniversitySo. Florida

NREL

NREL

NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2

14x concentration

NREL

United Solar

United Solar

RCA

RCARCA

RCA RCARCA

Spectrolab

Solarex12

8

4

0

16

20

24

28

32

36

University ofLausanne

University ofLausanne

2005

Kodak UCSBCambridge

NREL

UniversityLinz

Siemens

ECN,The Netherlands

Princeton

UC Berkeley

2010

AIST

2011Goal: 15 %

2011Goal: 10 %

(Dr. Jenekhe)

POWER AND ENERGY Bio-Inspired Light Harvesting Research

Prof. Mamoru Nango, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan

• Starting with a One-year AOARD Seed Grant - 2006• AFOSR MURI: Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems

and their Integration to Aero Vehicles• Team Members: UW, UCLA, UC, AFRL/VA, AFRL/ML, AOARD• Technical Effort Energy Harvesting - Mechanical & Solar ・ Solar Cell - Low Cost & Efficient ・ Polymeric: 3% to 10% ・ Bio-Inspired Design: 8% to 15% (Prof. Nango + 40 people team through AOARD)

Scientific Approach ・ Mimic biosystem photosynthesis “structure”, “function”, “process” ・ New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan, UK, USA

Bacteriochlorophyll a

(BChl a)

N N

N N

O

O

OO

COOCH3

Mg

3

Carotenoid

OCH3

OCH3

Accomplishment 1. X-ray crystal structure identification of LH1-RC and LH2

LH1-RC LH2

POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH

Abs

orpt

ion

ADKSDLGYTGLTDEQAQELHS VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFRb.sphaeroides LH1-VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFGGCSH

hydrophobic corehydrophobic coreN-terminalN-terminal C-terminalC-terminal

2. Reconstitute LH1-RC (photosynthetic proteins) on electrodeusing bio-selfassembly

3. Stabilized APS(3-aminopropylsilane)-ITO

Zn

AuSS S

hh ee--

ee--ZnZn

ee--

ee--

MV++

RC or LH/RC complexRC or LH/RC complex

Au electrodeAu electrode

ITO electrodeITO electrodeGlass substrateGlass substrate

Photocurrent on electrodePhotocurrent on electrode

RC or LH-RCRC or LH-RC

e-e-

POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH

Photocurrent on electrode

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Wavelength (nm)N

orm

aliz

ed a

bso

rban

ce 870

513

880

469

no carotenoid with spirilloxanthin with spheroidene

• Future plan　　　 Develop nano-TiO2 electrode and device model for functionalized LH1-RC & LH2 to increase performance & stability

4. Synthesized LH1 polypeptide/pigments complex for broadband(UV to IR) absorption for device efficiency and stability

　 Spheroidene isolated from Rb. sphaeroides (Left) Spirilloxanthin isolated from Rs. rubrum (Right)

POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH

FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS

Atoms move to the minimum-energy position

Arbitrary two atoms ’i’ and ’j’ are regarded as two nodes, and their potential as one element

Element Shape Function Formation

Advantages of Our Approach

Advantages of Our Approach

Computationally efficient Reflects physical reality Conducive for the observation of deformation mechanisms

Strain Gradient Distributions at Three Different Indentation

Depths

Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006

Mechanical Characteristics of Nanotube Junctions

Physical Review B, 2006Physical Review B, 2006

Nanomechanics and Nanoplasticity

FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS

Gas-atomization-produced Nickel-Titanium SMA powders

Electro-dissolving SMA Fiber

Impurity-Free High-Performance SMA and SMP

NANO-SMA/SMP FOR COMPOSITES

NEW AND IMPROVED MATRIX PROPERTIESMORPHING AND SHAPE CONTROL FOR PERFORMANCE

Recent Results

•Taiwan/Korea Nano-Science Initiatives: Leveraging Asia’s $1.5 billion nano-technology investment

•National Central University, Taiwan: ROCSAT: Studying low-latitude ionospheric scintillations - communication/navigation outage forecasting

•Tohoku University, Japan: Tackling Hurdles in Micro-turbine Research: lunch-box-size 100 watt power source, 10 mm rotor, 1 million rpm bearing

•Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: Gaining access to HyShot flight data from world’s 1st in-flight scramjet combustor test (Mach 7.5)

•Cooperative Operation of UAVs: Australian Center for Field Robotics (ACFR): Multi-objective control laws & cooperative airborne inertial - SLAM

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Allan PaullPhoto courtesy of Dr. Sukkarieh Photo courtesy of Dr. Isomura